İtaatkârlar Daha Mı Mutlu? “Pozitif Psikoloji Perspektifinden Boyun Eğicilik”

Abstract

Boyun eğicilik, bireyin, otoritenin koyduğu kurallara ve verdiği talimatlara uygun davranması, düşünce ve davranışlarını otoritenin istediği yönde değiştirmesi olarak tanımlanır. Başkalarını kırmamaya, incitmemeye özen gösterme, çevresindekileri memnun etmeye çalışma, iyiliksever olmaya eğilimlilik, karşı çıkmaktan çekinme, onaylamadığı durumları ifade edememe, öfkesini göstermede zorluk, aşırı onaylanma ihtiyacı, düşünce ve haklarını savunamama, boyun eğici kişiliğe sahip bireylerin en belirgin özellikleridir. Bu araştırmanın amacı, boyun eğicilik ile pozitif psikolojinin temel kavramlarından, yaşam doyumu, mental iyi oluş, iyimserlik ve öznel iyi oluş arasındaki ilişkileri ve boyun eğiciliğin bu kavramları açıklama gücünü saptamaktır. Araştırmada ilişkisel tarama yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Örneklem yüzde 68.9’u kadın, 31.1’i erkek olmak üzere 707 üniversite öğrencilerinden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın sonunda boyun eğiciliğin araştırmanın bağımlı değişkenlerin tamamıyla negatif ilişkili olduğu saptanmıştır. Boyun eğicilik özelliğinin en fazla öznel iyi oluş üzerinde olumsuz etki gösterdiği gözlenmiştir. Araştırma bulguları mevcut literatür bilgileri ışığında tartışılmış ve öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

Keywords

• boyun eğicilik,yaşam doyumu,mental iyi oluş,iyimserlik

Are The Obedient Happier? Submissiveness in Terms of Positive Psychology

Abstract

Submissiveness is defined as the individual acting in accordance with the rules and instructions of the authority and changing his / her thoughts and behaviors in the direction desired by the authority. Taking care not to break and hurt others, trying to please the ones around them, a tendency to kindness, hesitating to oppose, inability to express disagree, difficulty in expressing his / her anger, excessive need for approval, inability to protect his / her thoughts and rights are the most prominent characteristics of individual with a subservient personality. The aim of this study is to determine the relationships between submissiveness and some basic concepts of positive psychology, as life satisfaction, mental well-being, optimism and subjective wellbeing; and how much does submissiveness explain these concepts. Correlation screening method was used in the study. The sample consisted of 707 university students, 68.9% of whom are female and 31.1% male. At the end of the study, it was determined that the submissiveness was negatively related to all of the dependent variables. It has been revealed that the feature of  submissiveness has most negative effect on the subjective well-being. The research findings were discussed in light of the current literature and recommendations were developed. 

Keywords

• Submissiveness,Life Satisfaction,Mental Well-Being,Optimism,Subjective WellBeing

References

1. Akcinar, B., & Baydar, N. (2014). Parental control is not unconditionally detrimental for externalizing behaviors in early childhood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 38(2), 118–127. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025413513701
2. Akın, A. (2009). Self-compassion and Submissive Behavior, Education and Science, 34(152), 138-147
3. Alarcon, G, M.; Bowling, N. A. ve Khazon, S. (2013). Great expectations: A meta-analytic examination of optimism and hope. Personality and Individual Differences. 54 (7), 821– 827. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2012.12.004
4. Alkon, A. (2018). Hijacked no more. Psychology Today, 51(1), 60-67. (Erişim tarihi: 01.09.2018). https://www.questia.com/magazine/1P4-1987644072/hijacked-no-more
5. Allen, N. B., Horne, D. J. ve Trinder, J. (1996) Sociotropy, autonomy, and dysphoric emotional responses to specific classes of stress: A psychophysiological evaluation. J Abnorm Psychol, 105(1), 25-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.105.1.25
6. Anlı, G. ve Şar, A. H. (2017). Boyun Eğici Davranışları Azaltmaya Yönelik Bilişsel Davranışçı Psiko-Eğitim Programının Kişilerarası Duyarlılık, Öfke ve Düşmanlık (Hostilite) Üzerine Etkisi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 42 (192), 383-405. http://dx.doi.org/10.15390/EB.2017.7266
7. Au, A. K. and Lam, S. (2017), Understanding response patterns in dyadic conflict: An interactive approach combining self‐construal and opponent's dominance‐submissiveness. Int J Psychol, 52(2), 116-125, https://doi.org/10.1002/ijop.12193
8. Bailey, T., Eng, W., Frisch, M., & Snyder, C. R. (2007), "Hope and optimism as related to life satisfaction." Journal of Positive Psychology, 2(3), 168-69.

