Research Article

The Conversion of Churches into Mosques after the Conquest of Constantinople

Volume: 23 Number: 1 June 30, 2026
EN TR

The Conversion of Churches into Mosques after the Conquest of Constantinople

Abstract

This article examines the conversion of churches into mosques in Constantinople (Istanbul) following its conquest by the Ottoman Empire and explores the motivations behind these transformations. The recent reconversion of Hagia Sophia into a mosque (in July 2020) has increased the interest in this historical practice of church conversion. This study argues that during the reign of Mehmed II, the primary motivation for converting churches was to address the religious needs of Muslim settlers and, as in the case of Hagia Sophia, to serve symbolic purposes rather than to demonstrate intolerance towards non-Muslims. However, once converted, these structures were incorporated into the Islamic waqf system, with strict provisions in waqfiyas (records) to preserve their form and function. The research primarily relies on waqf documents, while also drawing upon Ottoman and Byzantine historical chronicles to illuminate the atmosphere surrounding this period of transformation. Mehmed II’s approach to religious freedom, including his appointment of leaders for the Christian and Jewish communities and the providing of new places for worship and residence, is also highlighted in the article. To show the real motivations behind church conversions, six converted churches were investigated within the context of Islamic conquest tradition and practices. These converted churches, which have survived to the present day, are evaluated within the understanding of interreligious heritage.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

Ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this study.

References

  1. Akgündüz, Ahmed – Said Öztürk – Yaşar Baş. “Ayasofya Vakfiyesi”. Fatih Sultan Mehmet Vakıf Üniversitesi Bülteni 9 (2014): 29-183.
  2. _______ – Said Öztürk – Yaşar Baş. Üç Devirde Bir Mabed: Ayasofya. İstanbul: Osmanlı Araştırmaları Vakfı, 2005.
  3. Akhdar, Safir. “İstanbul: Roma Metropollüğünden Dâru’l-Hilafet’e”. Uluslararası İstanbul'un Fethi Sempozyumu. İstanbul: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi, 1996.
  4. Algül, Hüseyin. “Fetihten Sonra İstanbul'un İmar ve İskânı”. Diyanet İlmi Dergi 33/4 (1997): 17-28.
  5. Âşıkpaşazâde. Tevārih-i Āl-i Osmān. İstanbul: MAS Matbaası, 2003.
  6. Ayvansarayī, Hafız Hüseyin. Hadikat'ül Cevāmi. İstanbul: Matbaa-i Āmire, 1864.
  7. Ayverdi, Ekrem Hakkı. Fatih Devri Mimarisi. İstanbul: Fetih Derneği Yayınları, 1953.
  8. _______. Osmanlı Mimarisinde Fatih Devri. İstanbul: Fetih Cemiyeti Yayınları, 1973.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

History of Specific Fields (Other), Islamic Studies (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

June 30, 2026

Submission Date

November 7, 2025

Acceptance Date

April 13, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 23 Number: 1

APA
Özdemir, Ö. (2026). The Conversion of Churches into Mosques after the Conquest of Constantinople. Milel Ve Nihal, 23(1), 77-92. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1819489
AMA
1.Özdemir Ö. The Conversion of Churches into Mosques after the Conquest of Constantinople. Milel ve Nihal. 2026;23(1):77-92. doi:10.17131/milel.1819489
Chicago
Özdemir, Öznur. 2026. “The Conversion of Churches into Mosques After the Conquest of Constantinople”. Milel Ve Nihal 23 (1): 77-92. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1819489.
EndNote
Özdemir Ö (June 1, 2026) The Conversion of Churches into Mosques after the Conquest of Constantinople. Milel ve Nihal 23 1 77–92.
IEEE
[1]Ö. Özdemir, “The Conversion of Churches into Mosques after the Conquest of Constantinople”, Milel ve Nihal, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 77–92, June 2026, doi: 10.17131/milel.1819489.
ISNAD
Özdemir, Öznur. “The Conversion of Churches into Mosques After the Conquest of Constantinople”. Milel ve Nihal 23/1 (June 1, 2026): 77-92. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1819489.
JAMA
1.Özdemir Ö. The Conversion of Churches into Mosques after the Conquest of Constantinople. Milel ve Nihal. 2026;23:77–92.
MLA
Özdemir, Öznur. “The Conversion of Churches into Mosques After the Conquest of Constantinople”. Milel Ve Nihal, vol. 23, no. 1, June 2026, pp. 77-92, doi:10.17131/milel.1819489.
Vancouver
1.Öznur Özdemir. The Conversion of Churches into Mosques after the Conquest of Constantinople. Milel ve Nihal. 2026 Jun. 1;23(1):77-92. doi:10.17131/milel.1819489