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Rusya Federasyonu’nun Hibrit Savaş Doktrini Bağlamında Beyaz Rusya’yı AB’ye Karşı Araçsallaştırması

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 1278 - 1290, 26.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1055048

Abstract

Sovyet Sosyalist Cumhuriyetler Birliği’nin 1991 yılında dağılması ile bağımsızlığını kazanan Avrupa topraklarındaki ülkelerden biri Beyaz Rusya’dır. Beyaz Rusya’nın coğrafi konumu onu diğer Sovyet ardılı ülkelerden farklı bir politika takip etmeye iterken aynı zamanda ülkede 1994 yılı seçimlerini kazanan Aleksandr Lukaşenko iktidarı ile Batı ile ilişkiler daha başlamadan darbe almıştır. Beyaz Rusya yönünü ve tarafını Rusya Federasyonu rotasında belirlemiştir. Bu durumda coğrafi konumun yanı sıra elbette tercih ve konjonktürel gelişmeler de söz konusudur. 2000’ler itibari ile iki ülke arsındaki ilişki Vladimir Putin’in güçlü otoritesi ve dış politikada hegemonya arayışı ile farklı bir boyutta ilerlemeye başlamış ve Beyaz Rusya’nın Rusya’ya olan enerji bağımlılığı başta olmak üzere pek çok alanda bağımlılığı net bir şekilde görülmeye başlamıştır. Çalışma kapsamında da inceleme konusu özellikle Rusya’nın 2014 itibari ile uluslararası alanda kullanmaya başladığı Hibrit Savaş doktrini ekseninde Beyaz Rusya’nın durumudur. Rusya’nın özelikle doktrin ekseninde Beyaz Rusya’yı Avrupa Birliği yaptırımlarına karşı bir araç haline getirmesi dikkat çekmektedir. Bu açıdan Rusya, Beyaz Rusya’nın göç ve enerji güzergâhı konumunu jeopolitik önemine binaen kullanmaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada hibrit savaş doktrini ekseninde Rusya’nın arka planda kalarak Beyaz Rusya’nın AB ile ilişkilerinde rolü gözlenecektir. Elbette eş zamanlı olarak AB’nin Beyaz Rusya yaptırımları ve buna karşılık Beyaz Rusya’nın da göç ve enerji güzergâhı olması bağlamında takip ettiği hibrit eylemler incelenecektir.

References

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  • Kramer, A. E. (2006, 01 02). Russia Cuts Off Gas to Ukraine in Cost Dispute. New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/02/world/europe/russia-cuts-off-gas-to-ukraine-in-cost-dispute.html adresinden alındı
  • Kudrytski, A. (2021, 11 11). Belarus Threatens EU Gas as Merkel Pushes Putin in Migrant Spat. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-11-11/belarus-leader-threatens-to-shut-eu-gas-transit-in-border-spat adresinden alındı
  • Marın, A. (2020). The Unıon State Of Belarus And Russıa. Myths And Realıtıes Of Polıtıcal-Mılıtary Integratıon . Vilnius Institute For Policy Analysis.
  • Martin, N. (2020, 8 25). Belarus' Soviet-era economy still propped up by Moscow. https://www.dw.com/en/belarus-soviet-era-economy-still-propped-up-by-moscow/a-54694876 adresinden alındı
  • Melyantsou, D. (2017). Belarus-West Relations: The New Normal. D. S. Meister içinde, Eastern Voices: Europe’s East Faces an Unsettled West (s. 189-204). Center for Transatlantic Relations.
  • Miller, L. (1997). Energy, Security and Foreign Policy. İnternational Security, 111-123.
  • Mirovalev, M. (2021, 11 25). Europe’s ‘last dictator’: Who is Belarus’s Alexander Lukashenko? https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/25/belarus-leaders-trajectory-from-communist-farmer-to-paranoid adresinden alındı
  • Özel Özcan, M. S. (2020). Enerji Kaynağı Mücadelesi Ve Enerji Güvenliği. E. Çıtak, & S. Kiraz içinde, Uluslararası Güvenlik: Gelenekselden Güncele Bir Gündem Analizi. Ankara: Orion Yayınevi.
  • Penke, M., & Petersmann, S. (2021, 06 18). Why are sanctions against Belarus not more effective? https://www.dw.com/en/why-are-sanctions-against-belarus-not-more-effective/a-57931877 adresinden alındı Pikner, I., & Žilinčík, S. (2016). Military concepts and hybrid war. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 4, 25-33.
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An Instrumentalization of Belarus against the EU on the axis of the Hybrid War Doctrine by Russia

