Hatay ili biber (Capsicum annuum L.) üretim alanlarında fitoplazma hastalıklarının, potansiyel vektörlerinin ve diğer konukçularının araştırılması

Year 2022, , 241 - 252, 01.08.2022

Hakan Çarpar , Gülşen Sertkaya

https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1060097

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Amaç: Bu çalışma 2016-2019 yılları arasında Hatay ili biber alanlarındaki fitoplazma hastalıklarının belirlenmesi amacıyla yürütülmüştür.

Yöntem ve Bulgular: Biber arazileri içerisindeki fitoplazmalara özgü belirtiler gösteren biber (Capsicum annuum), susam (Sesamum indicum), fesleğen (Ocimum basilicum), domates (Solanum lycopersicum), tarla sarmaşığı (Convolvulus arvensis) ve böcek (Cicadellidae spp.) örnekleri toplanmıştır. Ziyaret edilen alanlarda, popülasyon yoğunlukları sıralamasına göre, fitoplazmaların böcek vektörleri olarak Empoasca sp., Cicadulina bipunctata, Psammotettix sp., Balchutha hebe, Euscelidius sp., Anaceratagallia laevis ve Exitianus capicola bulunmuştur. Kontrollü koşullarda yapılan T göz aşısı ile, hastalıklı susam ve fesleğen örneklerinden Cezayir menekşesine (Catharanthus roseus) yapılan aşılamalarda hastalık bulaştırılmıştır. Toplam nükleik asit izolasyonu CTAB metoduna göre yapılmıştır. Direkt ve Nested PCR çalışmalarında sırasıyla R16F1/R16R0 ve R16F2n/R16R2 primer çiftleri kullanılmıştır.

Genel Yorum: Fitoplazma bulunan bazı örneklerde DNA dizisi belirlenmiş ve Genbankası’na yüklenmiştir. Biber, domates, fesleğen, susam ve tarla sarmaşığında ve bazı böcek türlerinde fitoplazma tespit edilmiştir. Genbankası’na yüklenen biber (MT993358), susam (MT994434), domates (MT992754), fesleğen (MT994432), Empoasca sp. (MT994430), Exitianus capicola (MT994433), Euscelidius sp. (MT994431) örneklerinde Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii; tarla sarmaşığı (MT993422) ve domates (MT992796) örneklerinde Candidatus Phytoplasma solani tespit edilmiştir.

Çalışmanın Önemi ve Etkisi: Mevcut literatür bilgilere göre Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii, fesleğende ve vektör böcek olarak Empoasca sp., Exitianus capicola ve Euscelidius sp.’de ülkemizde ilk kez bu çalışma ile tespit edilmiştir.

Keywords

Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii, Ca. Phytoplasma solani, Exitianus capicola, Euscelidius sp., fesleğen (Ocimum basilicum)

Supporting Institution

Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Komisyonu tarafından desteklenmiştir

Project Number

15981

Thanks

Prof. Dr. Hüseyin BAŞPINAR ve Prof. Dr. İlhan ÜREMİŞ'e teşekkür ederiz.

Investigation on phytoplasma diseases, their potential insect vectors and other hosts in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) growing areas of Hatay-Turkey

Abstract

Aims: This study was conducted to determine the phytoplasma diseases of pepper plants in Hatay province between 2016 and 2019.

Methods and Results: Samples of pepper (Capsicum annuum), sesame (Sesamum indicum), basil (Ocimum basilicum), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and bindweed (Convolvulus arvensis) which had typical phytoplasma symptoms and insect (Cicadellidae spp.) samples were collected from the pepper fields. Empoasca sp., Cicadulina bipunctata, Psammotettix sp., Balchutha hebe, Euscelidius sp., Anaceratagallia laevis and Exitianus capicola were found as potential insect vectors of the phytoplasmas as descending order of population densities. T-budding grafting technique was successful for phytoplasma transmission from infected sesame and basil plants to healthy periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus) plants in controlled conditions. Phytoplasmas were detected in pepper, tomato, basil, sesame and bindweed and from some insect samples. Total nucleic acid isolation was accomplished by the CTAB method. Direct and Nested PCR were used employing R16F1/R16R0 and R16F2n/R16R2 primer pairs respectively.

Conclusions: DNA of positive samples were sequenced, and uploaded to Genbank, and were identified as Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii on pepper (MT993358), sesame (MT994434), tomato (MT992754), basil (MT994432), Empoasca sp. (MT994430), Exitianus capicola (MT994433), Euscelidius sp. (MT994431); and as Ca. Phytoplasma solani on binweed (MT993422) and tomato (MT992796).

