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The Intersection of Worldly Benefits and Spiritual Experience in Japanese Pilgrimage Practices

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 95 - 114, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1626686

Abstract

In Japan, pilgrimage practices function not only as reflections of traditional belief systems but also as multifaceted experiential realms that provide meaning to individuals’ daily lives, shape their social relationships, and reproduce cultural identities. This study examines how such rituals are experienced and interpreted through the examples of various pilgrimage routes, including Shikoku Henro, Kumano Kōdō, Ise, and Shichifukujin. The primary aim of this research is to analyze the motivational and functional roles of genze riyaku within pilgrimage rituals, exploring how these rituals are situated within individuals’ meaning-making processes and what kinds of social functions and transformations they embody. Accordingly, the study seeks to understand how Japan’s ritual-based religious structure is sustained and transformed in contemporary social and cultural contexts, and how it responds to both individual and collective needs. To achieve this, the study adopts a phenomenological approach, which focuses on how phenomena are experienced and given meaning by individuals, rather than interpreting them through predetermined conceptual frameworks. In this context, pilgrimage is not examined within dogmatic or theological boundaries but through the lived experiences, observations, and meanings ascribed to it by the participants themselves. The motivations of contemporary pilgrims range from spiritual seeking and reconnection with cultural identity to social engagement and aesthetic experience. The study's findings demonstrate that pilgrimage practices in Japan reinforce not only individual spirituality but also social participation, collective identity, and cultural continuity. In this framework, genze riyaku is understood not as something that contradicts the sacred, but as a domain in which the pragmatic and spiritual dimensions of ritual are intertwined within everyday life. This study offers an interpretive perspective on the multidimensional nature of Japanese ritual life and highlights the functional roles of ritual in both individual transformation and the reinforcement of communal belonging.

Ethical Statement

Ethical principles were followed during the preparation of this study.