9. Balcı, S. ve Yılmaz, M. (2002). İyimserlik Ölçeğinin Geçerlilik Ve Güvenilirlik Çalışması. On dokuz Mayıs Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi dergisi, 14, 54-60.
10. Barreto, N. B. ve Hogg ,M. A. (2018). Influence and leadership in small groups: Impact of group prototypicality, social status, and task competence. J Theo Soc Psychol. 2(1), 26–33. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts5.16
11. Bates, T. C. (2015). The Glass is Half Full and Half Empty: A population-representative twin study testing if Optimism and Pessimism are distinct systems. The journal of positive psychology, 10(6), 533-542. doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1015155
12. Beck, A. T. (1996). Beyond belief: A theory of modes, personality, and psychopathology. In P. M. Salkovskis (Ed.), Frontiers of cognitive therapy (pp. 1-25). New York, NY, US: Guilford Press.
13. Bègue, L. , Beauvois, J. , Courbet, D. , Oberlé, D. , Lepage, J. and Duke, A. A. (2015), Personality Predicts Obedience in a Milgram Paradigm. J Pers, 83(3), 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12104
14. Bègue, L. , Beauvois, J. , Courbet, D. , Oberlé, D. , Lepage, J. and Duke, A. A. (2015), Personality Predicts Obedience in a Milgram Paradigm. J Pers, 83(3), 299-306. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12104
15. Bellido‐Zanin, G., Perona‐Garcelán, S., Senín‐Calderón, C., López‐Jiménez, A. M., Ruiz‐Veguilla, M. & Rodríguez‐Testal, J. F. (2018). Childhood memories of threatening experiences and submissiveness and its relationship to hallucination proneness and ideas of reference: The mediating role of dissociation. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59(4), 407–413. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12455
16. Bialobrzeska, O., & Parzuchowski, M. (2016). Size or Openness: Expansive but Closed Body Posture Increases Submissive Behavior, Polish Psychological Bulletin, 47(2), 186-194. https://doi.org/10.1515/ppb-2016-0022
17. Burger, K. ve Samuel, R. (2017). The Role of Perceived Stress and Self-Efficacy in Young People's Life Satisfaction: A Longitudinal Study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 46 (1): 78–90. doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0608-x. ISSN 0047-2891.