Year 2022, Volume: 11 Issue: 3, 1278 - 1290, 26.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1055048

Abstract

After the dissolution of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1991, it declared its independence in Belarus in European territory. The geographical location of Belarus has pushed it to follow a different policy from other countries. In addition to this situation, after the government of Alexander Lukashenko, who won the 1994 elections in the country, relations with the West were hit before they even started. In this period, Belarus determined its direction on the side of the Russian Federation. This is of course important in preference and cyclical developments, as well as geographical location. Since the beginning of the 2000s, the relationship between the two countries has started to progress in a different dimension with the strong authority of Vladimir Putin and the search for hegemony in foreign policy. The dependence of Belarus on Russia in many fields, especially in energy dependence, has started to be seen clearly. Within the scope of the study, the situation of Belarus will be examined in the axis of the hybrid war doctrine, which Russia has started to use in the international arena as of 2014. It is important for Russia to make Belarus a tool against European Union sanctions, especially on the axis of doctrine. In addition, it is thought-provoking that Russia realized this in the axis of Belarus' geopolitical position. Because Belarus is in the position of migration and energy route. In the study, Belarus' relations with the EU will be observed where Russia remains in the background on the axis of the hybrid war doctrine. Of course, the EU's sanctions on Belarus will also be examined simultaneously. The hybrid actions followed by Belarus as a migration and energy route against the European Union will be examined.

References

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  • Kinkartz, S. (2021, 11 16). Germany faces dilemma over how to deal with Belarus. https://www.dw.com/en/germany-faces-dilemma-over-how-to-deal-with-belarus/a-59800118 adresinden alındı
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  • Kramer, A. E. (2006, 01 02). Russia Cuts Off Gas to Ukraine in Cost Dispute. New York Times: https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/02/world/europe/russia-cuts-off-gas-to-ukraine-in-cost-dispute.html adresinden alındı
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  • Marın, A. (2020). The Unıon State Of Belarus And Russıa. Myths And Realıtıes Of Polıtıcal-Mılıtary Integratıon . Vilnius Institute For Policy Analysis.
  • Martin, N. (2020, 8 25). Belarus' Soviet-era economy still propped up by Moscow. https://www.dw.com/en/belarus-soviet-era-economy-still-propped-up-by-moscow/a-54694876 adresinden alındı
  • Melyantsou, D. (2017). Belarus-West Relations: The New Normal. D. S. Meister içinde, Eastern Voices: Europe’s East Faces an Unsettled West (s. 189-204). Center for Transatlantic Relations.
  • Miller, L. (1997). Energy, Security and Foreign Policy. İnternational Security, 111-123.
  • Mirovalev, M. (2021, 11 25). Europe’s ‘last dictator’: Who is Belarus’s Alexander Lukashenko? https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2021/11/25/belarus-leaders-trajectory-from-communist-farmer-to-paranoid adresinden alındı
  • Özel Özcan, M. S. (2020). Enerji Kaynağı Mücadelesi Ve Enerji Güvenliği. E. Çıtak, & S. Kiraz içinde, Uluslararası Güvenlik: Gelenekselden Güncele Bir Gündem Analizi. Ankara: Orion Yayınevi.
  • Penke, M., & Petersmann, S. (2021, 06 18). Why are sanctions against Belarus not more effective? https://www.dw.com/en/why-are-sanctions-against-belarus-not-more-effective/a-57931877 adresinden alındı Pikner, I., & Žilinčík, S. (2016). Military concepts and hybrid war. Forum Scientiae Oeconomia, 4, 25-33.
  • Radio Free Europe. (2007, 1 14). Lukashenka Says Russia Trying To Take Over Belarus. https://www.rferl.org/a/1074006.html adresinden alındı
  • Roth, A. (2021, 11 11). People from the Middle East are travelling to Belarus by air before attempting to cross into Poland. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/nov/11/belarus-threatens-to-cut-gas-deliveries-to-eu-if-sanctioned-over-border-crisis adresinden alındı
  • Rumer, E., & Belei, B. (2017, 05 31). Belarus: Wıth Frıends Lıke These… . https://carnegieendowment.org/2017/05/31/belarus-with-friends-like-these.-.--pub-70135 adresinden alındı
  • Sputnik. (2020, 09 09). Lukaşenko: Dış güçlerin dahli olmasa ülkemde şu an yaşanan karışıklıklar olmazdı. https://tr.sputniknews.com/20200909/lukasenko-dis-guclerin-dahli-olmasa-ulkemde-su-an-yasanan-karisikliklar-olmazdi-1042810116.html adresinden alındı
  • Stolyarov, G., & Korsunskaya, D. (2021, 12 03). Belarus migrant crisis disrupts goods supplies to Russia. https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/belarus-migrant-crisis-disrupts-goods-supplies-russia-2021-12-03/ adresinden alındı Trenin, D. (2005). Moscow’s relations with Belarus: An awkward ally. European Union Institute for Security Studies. https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/resrep06940.8.pdf?refreqid=excelsior%3Ac45f758db0931d1b7d8ae70521ac12b3 adresinden alındı
  • TRT Haber. (2021, 10 18). Fransa'nın Belarus Büyükelçisi sınır dışı edildi. https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/fransanin-belarus-buyukelcisi-sinir-disi-edildi-617836.html adresinden alındı
  • VOA. (2021, 10 18). Fransa'nın Belarus Büyükelçisi Sınırdışı Edildi. https://www.amerikaninsesi.com/a/fransa-nin-belarus-buyukelcisi-sinirdisi-edildi/6274802.html adresinden alındı
  • Washington Post. (2021, 11 21). Belarus is borrowing from Russia again — this time, with disinformation. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2021/11/21/ghostwriter-belarus-russia-disinformation/ adresinden alındı World Data Atlas. (2021). Belarus - Poverty headcount ratio at national poverty line.
  • https://knoema.com/atlas/Belarus/Poverty-rate-at-national-poverty-line adresinden alındı
  • Zagorski, A. (yty). EU Policies Towards Russia, Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus . Occasional Paper Series, No. 35 . https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/10671/doc_10702_290_en.pdf adresinden alındı
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Merve Suna Özel Özcan 0000-0001-9027-3990

