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GELİR DAĞILIMININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2018, Volume: 15 Issue: 42, 0 - 0, 26.10.2018

Abstract

1980’li yıllar
sonrasında Neo-liberal politikaların uygulanması ile birlikte özellikle
gelişmekte olan ülkelerde, gelir dağılımı eşitsizlikleri görülmeye
başlanmıştır. Türkiye gibi gelişmekte olan ekonomilerde gelir dağılımının
belirleyicilerinin saptanması ve oluşturulacak politikalarda bu belirleyicilerin
göz önüne alınması gerekir.  Bu çalışmada
Türkiye’de gelir dağılımının belirleyicilerinin saptanması amacı doğrultusunda,
1980-2013 yılları arasındaki veriler zaman serisi analizi yöntemi ile analiz
edilmiştir. Çalışmada ayrıca sektörel ve bölgesel olarak ücret
eşitsizliklerinin nedenleri de sorgulanmıştır. Hacker ve Hatemi’nin yöntemi ile
gerçekleştirilen nedensellik analizinde kişi başına düşen gelir, enflasyon
oranı, dışa açıklık oranı ve kamu harcamaları, dış borç faiz ödemeleri modele
açıklayıcı değişkenler olarak eklenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre enflasyon ve
gelir dağılımı eşitliği arasında karşılıklı bir nedensellik ilişkisine
rastlanılmıştır. Türkiye’deki enflasyon olgusu ise bölgesel ve sektörel gelir
eşitsizliğinin nedenidir. Dış borç faiz ödemelerinden ülkedeki gelir dağılımına
doğru tek yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi söz konusudur. Son olarak elde edilen
bölgesel gelir eşitsizliğinin ekonomik büyümenin nedeni olabileceği ve ayrıca
ekonomik büyüme ile birlikte sektörel gelir eşitsizliğinin oluşabileceği
söylenebilir. 