References

  • Ambros, Barbara. "Liminal Journeys: Pilgrimages of Noblewomen in Mid-Heian Japan." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 24/3-4 (1997): 301-345.
  • Andreasen, Esben. "Japanese Religions - An Introduction". Japanese Religions Past & Present. ed. Ian Reader vd. 33-43. London/New York: Routledge, 1993.
  • Blacker, Carmen. The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1975.
  • Breen, John ve Teeuwen, Mark. A New History of Shinto. Malden/Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • Carter, Caleb. “Power Spots and the Charged Landscape of Shinto”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 45/1 (2018), 145–173.
  • Chance, Frank L. “Sacred Mountains of Japan, with a Particular Look at the Shikoku Pilgrimage”. Education About Asia 21/3 (2016), 38-42.
  • Chiba, Reiko. The Seven Lucky Gods of Japan. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc., 1966.
  • Daniels, Inge Maria. “Scooping, Raking, Beckoning Luck: Luck, Agency and the Interdependence of People and Things in Japan”. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 9/4 (2003), 619-638.
  • Davis, Winston. “Pilgrimage and World Renewal: A Study of Religion and Social Values in Tokugawa Japan, Part I”. History of Religions 23/2 (1983), 97-116.
  • Davis, Winston. “Pilgrimage and World Renewal: A Study of Religion and Social Values in Tokugawa Japan, Part II”. History of Religions 23/3 (1984), 197-221.
  • Davis, Winston. Japanese Religion and Society: Paradigms of Structure and Change. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
  • Ghimire, Him Lal. “SHIKOKU: Japan's Authentic Buddhist Pilgrimage Circuit”. Journal of Japanese Studies Exploring Multidisciplinarity 1/1 (2022), 377-420.
  • Gunsaulus, Helen C. “The Japanese New Year's Festival, Games and Pastimes”. Leaflet 11 (1923), 21-38.
  • Hardacre, Helen. Shinto: A History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Iwai, Noriko. “Religious Beliefs and Religious Organizations in Japan based on the JGSS Cumulative Data 2000-2023”. WAPOR 77th and WAPOR Asia Pacific 7th Joint Annual Conference 13-14/30 (2024), 1-34.
  • Kang, Sara. “Contested Pilgrimage: Shikoku Henro and Dark Tourism”. The Asia-Pacific Journal 17/6 (2019), 1-10.
  • Karaoğlu, Yetkin ve Kuşçulu, Ayhan. “Japon Yeni Dini Hareketlerine Genel bir Bakış”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 22/1 (2022): 605-634.
  • Karaoğlu, Yetkin. “Japon Yeni Dinî Hareketi Ōmoto’nun Dinî-Fenomenolojik Tarihi”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 23/1 (2023), 311-336.
  • Karaoğlu, Yetkin. “Japon Yeni Dini Hareketi Ōmoto’nun Mâbet Görevlileri, Ritüel Kavramları ve İbadetleri”. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 21 (2023), 341-384.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Erken Dönem Japon Budizmi”. F. Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18/2 (2013), 53-67.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Japon Halk Dini Geleneğinde Kami Kültü”. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies 13/79 (2020), 307-319.
  • Kato, Kumi ve Progano, Ricardo N. “Spirituality and Tourism in Japanese Pilgrimage Sites: Exploring the Intersection through the Case of Kumano Kodo”. Fieldwork in Religion, 13/1 (2018), 22-43.
  • Kawano, Satsuki. Ritual Practice in Modern Japan: Ordering Place, People, and Action. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2005.
  • Kocalan, Elif Büşra. Müslümanlaşma Sürecine Sosyolojik Bir Yaklaşım: Japon Müslümanlar. Çorum: Hitit Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2021.
  • Komura, Akiko. “Japonya’daki İslam Tarihi’nden Bakışla Japon Maneviyatı”. çev. Yetkin Karaoğlu. Ordu Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1/1 (2023), 169-190.
  • Köroğlu Yetkin, Mevlüde. “Denizin Japon Halk İnançlarına Etkisi: Maitreya’nın Gemisi Örneği”. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi 28 (2025), 217-227.
  • Nelson, John K. “The Very Modern Practice of Visiting a Shinto Shrine.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 23/1-2 (1996): 117-148.
  • Nelson, John K. A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine. Seattle: University of Wasington Press, 1996.
  • Nelson, John K.. Enduring Identities: The Guise of Shinto in Contemporary Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2000.
  • Noguchi, Yone. “The Japanese Search for Luck for the New Year”. The Lotus Magazine 8/4 (1917), 145-147.
  • Omichi, Haruka, “Which Shrine Will Fulfil My Wishes? Selection Criteria in Shinto Spirituality”. çev: Dylan L. Toda. Kokugakuin Japan Studies 5 (2024), 55–74.
  • Padoan, Tatsuma. “Reassembling The Lucky Gods”. Journeys 20/1 (2019), 75-97.
  • Reader, Ian. Religion in Contemporary Japan. London: Macmillian Press, 1991.
  • Reader, Ian. “Letters to the Gods –The Form and Meaning of Ema”, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 18/1 (1991), 23-50.
  • Reader, Ian. “What Constitutes Religious Activity? (II)”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 18/4 (1991), 373-376.
  • Reader, Ian ve Swanson, Paul L. “Pilgrimage in the Japanese Religious Tradition”, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 24/3-4 (1997), 225-270
  • Reader, Ian ve Tanabe J., George. Practically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998.
  • Reader, Ian. Pilgrimage in the Marketplace. New York: Routledge, 2013.
  • Reader, Ian. “Constructing Identities through the Shikoku Pilgrimage”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 48/2 (2021), 299–319.
  • Robertson, Roland. “Globalization and Societal Modernization: A Note on Japan and Japanese Religion.” Sociological Analysis 47 (1987): 35-42.
  • Roemer, Michael K. “Ritual Participation and Social Support in a Major Japanese Festival.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46/2 (2007): 185-200.
  • Roemer, Michael K. “Religion and Subjective Well-Being in Japan.” Review of Religious Research 51/4 (2010): 411-427.
  • Roemer, Michael K. “Shinto Festival Involvement and Sense of Self in Contemporary Japan”. Japan Forum 22/3-4 (2010), 491–512.
  • Rots, Aike P. Shinto, Nature and Ideology in Contemporary Japan: Making Sacred Forests. London/New York: Bloomsbury, 2019.
  • Shimazono, Susumu. “Kurtuluştan Ma’neviyata. Doğu Asya’dan Bakışla Dinlerin Güncel Dönüşümü”. çev: Yetkin Karaoğlu. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 19/2 (2020), 1189-1213.
  • Shultz, John A. “The Way to Gyō: Priestly Asceticism on the Shikoku Henro”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 43/2 (2016), 275–305.
  • Susuz Aygül, Merve. “Japon Zen Budizminde Aydınlanma (Satori): Aşkın Bir Deneyimin Somut ve Dünyevi Yansımaları”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 64/2 (2023), 743-776.
  • Şenavcu, Halil İbrahim. “Geçmişten Günümüze Japonlar Neden Üç Farklı Çocuk Bayramı Kutlar?”. Güncel Dini Meseleler ve Çözüm Önerileri. ed. Dirik, Mehmet vd. 91-104. Kayseri: Kimlik Yayınları, 2024.
  • The Institute of Statistical Mathematics. “Study of the Japanese National Character”. Erişim 4 Eylül 2019. https://www.ism.ac.jp/kokuminsei/en/index_e.html,
  • Toshikazu, Shinno. “Journeys, Pilgrimages, Excursions: Religious Travels in the Early Modern Period”. çev. Laura Nenzi. Monumenta Nipponica 57/4 (2002), 447-471.
  • Ryotaro Uemura. “Visiting Religious Places for Prayer in Japan: How Does Religious Identity Affect Religious Behavior?”. Review of Religious Research 62/1 (2020), 45-65.
  • Yasuda, Hiroko. “World Heritage and Cultural Tourism in Japan". International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 4/4 (2010), 366 – 375.
  • Yasuda, Shin. “Spiritual Legitimacy in Contemporary Japan: A Case Study of the Power Spot Phenomenon and the Haruna Shrine, Gunma”. Religions 12/ 177 (2021), 1-14.
  • William, George. Shinto. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.