18. Buss, D. M. (1990). Unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion: An analysis of the negative components of masculinity and femininity. Sex Roles, 22(9-10), 555–568. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00288234
19. Buss, D. M., & Craik, K. H. (1981). The act frequency analysis of interpersonal dispositions: Aloofness, gregariousness, dominance and submissiveness. Journal of Personality, 49(2), 175–192. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1981.tb00736.x
20. Catarino, F., Gilbert, P., McEwan, K. ve Baião, R. (2014). Compassion Motivations: Distinguishing Submissive Compassion From Genuine Compassion and its Association With Shame, Submissive Behavior, Depression, Anxiety and Stress. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 3(5), 399-412. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2014.33.5.399
21. Chang, E. C., & Sanna, L. J. (2001). Optimism, pessimism, and positive and negcative affectivity in middle-aged adults: a test of a cognitive-affective model of psychological adjustment. Psychology and Aging, 16(3), 524-531. doi: 10.1037/08827974163524
22. Cialdini, R. B. ve Goldstein, N. J. (2004). Social influence: Compliance and conformity. Annual Review of Psychology, 55(1), 591-621. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.55.090902.142015
23. Clegg KA., Moskowitz D.S. (2017) Submissiveness. In: Zeigler-Hill V., Shackelford T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8
24. Cummins, R.A. (2003). Normative Life Satisfaction: Measurement Issues and a Homeostatic Model. Social Indicators Research, 64(2), 225–256. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024712527648
25. Çalık, E. (2008). İlköğretim Öğrencilerinin İyimserlik Düzeylerinin ve Okula İlişkin Algılarının İncelenmesi. Yayınlanmamış Yükseklisan Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara: 2008
26. Çelik, Ç.B. ve Odacı, H. (2012). The effect of experience of childhood abuse among university students on self-perception and submissive behavior, Children and Youth Services Review, 34(1), 200-204, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2011.09.017
27. Daniel C. Kopala-Sibley, Lance M. Rappaport, Rachel Sutton, D. S. Moskowitz, and David C. Zuroff (2013). Self-Criticism, Neediness, and Connectedness as Predictors of Interpersonal Behavioral Variability. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 32(7), 770-790. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2013.32.7.770
28. Deluty, R. H. (1981). Assertiveness in children: Some research considerations. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 10(3), 149–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374418109533037
29. Deluty, R.H. (1981) Adaptiveness of aggressive, assertive, and submissive behavior for children, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 10(3), 155-158, https://doi.org/10.1080/15374418109533038
30. Díaz-Morales, J.F., Jankowski, K.S., Vollmer, C., Randler, C. (2013). Morningness and life satisfaction: further evidence from Spain. Chronobiology International, 30,1283-1285.
31. Diener E, Oishi S, Lucas RE. (2003). Personality, culture and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403-425. DOI:10.1146/annurev.psych.54.101601.145056
32. Diener, E., Diener, C., Choi, H. ve Oishi, S. (2018). Revisiting “Most People Are Happy”—And Discovering When They Are NotPerspectives on Psychological Science 2018, Vol. 13(2) 166–170, DOI: 10.1177/1745691618765111
33. Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa4901_13
34. Diener, E., Lucas, R. E ve Oishi, S. (2018). Advances and Open Questions in the Science of Subjective Well-Being. Collabra: Psychology, 4(1), 15. DOI: https:// doi.org/10.1525/collabra.115
35. Diener, E., Ng, W., Harter, J., & Arora, R. (2010). Wealth and happiness across the world: Material prosperity predicts life evaluation, whereas psychosocial prosperity predicts positive feeling. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(1), 52-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0018066
36. Diener, E.,Suh, E., ve Oishi, S. (1997). Recent Findings on Subjective Well-Being. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24(1), 25-41.
37. Doğan, T. ve Akıncı-Çötok, N. (2011). Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Kısa Formunun Türkçe uyarlaması: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 4(36), 165-172.