References

  • Al-Marhubi, F. (1997). A note on the link between income inequality and inflation, Economics Letters, 55(3), 317-319.
  • Al-Marhubi, F. A. (2000) "Corruption and Inflation", Economics Letters, 66, 199- 202
  • Aktan C.,C.ve Vural İ.,Y., (2002), Gelir Dağılımında Adalet(siz)lik ve Gelir Eşit(siz)liği: Terminoloji, Temel Kavramlar Ve Ölçüm Yöntemleri Yoksullukla Mücadele Stratejileri, Ankara:Hak-İş Konfederasyonu Yayınları, 2002.
  • Anderson, E. (2005), “Openness and inequality in developing countries: A review of theory and recent evidence”, World development, 33(7), 1045-1063.
  • Baldwin, Richard E. ve Krugman Paul R.(2004). , “Agglomeration, Integration and Tax Hormonization,”, Europan economic review 48 (1),1-23.
  • Bashir, N. Khan A. ve Rana E. (2011), “Trade Liberalization, Poverty and Inequality Nexus: A Case Study of India”, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 1(3), 114-119.
  • Bhatta, S., (2002), "Has the Increase in World-Wide Openness to Trade Worsened Global Income Inequality", Regional Secience , Vol. 81.
  • Boratav, K., Yeldan E. ve Köse A. (2000) “Globalization, Distribution And Social Policy: Turkey: 1980-1998” CEPA and The New School for Social Research, Working Paper Series, No 20. New York, February
  • Bound, John, ve Johnson G.(1992). “Changes in the Structure of Wages in the 1980’s: An Evaluation of Alternative Explanations.” AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW 82 (June)
  • Bulir, A., (2001) Income inequality: does inflation matter?, IMF Staff Papers, 48 (2001) (1).
  • Bulutay, T. (1995) Employment, Unemployment and Wages in Turkey. Ankara: ILO/State Institute of Statistics Press
  • Daly, Mary C., Amy D. Crews, ve Richard V. B. (1997).“A New Look at the Distributional Effects of Economic Growth During the 1980s: A Comparative Study of the United States and Germany,” Economic Review.
  • Davis, S. J. ve Haltıwanger, J. (1991), "Gross Job Creation, Gross Job Destruction and Employment Reallocation" (Unpublished)
  • Değer, K. (2006), “Ticari liberalizasyon ve gelir dağılımı: Gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerine bir analiz”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 64-87.
  • Dickey, D.A., ve Fuller, W.A. (1979). “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series With a Unit Root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366):427–431.
  • Dollar, D. ve Kraay, A. (2004), “Trade, growth, and poverty”, The Economic Journal, 114(493), F22–F49.
  • Dolmas, J. Huffman, G. W. ve Wynne, M. A. (2000), “Inequality, inflation, and central bank independence”, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’économique, 33(1), 271-287.
  • Efron, B. (1979). “Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife”, Annals of Statistics, 7:1–26.
  • Elveren, A. Y., Örnek, İ., ve Akel, G. (2012). “Inter­nationalisation, Growth and Income Inequality: A Cointegration Analysis for Turkey, 1970-2007,” International Review of Applied Economics, 26(5), 579 595
  • Elveren, A. Y. ve Galbraith, J. K. (2009). “Pay Inequ¬ality in Turkey in the Neo-Liberal Era: 1980-2001,” European Journal of Comparative Economics, 6(2), 177-206.
  • Fajnzylber, P. ve Fernandes, A.M. (2004), “International economic activities and the demand for skilled labor: Evidence from Brazil and China”, Policy Research Working Paper Series, No. 3426, World Bank, Washington,DC.
  • Faustino, H. ve Vali, C. (2011), “The Effects of Globalization on OECD Income Inequality: A static and dynamic analysis” Working paper 12.
  • Forbes, K. (2000), "A Reassessment of the relationship Between Inequality and Growth", The American Economic Review, Vol.90, No.4
  • Galbraith J.K. ve Hyunsub Kum (2003) Inequality and Economic Growth: A Global View Based on Measures of Pay, 'Economic Studies', vol. 49, 527-556
  • Galli, R. ve Hoeven, R., (2001), “Is inflation bad for income inequality? The importance of the initial rate of inflation”, Working Paper, The University of Lugano, Switzerland.
  • Gourdon, J., Maystre, N. ve De Melo, J. (2008), “Openness, inequality, and poverty: Endowments matter”, Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 17(3), 343–378.
  • Granger, C.W.J. (1969). “Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods”, Econometrica, 37(3):424–438.
  • Gürsel, S., Levent, H., Selim, R. ve Sarıca Ö. (2000). Türkiye’de Bireysel Gelir Dağılımı ve Yoksulluk Avrupa Birliği ile Karşılaştırma, TÜSİAD-T/2000-12/295.
  • Hacker, R. S., ve Hatemı-J, A. (2006). “Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: theory and application”, Applied Economics, 38(13):1489–1500.
  • Hannan, E.J. ve Quınn, B.G. (1979). “The determination of the order of an autoregressive”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B41:190–5.
  • Hanson, G. ve Harrison, A. (1999), “Trade and wage inequality in Mexico”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 52(2), 271–288.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2003). “A new method to choose optimal lag order in stable and unstable VAR models”, Applied Economics Letters, 10(3):135–137.
  • Hjertholm, Peter; (1999), “Analytical History of Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Debt Sustainability Targets”, World Bank/ Nordic Working Seminar, Review of The HIPC Initiative, Oslo, web adresi: http://www.econ.ku.dk/wpa/pink/2000/0003.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 14.07.2016.
  • Kahai, Simran K. ve W. Simmons (2005), “The Impact of Globalization on Income Inequality.” Global Business and Economics Review 7.1(2), 1-15.
  • Köse, Ahmet ve Yeldan E. (1998) “Turkish Economy in the 1990’s: An Assessment of Fiscal Policies, Labor Markets and Foreign Trade” New Perspectives on Turkey, 18: 51-78, Spring
  • Kuznets, S., (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 49: 1-28.
  • Li, H., Squire, L. ve Zou, H. (1998), “Explaining international and intertemporal variation in income inequality”, Economic Journal, 108, 26–43.
  • Lin, Shuanglin ve Kım, Sosin (2001). Foreign Debt and Economic Growth, Economics of Transition, 9 (3), 635-655.
  • Mackınnon, J. G. (1996). "Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests", Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11: 601-618.
  • Monnin, P. (2014), “Inflation and Income Inequality in Developed Economies”, CEP Working Paper Series.
  • Mosley, P., Hudson, John ve Horell, S. (1987). Aid, The Public Sector and the Market in Less Developed Countries, The Economic Journal, 97, 616-641.
  • Park, J.Y. ve Phıllıps, P.C.B. (1989). “Statistical inference in regressions with integrated processes: Part 2”, Econometric Theory, 5:95-132.
  • Persson T. ve G. Tabellini, (1994), "Is Inequality Harmful for Growth", The American Economic Review, Vol.84, No.3.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. ve Perron, P. (1988). "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression". Biometrika, 75(2): 335–346.
  • Presbitero A., (2006). "Institutions and geography as sources of economic development," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(3), pages 351-378.
  • Robbins, D. (2003), “The impact of trade liberalization upon inequality in developing countries—A review of theory and evidence”, ILO Working Paper, No. 13, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
  • Rodrik D. ve Ypersele T.V, (1999). "Capital Mobility, Distributive Conflict, and International Tax Coordination," NBER Working Papers 7150, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Rodrik, Dani (1997), Has Globalization Gone Too Far?, Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC.
  • Schwarz, G. (1978). “Estimating the Dimension of a Model”, The Annals of Statistics, 6(2):461–464.
  • Sehar, M., Adiqa, K.K., Azra, K., ve Ahsan, J. (2013), “The Relationship Between Trade Openness And Income Inequalities”, 3. International Conference on Business Management, University of Manageme.
  • Sims, C.A., Stock, J.H. ve Watson, M.W. (1990). “Inference in linear time series models with some unit roots”, Econometrica, 58:113-144.
  • Taştan, H. ve Akar M. (2013) Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Bölgesel Ve Sektörel Ücret Eşitsizliği İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası Cilt: 63, 2013/1 s, 17-49"
  • Theil, H. (1972). Statistical Decompostion Analysis: With Applications in the Social and Administrati­ve Sciences, Amsterdam-London: North Holland Publishing Company.
  • Tian, X., Wang, B. ve Dayanandan, A. (2008), “The Impact of Economic Globalization on Income Distribution: Empirical Evidence in China.” Economics Bulletin, 4(35), 1-8.
  • Toda, H.Y. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). “Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes”, Journal of Econometrics, 66: 225–250.
  • UTIP (2016), University of Texas inequality Project. Web adresi: http://utip.lbj.utexas.edu/ Erişim: 11/01/2016
  • Verhoogen, E. (2007), “Trade, quality upgrading and wage inequality in the Mexican manufacturing sector”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 2913, IZA, Bonn.
  • Vivarelli, M. (2004), “Globalization, skills and within-country income inequality in developing countries, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 211–243.
  • Yeldan A. E.. (2000). “The Impact of Financial Liberalization and the Rise of Financial Rents on Income Inequality: The Case of Turkey” World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Working Papers No.206.
Year 2018, Volume: 15 Issue: 42, 0 - 0, 26.10.2018

