-

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship of resilience with God perception, religious orientation forms and religiousness in the sample of university students. The sample of the study consisted of 596 university students studying in various classes of faculties of education and theology. As data collection instruments, socio-demographic form, Risk Factor list including negative life events, God Perception Scale (Güler, 2007b), Revised Muslim Religious Orientation Scale (Ercan, 2009) and Resiliency Scale (Gürgan, 2006b) was administrated to the students. Descriptive statistics, ANOVA and multiple correlation were run over the data collected. The most frequently reported risk factors were to have very low income, to experience academic failure, to be decieved, be abandoned and be unintentionally seperated, to lose a person given value, and to be obliged to work for money during studying. ANOVA pointed out that the resilience level of male students were higher than female students’ level. Multiple corelation analysis indicated that resilience was positively correlated with love oriented God perception, intrinsic religious orientation and subjective religiousness

Keywords

• God perception, religious orientation forms, resilience, university students

TANRI ALGISI, DİNİ YÖNELİM BİÇİMLERİ VE ÖZNEL DİNDARLIĞIN PSİKOLOJİK DAYANIKLILIKLA İLİŞKİSİ: ÜNİVERSİTE ÖRNEKLEMİ

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı üniversite öğrencileri örnekleminde Tanrı algısı, dini yönelim biçimleri ve dindarlığın psikolojik dayanıklılık ile ilişkisini incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklemini eğitim ve ilahiyat fakültelerinin farklı sınıflarında öğrenim gören toplam 596 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak; sosyo-demografik veri formu, olumsuz yaşam olaylarını içeren risk faktörleri listesi, Tanrı Algısı Ölçeği (Güler, 2007b), Yeniden Yapılandırılmış Müslüman Dini Yönelim Ölçeği (MROS-R) (Ercan, 2009) ve Yılmazlık Ölçeği (Gürgan, 2006) uygulanmıştır. Elde edilen verilerin analizinde, betimsel analiz, varyans analizi (ANOVA) ve çoklu korelasyon analiz gerçekleştirilmiştir. Öğrenciler tarafından en sık belirtilen risk faktörleri düşük maddi gelire sahip olmak, akademik başarısızlık yaşamak, aldatılmak, terk edilmek ve istemeden ayrılmak, değer verdiği birini kaybetmek ve okul dönemi içinde para kazanmak için çalışmak zorunda kalmadır. Varyans analizi erkek öğrencilerin psikolojik dayanıklılık düzeyinin kız öğrencilerin dayanıklılık düzeylerinden daha yüksek olduğunu göstermektedir. Çoklu korelasyon analiz sonuçları, sevgi yönelimli Tanrı algısının, içsel dini yönelimin ve öznel dindarlık düzeyinin psikolojik dayanıklılıkla olumlu ilişkili olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.

Keywords

• Tanrı algısı, dini yönelim biçimleri, yılmazlık, üniversite öğrencisi

References

1. Alcorta, C. (2006). Youth, religion and resilience, PhD thesis, University of Connectidut.
2. Allport, G.W. (1963). Behavioral science, religion and mental health. Journal of Religion and Health,2, 187-197.
3. Altemeyer, B.,& Hunsberger, B. (1992). Authoritarianism, religious fundamentalism, quest, and prejudice, International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 2, 113-133.
4. Baker M. & Gorsuch R. (1982).Trait anxiety and ıntrinsic-extrinsic religiousness. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 21(2), 119-122
5. Batson, C. D. (1976). Religion as prosocial: Agent or double agent? Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 15 (1), 29-45 (March).
6. Batson, C. D., Flink, C. H., Schoenrade, P. A., Fultz, J., & Pych, V. (1986). Religious orientation and overt versus covert racial prejudice. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(1), 175.
7. Batson, C. D.,& Schoenrade, P. A. (1991a). Measuring religion as quest: ı. validity concerns. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30, 416-429.
8. Batson, C. D.,& Schoenrade, P. A. (1991b). Measuring religion as quest: 2) reliability concerns. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 30, 430-447.