38. Dolan, P. (2014). Happiness by design: Change what you do, not how you think. New York: Hudson Stress Press.Dunn, E. W., Aknin, L. B., & Norton, M. I. (2008). Spending money on others promotes happiness. Science, 319, 1687–1688. http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5870/1687.full
39. Ent, M. R. and Baumeister, R. F. (2014), Obedience, Self‐Control, and the Voice of Culture. Journal of Social Issues, 70(3), 574-586. https://doi.org/10.1111/josi.12079
40. Feder, Y., Nesher, E., Ogran, A., Kreinin, A., Malatynska,E., Yadid, G. ve Pinhasov, A. (2010) Selective breeding for dominant and submissive behavior in Sabra mice, Journal of Affective Disorders, 126(1–2), 214-222, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.03.018
41. Frimer, J. A., Gaucher, D. ve Schaefer, N.K. (2014). Political Conservatives’ Affinity for Obedience to Authority Is Loyal, Not Blind, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(9), 1205–1214, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167214538672
42. Gal L. and Ben S. (2018). The Role of Shame and Self-Criticism in Social Anxiety: A Daily-Diary Study in a Nonclinical Sample. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 37(2), 107-127. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2018.37.2.107
43. Galderisi, S., Heinz, A., Kastrup, M., Beezhold, J., ve Sartorius, N. (2015). Toward a new definition of mental health. World Psychiatry, 14(2), 231–233. http://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20231
44. Gilbert, P. (2000), The relationship of shame, social anxiety and depression: the role of the evaluation of social rank. Clin. Psychol. Psychother., 7(3), 174-189. doi:10.1002/1099-0879(200007)7:3<174::AID-CPP236>3.0.CO;2-U
45. Gilbert, P. , Cheung, M. S., Grandfield, T. , Campey, F. and Irons, C. (2003), Recall of threat and submissiveness in childhood: development of a new scale and its relationship with depression, social comparison and shame. Clin. Psychol. Psychother, 10(2), https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.359
46. Gilbert, P., & Allan, S. (1994). Assertiveness, submissive behavior, and social comparison. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(3), 295–306. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8260.1994.tb01125.x
47. Gilbert, P., Cheung, M., Grandfield, T., Campey, F., and Irons, C. (2003). Assessment recall of threat and submissiveness in childhood: Development of a new scale and its relationship with depression, social comparison and shame. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy,10(2), 108–115. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.359
48. Goodman, F. R., Doorley, J. D., & Kashdan, T. B. (2018). Well-being and psychopathology: A deep exploration into positive emotions, meaning and purpose in life, and social relationships. In E. Diener, S. Oishi, & L. Tay (Eds.), Handbook of well-being. Salt Lake City, UT: DEF Publishers (Erişim Tarihi: 14.10.2018). DOI: nobascholar.com Bergsma, A. (2008). Do self-help books help? Journal of Happiness Studies, 9, 341-360. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9041-2
49. Gruber, J., Mauss, I. B., & Tamir, M. (2011). The dark side of happiness? How, When, and Why Happiness Is Not Always Good. Perspectives on Psychological Science, Volume 6, Issue 3, pp. 222-233. DOI: 10.1177/1745691611406927.
50. Grzyb, T., Doliński, D., Trojanowski, J. ve Bar-Tal, Y. (2018). Cognitive structuring and obedience toward authority, Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 115-120, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.032.
51. Grzyb, T., Doliński, D., Trojanowski, J. ve Bar-Tal, Y. (2018). Cognitive structuring and obedience toward authority. Personality and Individual Differences, 133, 115-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.08.032
52. Gutman, L. M., Peck, S. C., Malanchuk, O. , Sameroff, A. J. and Eccles, J. S. (2017), IV: Psychological Well‐Being. Monographs Society Res Child, 82(4), 70-82. https://doi.org/10.1111/mono.12330
53. Haslam, A.S., Reicher, S.D. ve Birney, M.E. (2016). Questioning authority: new perspectives on Milgram's ‘obedience’ research and its implications for intergroup relations, Current Opinion in Psychology, 11, 6-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2016.03.007
54. Haybron, D. M. (2007). Life satisfaction, ethical reflection, and the science of happiness. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(1), 99-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-006-9006-5
55. Hills, P. ve Argyle, M. (2002). The Oxford Happiness Questionnaire: a compact scale for the measurement of psychological well-being. Personality and Individual Differences 33, 1073–1082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(01)00213-6
56. Hurka, T. (2014). Objective goods. In: Adler, M. D., & Fleurbay, M. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of WellBeing and Public Policy, 379–402, Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
57. Inoue, Y., Takahashi, T., Burriss, R. P., Arai, S., Hasegawa, T., Yamagishi, T., & Kiyonari, T. (2017). Testosterone promotes either dominance or submissiveness in the Ultimatum Game depending on players' social rank. Scientific reports, 7(1), 5335. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-05603-7
58. Jankowski, K.S. (2012). Morningness/Eveningness and Satisfaction With Life in a Polish sample. Chronobiology International, 29,780-785.