Abstract

References

  • Al-Marhubi, F. (1997). A note on the link between income inequality and inflation, Economics Letters, 55(3), 317-319.
  • Al-Marhubi, F. A. (2000) "Corruption and Inflation", Economics Letters, 66, 199- 202
  • Aktan C.,C.ve Vural İ.,Y., (2002), Gelir Dağılımında Adalet(siz)lik ve Gelir Eşit(siz)liği: Terminoloji, Temel Kavramlar Ve Ölçüm Yöntemleri Yoksullukla Mücadele Stratejileri, Ankara:Hak-İş Konfederasyonu Yayınları, 2002.
  • Anderson, E. (2005), “Openness and inequality in developing countries: A review of theory and recent evidence”, World development, 33(7), 1045-1063.
  • Baldwin, Richard E. ve Krugman Paul R.(2004). , “Agglomeration, Integration and Tax Hormonization,”, Europan economic review 48 (1),1-23.
  • Bashir, N. Khan A. ve Rana E. (2011), “Trade Liberalization, Poverty and Inequality Nexus: A Case Study of India”, Asian Economic and Financial Review, 1(3), 114-119.
  • Bhatta, S., (2002), "Has the Increase in World-Wide Openness to Trade Worsened Global Income Inequality", Regional Secience , Vol. 81.
  • Boratav, K., Yeldan E. ve Köse A. (2000) “Globalization, Distribution And Social Policy: Turkey: 1980-1998” CEPA and The New School for Social Research, Working Paper Series, No 20. New York, February
  • Bound, John, ve Johnson G.(1992). “Changes in the Structure of Wages in the 1980’s: An Evaluation of Alternative Explanations.” AMERICAN ECONOMIC REVIEW 82 (June)
  • Bulir, A., (2001) Income inequality: does inflation matter?, IMF Staff Papers, 48 (2001) (1).
  • Bulutay, T. (1995) Employment, Unemployment and Wages in Turkey. Ankara: ILO/State Institute of Statistics Press
  • Daly, Mary C., Amy D. Crews, ve Richard V. B. (1997).“A New Look at the Distributional Effects of Economic Growth During the 1980s: A Comparative Study of the United States and Germany,” Economic Review.
  • Davis, S. J. ve Haltıwanger, J. (1991), "Gross Job Creation, Gross Job Destruction and Employment Reallocation" (Unpublished)
  • Değer, K. (2006), “Ticari liberalizasyon ve gelir dağılımı: Gelişmekte olan ülkeler üzerine bir analiz”, Ankara Üniversitesi SBF Dergisi, 64-87.
  • Dickey, D.A., ve Fuller, W.A. (1979). “Distribution of the Estimators for Autoregressive Time Series With a Unit Root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366):427–431.
  • Dollar, D. ve Kraay, A. (2004), “Trade, growth, and poverty”, The Economic Journal, 114(493), F22–F49.
  • Dolmas, J. Huffman, G. W. ve Wynne, M. A. (2000), “Inequality, inflation, and central bank independence”, Canadian Journal of Economics/Revue canadienne d’économique, 33(1), 271-287.
  • Efron, B. (1979). “Bootstrap methods: another look at the jackknife”, Annals of Statistics, 7:1–26.
  • Elveren, A. Y., Örnek, İ., ve Akel, G. (2012). “Inter­nationalisation, Growth and Income Inequality: A Cointegration Analysis for Turkey, 1970-2007,” International Review of Applied Economics, 26(5), 579 595
  • Elveren, A. Y. ve Galbraith, J. K. (2009). “Pay Inequ¬ality in Turkey in the Neo-Liberal Era: 1980-2001,” European Journal of Comparative Economics, 6(2), 177-206.
  • Fajnzylber, P. ve Fernandes, A.M. (2004), “International economic activities and the demand for skilled labor: Evidence from Brazil and China”, Policy Research Working Paper Series, No. 3426, World Bank, Washington,DC.
  • Faustino, H. ve Vali, C. (2011), “The Effects of Globalization on OECD Income Inequality: A static and dynamic analysis” Working paper 12.
  • Forbes, K. (2000), "A Reassessment of the relationship Between Inequality and Growth", The American Economic Review, Vol.90, No.4
  • Galbraith J.K. ve Hyunsub Kum (2003) Inequality and Economic Growth: A Global View Based on Measures of Pay, 'Economic Studies', vol. 49, 527-556
  • Galli, R. ve Hoeven, R., (2001), “Is inflation bad for income inequality? The importance of the initial rate of inflation”, Working Paper, The University of Lugano, Switzerland.
  • Gourdon, J., Maystre, N. ve De Melo, J. (2008), “Openness, inequality, and poverty: Endowments matter”, Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 17(3), 343–378.
  • Granger, C.W.J. (1969). “Investigating Causal Relations by Econometric Models and Cross-spectral Methods”, Econometrica, 37(3):424–438.
  • Gürsel, S., Levent, H., Selim, R. ve Sarıca Ö. (2000). Türkiye’de Bireysel Gelir Dağılımı ve Yoksulluk Avrupa Birliği ile Karşılaştırma, TÜSİAD-T/2000-12/295.
  • Hacker, R. S., ve Hatemı-J, A. (2006). “Tests for causality between integrated variables using asymptotic and bootstrap distributions: theory and application”, Applied Economics, 38(13):1489–1500.
