Edward Gibbon ve Pavlikanlık: Kilise Tarihyazımında Bir Kırılma

Year 2024, , 43 - 59, 30.06.2024

Ömer Faruk Kalıntürk

https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1461678

Abstract

Kilise tarihinin en az göze çarpan hareketlerinden biri olan Pavlikanlar hakkında Aydınlanma Dönemine kadar hâkim olan kanaat, onların Maniheizm'in yeniden dirilişi olduğu yönündeydi. Ancak Aydınlanma ile birlikte Kilise'ye yöneltilen eleştiriler bağlamında bu geleneksel tasvire alternatif bir tarih yazımı geliştirildi. İngiltere'nin yetiştirdiği en büyük tarihçilerden biri olan Edward Gibbon meşhur tarihinde Pavlikanlara şaşırtıcı bir şekilde ayrı bir bölüm tahsis etmesiyle Protestan tarihyazımı üzerinde belirleyici bir etkiye sahip oldu. Gibbon Pavlikanları, Elçilerin İşleri'nde anlatılan ilk Hıristiyanların son tanıkları ve bu sebeple de Katolik ve Ortodoks Kiliselerinin ruhani zulmünün kurbanları olarak tasvir etmiştir. Bu konudaki kanaatleri, Pavlikanlara isnat edilen, yerleşik Kilisenin, ruhban sınıfının ve onların çevresinde gelişen sakramentlerin reddedilmesi, Kutsal Kitap karşısında daha serbest bir tutum takınmaları, ikonaları reddetmeleri, haça, azizlere ve kutsal emanetlere hürmet etmemeleri gibi Bizans tarihçilerinin ithamlarına dayanmaktadır. Bu iddiaların Protestanlık ile olan yakınlığı nedeniyle Gibbon, kendisinden sonra büyük bir infiale neden olan, on altıncı yüzyılda Avrupa'da meydana gelmiş olan Reformasyon'un tarihsel, teolojik ve coğrafi olarak da geriye doğru takip edilebilecek ilk atalarının Pavlikanlar olduğunu ileri sürmüştür.

Keywords

Pavlikanlık, Protestanlık, Papalık, Sapkınlık, Aydınlanma.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde etik ilkelere uyulmuştur.

Edward Gibbon and Paulicianism: A Rupture in Church Historiography

Abstract

Until the Enlightenment, the prevailing opinion about the Paulicians was that they were the resurrection of Manichaeism. However, with the Enlightenment, an alternative historiography to this traditional portrayal was developed in the context of criticism of the church. Edward Gibbon, one of the greatest historians England ever produced, had a seminal influence on Protestant historiography when he surprisingly allocated a separate chapter to the Paulicians in his famous history. Gibbon portrayed the Paulicians as the last witnesses of the early Christians described in Acts and therefore as victims of spiritual persecution by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches. His conclusions were based on charges attributed to the Paulicians by Byzantine historians, such as their rejection of the established Church, her clergy, and the sacraments that developed around them, as well as their more liberal attitude towards the Bible, their rejection of icons, the veneration of the cross, saints, and relics. Due to the proximity of these claims to Protestantism, Gibbon argued that the Paulicians were the forefathers of the Reformation in Europe in the sixteenth century, which caused a great uproar later and can be traced back historically, theologically, and geographically.

Keywords

Paulicianism, Protestantism, Papacy, Heresy, The Enlightenment.

Ethical Statement

Ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this study.