59. Jefferson, A., Bortolotti, L.ve Kuzmanovic, B. (2017). What is unrealistic optimism? Consciousness and Cognition, 50, 3–11. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2016.10.005
60. Kahneman, D. ve Deaton, A., (2010). High income improves evaluation of life but not emotional well-being. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107 (38) 16489-16493. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1011492107
61. Kara, H., Uzgören, N. ve Uzgören, E. (2013). Yöneticilerde Boyun Eğici Davranışların Kökenleri Üzerine Bir Araştırma. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 6(3), 263-284
62. Keldal, G. (2015). Warwick-Edingburgh Mental İyi Oluş Ölçeği’ nin Türkçe Formu: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik Çalışması. The Journal of Happiness & Well-Being, 3(1), 103-115.
63. Keyes, C. L. M., Shmotkin, D., & Ryff, C. D. (2002) Optimizing well-being: The empirical encounter of two traditions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 1007–1022.
64. Koenig, L. B., & Bouchard, T. J., Jr. (2006). Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Traditional Moral Values Triad--Authoritarianism, Conservatism, and Religiousness--as Assessed by Quantitative Behavior Genetic Methods. In P. McNamara (Ed.), Psychology, religion, and spirituality. Where God and Science meet: How brain and evolutionary studies alter our understanding of religion (Vol. 1): Evolution, genes, and the religious brain (pp. 47-76). Westport, CT, US: Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.
65. Köker, S. (1991). Normal ve sorunlu ergenlerin yaşam doyumu düzeyinin karşılaştırılması (Yüksek Lisans tezi). Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
66. Kuppens, P., Realo, A. ve Diener, E. (2008). The role of positive and negative emotions in life satisfaction judgment across nations. J Pers Soc Psychol.95(1):66-75. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.95.1.66.
67. Kurtz-Nelson, E., & McIntyre, L. L. (2017). Optimism and positive and negative feelings in parents of young children with developmental delay. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research : JIDR, 61(7), 719–725. http://doi.org/10.1111/jir.12378
68. Lantz, M. M., Pieterse, A. L. ve Taylor, T. O. (2018) A social dominance theory perspective on multicultural competence, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, (Erken Görünüm). https://doi.org/10.1080/09515070.2018.1500352
69. Latané, B. (1981). The psychology of social impact. American Psychologist, 36(4), 343-356. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.36.4.343
70. Ludeke, S., Johnson, W. ve Bouchard Jr, T.J. (2013) “Obedience to traditional authority:” A heritable factor underlying authoritarianism, conservatism and religiousness, Personality and Individual Differences, 55(4), 375-380, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.018
71. Lyubomirsky, S. ve Layous, K. (2013). How Do Simple Positive Activities Increase Well-Being? Current Directions in Psychological Science 22(1), 57–62. DOI: 10.1177/0963721412469809
72. Maennig, W., Steenbeck, M. ve Wilhelm, M. (2013), Rhythms and Cycles in Happiness, http://www.uni-hamburg.de/economicpolicy/publications.htm
73. Mauss, I. B., Tamir, M., Anderson C. L. ve Savino, N. S. (2011). Can seeking happiness make people unhappy? Paradoxical effects of valuing happiness. Emotion, 11(4), 807-815. doi: 10.1037/a0022010.