  • Hannan, E.J. ve Quınn, B.G. (1979). “The determination of the order of an autoregressive”, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, B41:190–5.
  • Hanson, G. ve Harrison, A. (1999), “Trade and wage inequality in Mexico”, Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 52(2), 271–288.
  • Hatemi-J, A. (2003). “A new method to choose optimal lag order in stable and unstable VAR models”, Applied Economics Letters, 10(3):135–137.
  • Hjertholm, Peter; (1999), “Analytical History of Heavily Indebted Poor Country (HIPC) Debt Sustainability Targets”, World Bank/ Nordic Working Seminar, Review of The HIPC Initiative, Oslo, web adresi: http://www.econ.ku.dk/wpa/pink/2000/0003.pdf, Erişim Tarihi: 14.07.2016.
  • Kahai, Simran K. ve W. Simmons (2005), “The Impact of Globalization on Income Inequality.” Global Business and Economics Review 7.1(2), 1-15.
  • Köse, Ahmet ve Yeldan E. (1998) “Turkish Economy in the 1990’s: An Assessment of Fiscal Policies, Labor Markets and Foreign Trade” New Perspectives on Turkey, 18: 51-78, Spring
  • Kuznets, S., (1955). Economic growth and income inequality. American Economic Review, 49: 1-28.
  • Li, H., Squire, L. ve Zou, H. (1998), “Explaining international and intertemporal variation in income inequality”, Economic Journal, 108, 26–43.
  • Lin, Shuanglin ve Kım, Sosin (2001). Foreign Debt and Economic Growth, Economics of Transition, 9 (3), 635-655.
  • Mackınnon, J. G. (1996). "Numerical distribution functions for unit root and cointegration tests", Journal of Applied Econometrics, 11: 601-618.
  • Monnin, P. (2014), “Inflation and Income Inequality in Developed Economies”, CEP Working Paper Series.
  • Mosley, P., Hudson, John ve Horell, S. (1987). Aid, The Public Sector and the Market in Less Developed Countries, The Economic Journal, 97, 616-641.
  • Park, J.Y. ve Phıllıps, P.C.B. (1989). “Statistical inference in regressions with integrated processes: Part 2”, Econometric Theory, 5:95-132.
  • Persson T. ve G. Tabellini, (1994), "Is Inequality Harmful for Growth", The American Economic Review, Vol.84, No.3.
  • Phillips, P.C.B. ve Perron, P. (1988). "Testing for a Unit Root in Time Series Regression". Biometrika, 75(2): 335–346.
  • Presbitero A., (2006). "Institutions and geography as sources of economic development," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 18(3), pages 351-378.
  • Robbins, D. (2003), “The impact of trade liberalization upon inequality in developing countries—A review of theory and evidence”, ILO Working Paper, No. 13, International Labour Organization, Geneva.
  • Rodrik D. ve Ypersele T.V, (1999). "Capital Mobility, Distributive Conflict, and International Tax Coordination," NBER Working Papers 7150, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Rodrik, Dani (1997), Has Globalization Gone Too Far?, Institute for International Economics, Washington, DC.
  • Schwarz, G. (1978). “Estimating the Dimension of a Model”, The Annals of Statistics, 6(2):461–464.
  • Sehar, M., Adiqa, K.K., Azra, K., ve Ahsan, J. (2013), “The Relationship Between Trade Openness And Income Inequalities”, 3. International Conference on Business Management, University of Manageme.
  • Sims, C.A., Stock, J.H. ve Watson, M.W. (1990). “Inference in linear time series models with some unit roots”, Econometrica, 58:113-144.
  • Taştan, H. ve Akar M. (2013) Türkiye İmalat Sanayiinde Bölgesel Ve Sektörel Ücret Eşitsizliği İktisat Fakültesi Mecmuası Cilt: 63, 2013/1 s, 17-49"
  • Theil, H. (1972). Statistical Decompostion Analysis: With Applications in the Social and Administrati­ve Sciences, Amsterdam-London: North Holland Publishing Company.
  • Tian, X., Wang, B. ve Dayanandan, A. (2008), “The Impact of Economic Globalization on Income Distribution: Empirical Evidence in China.” Economics Bulletin, 4(35), 1-8.
  • Toda, H.Y. ve Yamamoto, T. (1995). “Statistical inference in vector autoregressions with possibly integrated processes”, Journal of Econometrics, 66: 225–250.
  • UTIP (2016), University of Texas inequality Project. Web adresi: http://utip.lbj.utexas.edu/ Erişim: 11/01/2016
  • Verhoogen, E. (2007), “Trade, quality upgrading and wage inequality in the Mexican manufacturing sector”, IZA Discussion Paper, No. 2913, IZA, Bonn.
  • Vivarelli, M. (2004), “Globalization, skills and within-country income inequality in developing countries, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 211–243.
  • Yeldan A. E.. (2000). “The Impact of Financial Liberalization and the Rise of Financial Rents on Income Inequality: The Case of Turkey” World Institute for Development Economics Research (WIDER) Working Papers No.206.
There are 59 citations in total.