References

• Africa, Thomas W. 1963. “Gibbon and the Golden Age.” The Centennial Review 7/3: 273–281.
• Anna Comnena. 2000. Alexiad, translated by Elizabeth A. S. Dawes. Cambridge: In Parentheses Publications.
• Baird, Robert. 1845. Sketches of Protestantism in Italy, Past and Present; Including a Notice of the Origin, History, and Present State of the Waldenses. Boston: Benjamin Perkins & Co.
• Barnett, S. J. 1999. Idol Temples and Crafty Priests: The Origins of Enlightenment Anticlericalism. London: MacMillan Press Ltd.
• Bayle, Peter. 1737. The Dictionary Historical and Critical of Mr Peter Bayle I-IV, translated by P. Des Maizeaux. London: D. Midwinter, J. Brotherton.
• Benedict, David. 1848. A General History of the Baptist Denomination in America and Other Parts of the World. New York: Lewis Colby & Co.
• Blackstone, William. 1825. Commentaries on the Laws of England in Four Books. London: A. Strahan, J. Butterworth and Son, Fleet-Street.
• Bossuet, Jacques Bénigne. 1836. The History of the Variations of the Protestant Churches I-II, translated by Levinius Brown. Dublin: Richard Coyne.
• Bossy, John. 1970. “The Counter-Reformation and the People of Catholic Europe.” Past & Present 47: 51–70.
• Bowersock, Glen W. 1996. “The Vanishing Paradigm of the Fall of Rome.” Bulletin of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 49/8: 29-43.
• Cameron, Averil. 2014. Byzantium Matters. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
• Cartledge, Paul. 1977. “The Enlightened Historiography of Edward Gibbon, Esq.: A Bicentennial Celebration.” The Maynooth Review / Revieú Mhá Nuad 3/2: 67–93.
• Conybeare, Frederick C. (editor and translator). 1898. The Key of Truth: A Manual of the Paulician Church of Armenia. Oxford: The Clarendon Press.
• _______. 1903. “The Survival of Animal Sacrifices inside the Christian Church.” The American Journal of Theology 7/1: 62-90.
• Dawson, Christopher. 1934. Edward Gibbon. London: Humphrey Milford.
• _______. 1956. The Dynamics of World History. New York: Sheed And Ward.
• Dennis, John. 1715. Priestcraft Distinguished from Christianity. London: J. Roberts.
• Dowling, John Goulter. 1835. A Letter to S. R. Maitland on the Opinions of the Paulicians. London: J. G. & F. Rivington.
• Ducrey, Pierre. (directeur). 1977. Gibbon et Rome à la Lumière de l’Historiographie Moderne. Genève: Librairie Droz.
• Faber, George Stanley. 1838. An Inquiry into the History and Theology of the Ancient Vallenses and Albigenses. London: R.B. Seeley and W. Burnside.
• Ferguson, Duncan S. 1983. “Historical Understanding and the Enlightenment: Edward Gibbon on Christianity.” Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church 52/4: 391–403.
• Foulis, Henry. 1671. The History of Romish Treasons and Usurpations: ... a Particular Account of Many Gross Corruptions and Impostures. London: J.C. for Richard Chiswell.
• Gavin, Antonio. 1691. The Frauds of Romish Monks and Priests. London: Samuel Roycraft.
• Gibbon, Edward. 1896. The Autobiographies of Edward Gibbon, edited by J. Murray. London: John Murray.
• _______. 1909-1912. History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, edited by J. B. Bury. London: Methuen & Co. Ltd.
• Gieseler, Johann Karl Ludwig. 1865. A Text-Book of Church History I–III, translated by Samuel Davidson and John Winstanley Hull. New York: Harper & Brothers.
• Gregory, Brad S. 2012. The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
• Haydon, Colin. 1994. Anti-Catholicism in Eighteenth-Century England, c. 1714–1780: A Political and Social Study. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
• Heal, Felicity. 2005. “Appropriating History: Catholic and Protestant Polemics and the National Past.” Huntington Library Quarterly 68/1–2: 109–32.
• James, Thomas. 1843. A Treatise of the Corruptions of Scripture, Councels, and Fathers, by the Prelats, Pastors, and Pillars of the Church of Rome, for Maintenance of Popery and Irreligion [1611], edited by John Esmund Cox. London: J. W. Parker.
• Jones, William. 1816. The History of the Waldenses: Connected with a Sketch of the Christian Church from the Birth of Christ to the Eighteenth Century I. London: Gale and Fenner.