74. McCreary, D. R., & Rhodes, N. D. (2001). On the gender-typed nature of dominant and submissive acts. Sex Roles, 44 (5-6), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933700912
75. McCreary, D. R., & Rhodes, N. D. (2001). On the gender-typed nature of dominant and submissive acts. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 44(5-6), 339-350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1010933700912
76. Messarra, L. C., Karkoulian, S., El-Kassar, A-N. (2016) Conflict resolution styles and personality: The moderating effect of generation X and Y in a non-Western context, International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 65(6), 792-810, https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPPM-01-2016-0014
77. Narvaez D. (2018) Basic Needs and Fulfilling Human Potential. (In: Narvaez D. (eds) Basic Needs, Wellbeing and Morality. Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-97734-8_5
78. O’Conner, L. E., Berry, J. W., Weiss, J., Schweitzer, D. ve Sevier, M. (2000). Survivor guilt, submissive behaviour and evalutionar theory: The down-side of winning in social comparison. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 73(4), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1348/000711200160705
79. Öngen, D.E. (2006). The relationships between self-criticism, submissive behavior and depression among Turkish adolescents, Personality and Individual Differences, 41(5), 793-800. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2006.03.013
80. Öngen, D.E. (2010). Cognitive emotion regulation in the prediction of depression and submissive behavior: Gender and grade level differences in Turkish adolescents, Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 9, 1516–1523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.12.358
81. Palgi, Y., & Shmotkin, D. (2010), "The predicament of time near the end of life: Time perspective trajectories of life satisfaction among the old-old." Aging & Mental Health, 14(5), 577- 86. doi:10.1080/13607860903483086
82. Pänkäläinen, M. T., Kerola, T. V. ve Hintikka, J. J. (2015). Pessimism and the risk for coronary heart disease among middle-aged and older Finnish men and women: a ten-year follow-up study. BMC cardiovascular disorders, 15, 113. h ttps://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-015-0097-y
83. Park, H. and Lau, A. S. (2016), Socioeconomic Status and Parenting Priorities: Child Independence and Obedience Around the World. Fam Relat, 78(1), 43-59, https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12247
84. Peker, A., Eroğlu, Y. ve Çitemel, N. (2012). Boyun eğici davranışlar ile siber zorbalık ve siber mağduriyet arasındaki ilişkide cinsiyetin aracılığının incelenmesi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi [Bağlantıda]. 9(1), 205-221. Erişim: http://www.insanbilimleri.com
85. Peterson, C., Park, N., Kim, E. S. (2012). Can optimism decrease the risk of illness and disease among the elderly?. Aging Health. 8(1), 5–8. https://doi.org/10.2217/ahe.11.81
86. Plunkett, S.W., Henry, C.S., Robinson, L.C. (2007). Adolescent Perceptions of Parental Behaviors, Adolescent Self-Esteem, and Adolescent Depressed Mood. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16(6), 760–772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-006-9123-0
87. Pozzia, M., Fattoria, F., Bocchiaro, P. ve Alfieria, S. (2014). Do the right thing! A study on social representation of obedience and disobedience, New Ideas in Psychology, 35, 18-27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.newideapsych.2014.06.002
88. Proyer R. (2017) Positive Psychology. In: Zeigler-Hill V., Shackelford T. (eds) Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28099-8
89. Rillich, J. ve Stevenson, P.A. (2017). Losing without Fighting - Simple Aversive Stimulation Induces Submissiveness Typical for Social Defeat via the Action of Nitric Oxide, but Only When Preceded by an Aggression Priming Stimulus, Front. Behav. Neurosci. 11(50), https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00050
90. Rios, K., Fast, N.J. and Gruenfeld, D.H. ( 2015). Feeling High but Playing Low: Power, Need to Belong, and Submissive Behavior, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41(8), 1135–1146, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167215591494
91. Ryff, C. D., Magee, W. J., Kling, K. C., & Wing, E. H. (1999). Forging macro-micro linkages in the study of psychological well-being. In The Self and Society in Aging Processes, ed. CD Ryff, VW Marshall, pp. 247–78. New York: Springer.
92. Sanchez, D.T., Phelan, J.E., Moss-Racusin, C.A. ve Good, J.J. (2011) The Gender Role Motivation Model of Women’s Sexually Submissive Behavior and Satisfaction in Heterosexual Coup, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 38(4), 528-539, https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167211430088
93. Savaşır I, Şahin N.H. (1997). Boyun Eğici Davranışlar Ölçeği. Bilişsel-Davranışçı Terapilerde Değerlendirme: Sık Kullanılan Ölçekler. Ankara, Özyurt Matbaacılık, s.100-103.