Details

Journal Section Araştırma Makaleleri
Authors

Cemil Serhat Akın

Cengiz Aytun

Publication Date October 26, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 15 Issue: 42

Cite

APA Akın, C. S., & Aytun, C. (2018). GELİR DAĞILIMININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 15(42).
AMA Akın CS, Aytun C. GELİR DAĞILIMININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. October 2018;15(42).
Chicago Akın, Cemil Serhat, and Cengiz Aytun. “GELİR DAĞILIMININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 15, no. 42 (October 2018).
EndNote Akın CS, Aytun C (October 1, 2018) GELİR DAĞILIMININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 15 42
IEEE C. S. Akın and C. Aytun, “GELİR DAĞILIMININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 15, no. 42, 2018.
ISNAD Akın, Cemil Serhat - Aytun, Cengiz. “GELİR DAĞILIMININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi 15/42 (October 2018).
JAMA Akın CS, Aytun C. GELİR DAĞILIMININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2018;15.
MLA Akın, Cemil Serhat and Cengiz Aytun. “GELİR DAĞILIMININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ”. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 15, no. 42, 2018.
Vancouver Akın CS, Aytun C. GELİR DAĞILIMININ MAKROEKONOMİK BELİRLEYİCİLERİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 2018;15(42).

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