Japon Hac Pratiğinde Dünyevi Fayda ile Manevi Deneyimin Kesişimi

Year 2025, Volume: 22 Issue: 1, 95 - 114, 30.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1626686

Abstract

Japon hac pratikleri yalnızca geleneksel inanç sistemlerinin ve kurumsal dinî aidiyetin bir yansıması değildir. Bu pratikler aynı zamanda bireylerin gündelik yaşantılarına anlam kazandıran, toplumsal ilişkilerini şekillendiren ve kültürel aidiyetlerini yeniden üreten çok katmanlı birer deneyim alanı olarak işlev görmektedir. Çalışma, Shikoku Henro, Kumano Kōdō, İse ve Shichifukujin gibi çeşitli hac rotaları örneğinde bu ritüellerin nasıl yaşandığını ve anlamlandırıldığını ele almaktadır. Araştırmanın amacı, genze riyakunun hac ritüellerindeki motivasyonel ve işlevsel rolünü incelemek; bu ritüellerin bireysel anlam dünyası içinde nasıl konumlandığını ve toplumsal düzeyde ne tür dönüşümler ve işlevler taşıdığını analiz etmektir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, Japon dinî yaşamındaki ritüel merkezli yapının günümüz toplumsal ve kültürel bağlamlarında nasıl sürdürüldüğünü, dönüştüğünü ve bireysel ve toplumsal ihtiyaçlara nasıl yanıt verdiğini anlamayı hedeflemektedir. Bu hedef doğrultusunda çalışma fenomenolojik bir yaklaşımla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Fenomenolojik yöntem, olguları önceden tanımlanmış kavramsal kalıplar yerine, bireylerin yaşantıları içindeki anlamlarıyla ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu bağlamda hac, dogmatik ya da teolojik çerçevelerle tanımlanmak yerine, bireylerin deneyimlerine, gözlemlerine ve ritüele yükledikleri anlamlara dayalı olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Hac yolculuklarına katılan bireylerin bu pratiğe dair motivasyonları, bazı durumlarda spiritüel bir arayışı; bazen kültürel kimlikle yeniden bağlantı kurmayı, kimi zaman ise sosyal bir etkinlik ya da estetik bir deneyimi ifade etmektedir. Çalışmanın ortaya koyduğu analizler, Japonya’daki hac pratiklerinin yalnızca kurumsal dinî aidiyet boyutu olmadığını, kutsal mekân ziyaretlerinin aynı zamanda bireysel spiritüel arayışlar, sosyal katılım ve aidiyet, kolektif kimlik ve kültürel süreklilik üzerinde etkileri olduğunu göstermektedir. Genze riyaku bu bağlamda, kutsal olanla çatışan değil; aksine, bireyin yaşam pratiği içinde kutsalla iç içe geçmiş, ritüelin pragmatik ve manevî yönlerini bir arada taşıyan bir anlam alanı olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışma, Japon ritüel dünyasının çok yönlü yapısını yerel bağlamı içinde anlamaya yönelik yorumlayıcı bir çerçeve sunmakta ve ritüelin hem bireysel dönüşüm hem de toplumsal aidiyet açısından işlevsel boyutlarını görünür kılmaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde etik ilkelere uyulmuştur.