• Jordan, David P. 1976. “Edward Gibbon: The Historian of the Roman Empire.” Daedalus 105/3: 1-12.
• Karakaya-Stump, Ayfer. 2019. The Kizilbash-Alevis in Ottoman Anatolia: Sufism, Politics and Community. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
• Kelly, Christopher. 1997. “A Grand Tour: Reading Gibbon’s ‘Decline and Fall.’” Greece & Rome 44/1: 39–58.
• Lewis, Bernard. 1976. “Gibbon on Muhammad.” Daedalus 105/3: 89-101.
• Liechty, Joseph. 1987. “Testing the Depth of Catholic/Protestant Conflict: The Case of Thomas Leland’s ‘History of Ireland’, 1773.” Archivium Hibernicum 42: 13–28.
• Maitland, Samuel R. 1832. Facts and Documents Illustrative of the History, Doctrine, and Rites, of the Ancient Albigenses & Waldenses. London: J. G. & F. Rivington.
• Mansfield, Bruce. 1992. Interpretations of Erasmus, c1750-1920. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
• Manuel, Frank E. 1976. “Edward Gibbon: Historien-Philosophe.” Daedalus 105/3: 231–245.
• McGrath, Patrick. 1963. “Catholic Historians and the Reformation—I.” Blackfriars 44/513: 108–15.
• _______. 1963. “Catholic Historians and the Reformation—II.” Blackfriars 44/514: 156–163.
• McNees, Eleanor. 2004. “`Punch` and the Pope: Three Decades of Anti-Catholic Caricature.” Victorian Periodicals Review 37/1: 18–45.
• Milner, Joseph. 1809. History of the Church of Christ III. Boston: Farrand D. Mallory & Co.
• Morrison, J. C. 1878. Gibbon. London: Macmillan and Co.
• Mosheim, Johann Lorenz. 1858. Institutes of Ecclesiastical History, Ancient and Modern, trans. Archibald MacLaine. Cincinnati, Applegate & Co.
• Nippel, Wilfried. 2000. “Gibbon and German Historiography.” In British and German Historiography, 1750-1950: Traditions, Perceptions, and Transfers, edited by Benedikt Stuchtey and Peter Wende, 67-81. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Orchard, George Herbert. 1838. A Concise History of Foreign Baptists: Taken from the New Testament, the First Fathers, Early Writers, and Historians of All Ages. London: George Wightman, Paternoster Row.
• Paz, D. G. 1979. “Popular Anti-Catholicism in England, 1850-1851.” Albion: A Quarterly Journal Concerned with British Studies 11/4: 331–359.
• Pocock, J. G. A. 1977. “Gibbon's Decline and Fall and the World View of the Late Enlightenment.” Eighteenth-Century Studies 10/3: 287-303.
• _______. 1999-2015. Barbarism and Religion, 6 volumes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• _______. 2009. “Gibbon and the invention of Gibbon: Chapters 15 and 16 Reconsidered.” History of European Ideas 35/2: 209-216.
• _______. 2017. “Gibbon’s second trilogy: an introductory survey.” History of European Ideas 43/7: 701-731.
• _______. 2018. “An Overview of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire.” In The Cambridge Companion to Edward Gibbon, edited by Karen O'Brien and Brian Young, 20-40. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Porter, Roy. 1988. Edward Gibbon: Making History. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
• Punchard, George. 1841. History of Congregationalism from about A.D. 250 to 1616. Salem: J. P. Jewett.
• Runciman, Steven. 1976. “Gibbon and Byzantium.” Daedalus 105/3: 103-110.
• Trevor-Roper, H. R. 1976. “Gibbon and the Publication of The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire 1776-1976.” The Journal of Law & Economics 19/3: 489–505.
• Walker, Peter W. 2020. “Tolerating Protestants: Anti-Popery, Anti-Puritanism, And Religious Toleration In Britain, 1776–1829.” In Against Popery: Britain, Empire, and Anti-Catholicism, edited by Evan Haefeli, 257–88. London: University of Virginia Press, 2020.
• Whitby, Daniel. 1674. A Discourse Concerning the Idolatry of the Church of Rome. London: Tho. Basset.
• Wittek, Paul. 1952. “Yazijioghlu 'Ali on the Christian Turks of the Dobruja.” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 14/3: 639-668.
• Young, B. W. 1998. “‘Scepticism in Excess’: Gibbon and Eighteenth-Century Christianity.” The Historical Journal 41/1: 179–199.