94. Seligman, M. E. P. (1999). The president’s address. American Psychologist, 54, 559–662.
95. Seligman, M. E. P., Steen, T. A., Park, N., & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive psychology progress: Empirical validation of interventions. American Psychologist, 60, 410–421. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.60.5.410.
96. Sharot, T. (2011). The optimism bias. Current Biology. 21(23), 941–945. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.10.030
97. Sopić, I.. (2015). Personality traits as predictors of obedience to authority. Diploma Thesis. Filozofski fakultet u Zagrebu, Department of Psychology. (mentor Vukasović Hlupić, Tena). http://darhiv.ffzg.unizg.hr/id/eprint/6874
98. Sturman, E. D. (2011). Involuntary subordination and its relation to personality, mood, and submissive behavior. Psychological Assessment, 23(1), 262-276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021499.
99. Telef, B. B. (2013). The Adaptation of Psychological Well-Being Into Turkish: A Validity and Reliability Study in Turkish. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (H. U. Journal of Education) 28(3), 374-384
100. Tennant, R., Hiller, L., Fishwick, R., Platt, S., Joseph, S., Weich, S., Parkinson, J., Secker, J., & Stewart-Brown, S. (2007). The Warwick-Edinburgh well-being scale (WEMWBS): Development and UK validation. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 5(1), 50-63. https://doi.org/10.1186/1477-7525-5-63
101. Tiedens, L. Z. ve Fragale, A. R. (2003). Power moves: Complementarity in dominant and submissive nonverbal behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 558-568. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.84.3.558
102. Tiedens, L.Z., Fragale, A.R. (2003). Power moves: Complementarity in dominant and submissive nonverbal behavior, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(3), 558-568. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.84.3.558
103. Tuzgöl-Dost, M. (2005). Öznel İyi Oluş Ölçeği'nin geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(23), 103-111.
104. Vaughan, S. C. (2000). Half Empty, Half Full: Understanding the Psychological Roots of Optimism, (1st ed. ). New York: Courtyard.
105. Wall, J. E., & Holden, E. W. (1994). Aggressive, assertive, and submissive behaviors in disadvantaged inner-city preschool children. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23(4), 382–390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15374424jccp2304_4
106. Weeks, J. W., Heimberg, R. G. ve Heuer, R. (2011). Exploring the Role of Behavioral Submissiveness in Social Anxiety. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(3), 217-249. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2011.30.3.217
107. Wood, A.M. , Froh, J.J. ve Geraghty, A.W.A. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review. 30(7), 890-905. DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.005
108. Xie, Y., Chen, M., Lai, H., Zhang, W., Zhao, Z., & Anwar, C. M. (2016). Neural basis of two kinds of social influence: Obedience and conformity. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 10, Article ID 51. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2016.00051
109. Yıldırım, İ. (2004). Lise öğrencilerinde boyun eğici davranışların yaygınlığı. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 26, 220–228. http://dergipark.gov.tr/hunefd/issue/7810/102495
110. Yılmaz, B. Ş. (2015). Eğitim Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin Boyun Eğici Davranışlarının Yordayıcıları. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 5 (43), 82-94
111. Zimmerman, J. , Morrison, A. S. and Heimberg, R. G. (2015), Social anxiety, submissiveness, and shame in men and women: A moderated mediation analysis. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 54(1), 1-15, https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12057
112. Nolen-Hoeksema, S. ve Morrow, J. (1993). Effects of rumination and distraction on naturally occurring depressed mood. Cognition and Emotion. 7 (6), 561–570. doi:10.1080/02699939308409206
113. Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Wisco, B. E. ve Lyubomirsky, S. (2008) Rethinking rumination. Perspectives on Psychological Science 3(5), 400-424. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-6924.2008.00088.x.