9. Begun, A. L. (1993). Human behavior and the social environment: The vulnerability, risk, and resilience model. Journal of Social Work Education, 29(1), 26-35.
10. Benson P., Spilka B. (1973). God image as a function of self-esteem and locus of control. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 297-310.
11. Bergin, A. E., Masters, K. S., & Richards, P. S. (1987). Religiousness and mental health reconsidered: A study of an intrinsically religious sample. Journal of counseling psychology, 34(2), 197-204.
12. Block, J. H.,& Block, J. (1980). The role of ego-control and ego-resiliency in the organization of behavior. InDevelopment of cognition, affect, and social relations: The Minnesota symposia on child psychology. 13, 39-101. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
13. Braam vd. (2001), Religion as a cross-cultural determinant of depression in elderly Euporeans: results from the EURODEP collaboration, Psychological Medicine, 31(05), 803-814.
14. Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2011). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (8.baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
15. Cecero, J. J., Marmon, T. S., Beitel, M., Hutz, A., & Jones, C. (2004). Images of mother, self, and God as predictors of dysphoria in non-clinical samples. Personality and individual differences, 36(7), 1669-1680.
16. Çakır G. (2009). Factors And Mechanism of resilience Among Turkish Migrant Women inthe UK. Yayınlanmamış Doktora tezi, Orta Doğu Teknik Üniversitesi, Ankara.
17. Donahue, M.J. (1985). Intrinsic and extrinsic religiousness: review and meta-analysis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 400-419.
18. Ercan, N. (2009). The predictors of attitudes toward physical wife abuse: Ambivalent sexism, system justification and religious Orientation (Doctoral dissertation, METU).
19. Feagin, J. R. 1964 Prejudice and religious types: a focused study of southern funda-mentalists. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 4, 3-13.
20. Fergus, S. & Zimmerman, M. A. (2005). Adolescent resilience: a framework for understanding healthy development in the face of risk. Annu. Rev. Public Health, 26, 399-419.
21. Francis L.J. & Kaldor P.,(2002), The relationship between psychological well-being and Christian faith and practice in an Australian population sample,.Journal fort the Scientific Study of Religion, 41 (1), 179-184.
22. Fraser, M. W., Richman, J. M. & Galinsky, M. J. (1999). Risk, protection and resilience: toward a conceptual framework for social work practice. Social Work Research, 23(3), 129-208.
23. Hamlin-Glover, D. L. (2009). Spirituality, religion, and resilience among military families,Electronic Theses, Florida State University, USA.
24. Hunt, R. A. & King M. (1971).The intrinsic-extrinsic concept: A review and evaluation. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 10(4), 339-356.
25. Garmezy, N. (1983). Stressors of childhood.N. Garmezy & M. Rutter (Eds.), Stress. coping and development in children, New York: McGraw-Hill. (43-84.)
26. Garmezy, N. (1991a). Resilience and vulnerability to adverse developmental outcomes associated with poverty. American Behavioral Scientist,34(4), 416-430.
27. Garmezy, N. (1991b). Resilience in children's adaptation to negative life events and stressed environments. Pediatric annals, 20(9), 459-60.
28. Garmezy, N., Masten, A. S., & Tellegen, A. (1984). The study of stress and competence in children: A building block for developmental psychopathology. Child development, 97-111.
29. Genia, V. (1996). I, E, quest, and fundamentalism as predictors of psychological and spiritual well-being. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 35(1)56-64.
30. Genia, V.,& Shaw, D. G. (1991). Religion, intrinsic-extrinsic orientation, and depression. Review of Religious Research, 32, 274–283.
31. Gizir, C. A. (2007). Psikolojik sağlamlık, risk faktörleri ve koruyucu faktörler üzerine bir derleme çalışması. Türk Psikolojik Danışma ve Rehberlik Dergisi, 3(28), 113-128.
32. Güler Ö. (2007a). Tanrı’ya yönelik atıflar, benlik algısı ve günahkârlık duygusu, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.
33. Güler, Ö. (2007b). Tanrı Algısı Ölçeği (TA): Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. AÜİFD (1), 123-133.
34. Gürgan U. (2006a). Grupla psikolojik danışmanın üniversite öğrencilerinin yılmazlık düzeylerine etkisi, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
35. Gürgan U. (2006b). Resiliency scale (RS): scale development, reliability and validity study. Ankara University, Journal of Faculty of Educational Sciences, 39(2), 45-74.
36. Hunsberger B., Owusu V.& Duck R. (1999). Religion and prejudice in Ghana and Canada: Religious fundamentalism, right-wing. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion,9(3), 181-194
37. Jew, C. L., Green, K. E., & Kroger, J. (1999). Development and validation of a measure of resiliency. Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development,32(2), 75-89.