Significance and Impact of the Study: According to our knowledge, this study is the first to identify and upload to Genbank of Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii on basil and Empoasca sp., Exitianus capicola and Euscelidius sp. as insect vectors of the diseases in Turkey.

Keywords

Ca. Phytoplasma trifolii, Ca. Phytoplasma solani, Exitianus capicola, Euscelidius sp., Basil (Ocimum basilicum)

Project Number

15981

References

• Adamovic D, Djalovic I, Mitrovic P, Kojic S, Pivic R, Josic D (2014) First Report on Natural Infection of Paeonia tenuifolia by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma solani’ in Serbia. Disease Notes. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-07-13-0702-PDN
• Babaei G, Esmaeilzadeh-Hosseini SA, Zandian M, Nikbakht V (2020) Identification of phytoplasma strains associated with witches’ broom and yellowing in Ziziphus jujube nurseries in Iran. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 59(1): 55-61.
• Bertaccini A (2007) Phytoplasmas: diversity, taxonomy and epidemiology. Frontiers in Bioscience, 12: 673-689.
• Bertaccini A, Lee IM (2018) “Phytoplasmas: an update,”. in: Phytoplasmas: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria-I, in Characterization and Epidemiology of Phytoplasma-Associated Diseases. Phytoplasmas: Plant Pathogenic Bacteria-I, 1-29.
• Bosland PW (1994) Chiles: History, Cultivation and Uses Spices. (Ed. G.Charalambous). Herbs and Edible Fungi, Elseiver Science, B.V. New Mexico.
• Chiykowski LN (1965) A yellows-type virus of Alsike Clover in Alberta. Canadian Journal of Botany, 43(5), 527-536. doi: 10.1139/b65-058.
• Çağlar BK, Elbeaino T, Küsek M, Pehlivan D, Fidan H, Portakaldalı M (2010) Stolbur Phytoplasma Infections in Potato and Tomato Plants from Different Locations in Turkey. J. Turk. Phytopath., 39 (1-3): 1-8.
• Çıtır A (1985) Preliminary investigation of potato diseases caused by MLOs in Erzurum region. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 14: 53-63.
• DeWitt D, Gerlach N (1990) The whole chile pepper book.
• Doi Y, Teranaka M, Yora K, Asuyama H (1967) Mycoplasma -or PLT group‐like microorganisms found in the phloem elements of plants infected with mulberry dwarf, potato witches’ broom, aster yellows or paulownia witches’ broom. Ann. Phytopathol. Soc. Jpn, 33: 259-266.
• Doyle JJ, Doyle JL (1990) Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, 12: p.13-15.
• Eken Nİ, Mavi K (2016) Çan Biberinde (Capsicum baccatum var. pendulum) Meyve Olgunluk Dönemleri ile Tohum Gelişimi ve Kalitesi Arasındaki İlişkilerin Belirlenmesi. Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 22: 69-76.
• Ember I, Acs Z, Munyaneza JE, Crosslin JM, Kolber M (2011) Survey and molecular detection of Phytoplasmas associated with potato in Romania and southern Russia. Eur. J. Plant Pathol., 130: 367-377.
• FAO (2017) http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC/visualize (Erişim tarihi: 26.12.2019).
• Girsova NV, Bottner-Parker KD, Bogoutdinov DZ, Kastalyeva TB, Meshkov YI, Mozhaeva KA, Lee IM (2017) Diverse Phytoplasmas associated with leguminous crops in Russia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 149(3): 599-610.
• Golino DA, Oldfield GN, Gumpf DJ (1989) Experimental hosts of the beet leafhopper-transmitted virescence agent. Plant Disease, 73(10): 850-854.
• Gopala, Ekta Khasa, Ashutosh Rao, Madhupriya, Rao GP (2018) Molecular characterization of 'Clover proliferation' Phytoplasma subgroup-D (16SrVI-D) associated with vegetables crops in India. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants, 24(2): 203-210.
• Gundersen DE, Lee IM (1996) Ultrasensitive detection of Phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assays using two universal primer pairs. Phytopathol Mediterr., 35:144-151.
• Gungoosingh-Bunwaree A, Bertaccini A, Benimadhu SP (2007) Presence of Phytoplasma infections in tomato plants in Mauritius. Bull. Insectol., 60: 151-152.