Early Pub Date July 31, 2022
Publication Date July 26, 2022
Submission Date January 8, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 11 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Özel Özcan, M. S. (2022). Rusya Federasyonu’nun Hibrit Savaş Doktrini Bağlamında Beyaz Rusya’yı AB’ye Karşı Araçsallaştırması. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 11(3), 1278-1290. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1055048
AMA Özel Özcan MS. Rusya Federasyonu’nun Hibrit Savaş Doktrini Bağlamında Beyaz Rusya’yı AB’ye Karşı Araçsallaştırması. MJSS. July 2022;11(3):1278-1290. doi:10.33206/mjss.1055048
Chicago Özel Özcan, Merve Suna. “Rusya Federasyonu’nun Hibrit Savaş Doktrini Bağlamında Beyaz Rusya’yı AB’ye Karşı Araçsallaştırması”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 11, no. 3 (July 2022): 1278-90. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1055048.
EndNote Özel Özcan MS (July 1, 2022) Rusya Federasyonu’nun Hibrit Savaş Doktrini Bağlamında Beyaz Rusya’yı AB’ye Karşı Araçsallaştırması. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 11 3 1278–1290.
IEEE M. S. Özel Özcan, “Rusya Federasyonu’nun Hibrit Savaş Doktrini Bağlamında Beyaz Rusya’yı AB’ye Karşı Araçsallaştırması”, MJSS, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 1278–1290, 2022, doi: 10.33206/mjss.1055048.
ISNAD Özel Özcan, Merve Suna. “Rusya Federasyonu’nun Hibrit Savaş Doktrini Bağlamında Beyaz Rusya’yı AB’ye Karşı Araçsallaştırması”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 11/3 (July 2022), 1278-1290. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1055048.
JAMA Özel Özcan MS. Rusya Federasyonu’nun Hibrit Savaş Doktrini Bağlamında Beyaz Rusya’yı AB’ye Karşı Araçsallaştırması. MJSS. 2022;11:1278–1290.
MLA Özel Özcan, Merve Suna. “Rusya Federasyonu’nun Hibrit Savaş Doktrini Bağlamında Beyaz Rusya’yı AB’ye Karşı Araçsallaştırması”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 11, no. 3, 2022, pp. 1278-90, doi:10.33206/mjss.1055048.
Vancouver Özel Özcan MS. Rusya Federasyonu’nun Hibrit Savaş Doktrini Bağlamında Beyaz Rusya’yı AB’ye Karşı Araçsallaştırması. MJSS. 2022;11(3):1278-90.

MANAS Journal of Social Studies