38. Kamya, H. A. (2000). Hardiness and spiritual well-being among social work students: Implications for social work education. Journal of Social Work Education, 36(2), 231-240.
39. Kevin S. S., Hill P. C. (2001), The role of religion and spirituality in mental and phsysical health, Curren Directions in Psychogical Science, 10(1), 21-24.
40. Keyser, M. D.,& Collins, G. R. (1976). Parental image and consept of God: Evangelical Protestant-Catholic comparison. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 4(1), 69-80.
41. Koenig H. G. (1995). Religion and older men in prison. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10 (3), 219 – 230.
42. Koenig, H. G. &Larson D. B. (2001). Religion and mental health: Evidence for an association. International Review of Psychiatry, 13(2), 67-78.
43. LaFromboise, T. D., Hoyt, D. R., Oliver, L. V. & Whitebeck, L. B. (2006). Family, community and social ınfluences on resilience among American Indian adolescents in the upper midwest. Journal of Community Psychology, 34 (2), 193 – 209.
44. Laufer A. & Solomon Z. (2011). The Role of religious orientations in youth’s posttraumatic symptoms after exposure to terror. Journal of Religion and Health, 50, 687–699.
45. Maltby, J.,& Day, L. (1998). Amending a measure of quest religious orientation: applicability of the scale’s use among religious and non-religious persons. Personality and Individual Differences, 25, 517-522.
46. Masten, A. S. (2001). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227-238.
47. Masten, A. S. & Reed, M.G. (2002). Resilience in development. In C.R. Snyder ve S. J. Lopez (Eds.), The Handbook of Positive Psychology, Oxford University, (74-88).
48. Masten, A. S.,& Obradović, J. (2006). Competence and resilience in development. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1094(1), 13-27.
49. McFarland, S. G. (1989). Religious orientations and the targets of discrimination. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion,28, 324-336.
50. Nelsen, H. M.,& Kroliczak, A. (1984). Parental use of the threat" God will punish": replication and extension. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 267-277.
51. Nelson, M. O. (1971). The concept of God and feelings toward parents. Journal of Individual Psychology.27(1),46-49.
52. Nelson M.,&Jones E. (1957), An application of the Q-technique to the study of religious concepts, Psychological Reports, 3, 293-297.
53. Newman, R. (2005). APA's resilience initiative. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 36(3), 227-229.
54. Rabkin, J. G., Reminen, R., Katoff, L. & Williams, J.B.W. (1993). Resilience in adversity among long term survivors of AIDS. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 44(2), 162-167.
55. Reutter, K. K.,& Bigatti, S. M. (2014). Religiosity and spirituality as resiliency resources: Moderation, mediation, or moderated mediation?Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 53(1), 56-72.
56. Rutter, M. (1987). Psychosocial resilience and protective mechanisms. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 57( 3) , 316-331.
57. Seidmahmoodi, J.,Rahimi C.,& Mohamedi N. (2011). Resiliency and religious orientation: Factors contributing to posttraumatic growth in Iranian subjects, Iran Journal of Psychiatry. 6(4): 145–150.
58. Spilka, B., Addison, J., & Rosensohn, M. (1975). Parents, self, and God: a test of competing theories of individual-religion relationships. Review of Religious Research, 154-165.
59. Spilka, B., & Mullin, M. (1977). Personal religion and psychological schemata: A research approach to a theological psychology of religion. Character Potential: a record of research.
60. Stack S. (1983). The effect of religious commitment on suicide: A cross-national analysis. Journal of Health and Social Behaviour, 24, 362-374.
61. Strawbridge, W. J., Shema, S. J., Cohen, R. D., & Kaplan, G. A. (2001) Religious attendance increases survival by improving and maintaining good health behaviors, mental health, and social relationships. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 23(1), 68-74.
62. Terzi, Ş. (2005). Öznel iyi olmaya yönelik psikolojik dayanıklılık modeli, Yayımlanmamış Doktora tezi, Gazi Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Ankara.
63. Terzi, Ş. (2008a). Üniversite öğrencilerinde kendini toparlama gücünün içsel koruyucu faktörlerle ilişkisi. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 35, 297-306.
64. Tusaie, K.,& Dyer, J. (2004). Resilience: a historical review of the construct. Holistic Nursing Practice,18(1), 3-8.
65. Werner, E. E. (1993). Risk, resilience, and recovery: Perspectives from the Kauai longitudinal study. Development and psychopathology, 5(04), 503-515.
66. Wilson, W. C. 1960 Extrinsic religious values and prejudice. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 60, 286-88.