References

  • Ambros, Barbara. "Liminal Journeys: Pilgrimages of Noblewomen in Mid-Heian Japan." Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 24/3-4 (1997): 301-345.
  • Andreasen, Esben. "Japanese Religions - An Introduction". Japanese Religions Past & Present. ed. Ian Reader vd. 33-43. London/New York: Routledge, 1993.
  • Blacker, Carmen. The Catalpa Bow: A Study of Shamanistic Practices in Japan. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1975.
  • Breen, John ve Teeuwen, Mark. A New History of Shinto. Malden/Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010.
  • Carter, Caleb. “Power Spots and the Charged Landscape of Shinto”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 45/1 (2018), 145–173.
  • Chance, Frank L. “Sacred Mountains of Japan, with a Particular Look at the Shikoku Pilgrimage”. Education About Asia 21/3 (2016), 38-42.
  • Chiba, Reiko. The Seven Lucky Gods of Japan. Tokyo: Charles E. Tuttle Co., Inc., 1966.
  • Daniels, Inge Maria. “Scooping, Raking, Beckoning Luck: Luck, Agency and the Interdependence of People and Things in Japan”. The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 9/4 (2003), 619-638.
  • Davis, Winston. “Pilgrimage and World Renewal: A Study of Religion and Social Values in Tokugawa Japan, Part I”. History of Religions 23/2 (1983), 97-116.
  • Davis, Winston. “Pilgrimage and World Renewal: A Study of Religion and Social Values in Tokugawa Japan, Part II”. History of Religions 23/3 (1984), 197-221.
  • Davis, Winston. Japanese Religion and Society: Paradigms of Structure and Change. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1992.
  • Ghimire, Him Lal. “SHIKOKU: Japan's Authentic Buddhist Pilgrimage Circuit”. Journal of Japanese Studies Exploring Multidisciplinarity 1/1 (2022), 377-420.
  • Gunsaulus, Helen C. “The Japanese New Year's Festival, Games and Pastimes”. Leaflet 11 (1923), 21-38.
  • Hardacre, Helen. Shinto: A History. New York: Oxford University Press, 2017.
  • Iwai, Noriko. “Religious Beliefs and Religious Organizations in Japan based on the JGSS Cumulative Data 2000-2023”. WAPOR 77th and WAPOR Asia Pacific 7th Joint Annual Conference 13-14/30 (2024), 1-34.
  • Kang, Sara. “Contested Pilgrimage: Shikoku Henro and Dark Tourism”. The Asia-Pacific Journal 17/6 (2019), 1-10.
  • Karaoğlu, Yetkin ve Kuşçulu, Ayhan. “Japon Yeni Dini Hareketlerine Genel bir Bakış”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 22/1 (2022): 605-634.
  • Karaoğlu, Yetkin. “Japon Yeni Dinî Hareketi Ōmoto’nun Dinî-Fenomenolojik Tarihi”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 23/1 (2023), 311-336.
  • Karaoğlu, Yetkin. “Japon Yeni Dini Hareketi Ōmoto’nun Mâbet Görevlileri, Ritüel Kavramları ve İbadetleri”. Amasya İlahiyat Dergisi 21 (2023), 341-384.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Erken Dönem Japon Budizmi”. F. Ü. İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 18/2 (2013), 53-67.
  • Karataş, Hüsamettin. “Japon Halk Dini Geleneğinde Kami Kültü”. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies 13/79 (2020), 307-319.
  • Kato, Kumi ve Progano, Ricardo N. “Spirituality and Tourism in Japanese Pilgrimage Sites: Exploring the Intersection through the Case of Kumano Kodo”. Fieldwork in Religion, 13/1 (2018), 22-43.
  • Kawano, Satsuki. Ritual Practice in Modern Japan: Ordering Place, People, and Action. Honolulu: University of Hawai‘i Press, 2005.
  • Kocalan, Elif Büşra. Müslümanlaşma Sürecine Sosyolojik Bir Yaklaşım: Japon Müslümanlar. Çorum: Hitit Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Doktora Tezi, 2021.
  • Komura, Akiko. “Japonya’daki İslam Tarihi’nden Bakışla Japon Maneviyatı”. çev. Yetkin Karaoğlu. Ordu Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 1/1 (2023), 169-190.
  • Köroğlu Yetkin, Mevlüde. “Denizin Japon Halk İnançlarına Etkisi: Maitreya’nın Gemisi Örneği”. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi 28 (2025), 217-227.
  • Nelson, John K. “The Very Modern Practice of Visiting a Shinto Shrine.” Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 23/1-2 (1996): 117-148.
  • Nelson, John K. A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine. Seattle: University of Wasington Press, 1996.
  • Nelson, John K.. Enduring Identities: The Guise of Shinto in Contemporary Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2000.
  • Noguchi, Yone. “The Japanese Search for Luck for the New Year”. The Lotus Magazine 8/4 (1917), 145-147.
  • Omichi, Haruka, “Which Shrine Will Fulfil My Wishes? Selection Criteria in Shinto Spirituality”. çev: Dylan L. Toda. Kokugakuin Japan Studies 5 (2024), 55–74.
  • Padoan, Tatsuma. “Reassembling The Lucky Gods”. Journeys 20/1 (2019), 75-97.
  • Reader, Ian. Religion in Contemporary Japan. London: Macmillian Press, 1991.
  • Reader, Ian. “Letters to the Gods –The Form and Meaning of Ema”, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 18/1 (1991), 23-50.
  • Reader, Ian. “What Constitutes Religious Activity? (II)”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 18/4 (1991), 373-376.
  • Reader, Ian ve Swanson, Paul L. “Pilgrimage in the Japanese Religious Tradition”, Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 24/3-4 (1997), 225-270
  • Reader, Ian ve Tanabe J., George. Practically Religious: Worldly Benefits and the Common Religion in Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1998.
  • Reader, Ian. Pilgrimage in the Marketplace. New York: Routledge, 2013.
  • Reader, Ian. “Constructing Identities through the Shikoku Pilgrimage”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 48/2 (2021), 299–319.
  • Robertson, Roland. “Globalization and Societal Modernization: A Note on Japan and Japanese Religion.” Sociological Analysis 47 (1987): 35-42.
  • Roemer, Michael K. “Ritual Participation and Social Support in a Major Japanese Festival.” Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46/2 (2007): 185-200.
  • Roemer, Michael K. “Religion and Subjective Well-Being in Japan.” Review of Religious Research 51/4 (2010): 411-427.
  • Roemer, Michael K. “Shinto Festival Involvement and Sense of Self in Contemporary Japan”. Japan Forum 22/3-4 (2010), 491–512.
  • Rots, Aike P. Shinto, Nature and Ideology in Contemporary Japan: Making Sacred Forests. London/New York: Bloomsbury, 2019.
  • Shimazono, Susumu. “Kurtuluştan Ma’neviyata. Doğu Asya’dan Bakışla Dinlerin Güncel Dönüşümü”. çev: Yetkin Karaoğlu. Hitit Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 19/2 (2020), 1189-1213.
  • Shultz, John A. “The Way to Gyō: Priestly Asceticism on the Shikoku Henro”. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 43/2 (2016), 275–305.
  • Susuz Aygül, Merve. “Japon Zen Budizminde Aydınlanma (Satori): Aşkın Bir Deneyimin Somut ve Dünyevi Yansımaları”. Ankara Üniversitesi İlahiyat Fakültesi Dergisi 64/2 (2023), 743-776.
  • Şenavcu, Halil İbrahim. “Geçmişten Günümüze Japonlar Neden Üç Farklı Çocuk Bayramı Kutlar?”. Güncel Dini Meseleler ve Çözüm Önerileri. ed. Dirik, Mehmet vd. 91-104. Kayseri: Kimlik Yayınları, 2024.
  • The Institute of Statistical Mathematics. “Study of the Japanese National Character”. Erişim 4 Eylül 2019. https://www.ism.ac.jp/kokuminsei/en/index_e.html,
  • Toshikazu, Shinno. “Journeys, Pilgrimages, Excursions: Religious Travels in the Early Modern Period”. çev. Laura Nenzi. Monumenta Nipponica 57/4 (2002), 447-471.
  • Ryotaro Uemura. “Visiting Religious Places for Prayer in Japan: How Does Religious Identity Affect Religious Behavior?”. Review of Religious Research 62/1 (2020), 45-65.
  • Yasuda, Hiroko. “World Heritage and Cultural Tourism in Japan". International Journal of Culture, Tourism and Hospitality Research 4/4 (2010), 366 – 375.
  • Yasuda, Shin. “Spiritual Legitimacy in Contemporary Japan: A Case Study of the Power Spot Phenomenon and the Haruna Shrine, Gunma”. Religions 12/ 177 (2021), 1-14.
  • William, George. Shinto. New York: Chelsea House Publishers, 2005.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology of Religion, Studies in Religious Traditions (Excl. Eastern, Jewish, Christian and Islamic Traditions)
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Elif Büşra Kocalan 0000-0002-8051-4647

Early Pub Date June 27, 2025
Publication Date June 30, 2025
Submission Date January 25, 2025
Acceptance Date May 7, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 22 Issue: 1

Cite

ISNAD Kocalan, Elif Büşra. “Japon Hac Pratiğinde Dünyevi Fayda Ile Manevi Deneyimin Kesişimi”. Milel ve Nihal 22/1 (June2025), 95-114. https://doi.org/10.17131/milel.1626686.