• Hiruki C, Wang K (2004) Clover proliferation Phytoplasma: 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii'. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 54(4): 1349-1353.
• Hogenhout AS, Music MS (2010) Phytoplasma Genomics, from Sequencing to Comparative and Functional Genomics- What Have We Learnt? Phytoplasmas Genoms, Plant Hosts and Vectors, 19-37.
• Hosseini SAE, Salehi M, Mirchenari SM, Bertaccini A (2016) First report of a 16SrII-D phytoplasma associated with Calendula officinalis phyllody in Iran. New Disease Reports 34: 22. [http://dx.doi.org/10.5197/j.2044-0588.2016.034.022]
• IRPCM (2004) ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’, a taxon for the wall‐less, non‐helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54: 1243-1255.
• Jakovljević M, Jović J, Krstić O, Mitrović M, Marinković S, Toševski I, Cvrković T (2020) Diversity of phytoplasmas identified in the polyphagous leafhopper Euscelis incisus (Cicadellidae, Deltocephalinae) in Serbia: pathogen inventory, epidemiological significance and vectoring potential. Eur J Plant Pathol 156, 201-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-019-01878-w
• Kılıç M, Sertkaya E (2019) Hatay ilinde yetiştirilen Solanaceae familyasına ait sebzelerde zararlı Cicadellidae, Cixiidae ve Delphacidae (Hemiptera) türleri, Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi. 24(3): 217- 231.
• Kumari DA, Vennila DS, Bhat MN, Rao GP (2018) Increasing incidence of tomato big bud Phytoplasma in Ranga Reddy District of Telangana State, India. Ind. Phytopathol., 71: 207-211.
• Kumari S, Nagendran K, Rai AB, Singh B, Rao GP, Bertaccini A (2019) Global Status of Phytoplasma Diseases in Vegetable Crops. Frontiers in Microbiology, 10: 1349. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01349.
• Lee IM, Davis RE, Gundersen‐Rindal DE (2000) Phytoplasma: phytopathogenic mollicutes. Annu. Rev. Microbiol., 54: 221-255.
• Lee IM, Gundersen DE, Hammond RW, Davis RE (1994) Use of mycoplasmalike organism (MLO) group-specific oligonucleotide primers for nested-PCR assays to detect mixed- MLO infections in a single host plant. Phytopathology, 84 (6): 559-566.
• Lee IM, Gundersen-Rindal DE, Bertaccini A (1998) Phytoplasma: ecology and genomic diversity. Phytopathology, 88: 1359-1366.
• McCoy RE, Caudwell A, Chang CJ, Chen TA, Chiykowski LN, Cousin MT, Dale JL, De Leeuw GTN, Golino DA, Hackett KJ, Kirkpatrick BC, Marwitz R, Petzold H, Sinha RC, Sugiura M, Whitcomb RF, Yang IL, Zhu BM, Seemüller E (1989) Plant diseases associated with mycoplasma-like organisms. pp. 546-640. In: The Mycoplasmas. Vol. 5 (Whitcomb R. F., Tully J. G., Eds). Academic Press, New York, USA.
• Munyaneza JE, Crosslin JM, Lee IM (2007) Phytoplasma diseases and insect vectors in potatoes of the Pacific northwest of the United States. Bulletin of Insectology. 60 (2), 181-182.
• Murphy AF, Rondon SI, Marchosky R, Buchman J, Munyaneza J (2014) Evaluation of beet leafhopper transmitted virescence agent damage in the Columbia Basin. American Journal of Potato Research, 91(1): 101-108.
• Oksal HD (2020) Natural Phytoplasma infections on fruit, vegetable and weed plants at the same agroecosystem and their molecular properties. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48(2):615-625. DOI:10.15835/nbha48211940
• Oksal HD, Kaya Apak F, Oksal E, Tursun T, Sipahioglu HM (2017) Detection and Molecular Characterization of two ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma Trifolii’ Isolates Infecting Peppers at the Same Ecological Niche. International Journal Of Agriculture & Biology, 19: 6,1372-1378.
• Özdağ Y, Sertkaya G (2017) Investigation on Viruses Causing Yellowing Disease in Pepper in Hatay-Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi. 22: 16-22.
• Özdemir Z (2017) Phytoplasmas of sesame and Orosius orientalis are genetically diverse based on 16S rDNA sequencing and PCR-RFLP in Turkey. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 50 (13-14): 674-686.
• Perry L, Dickau R, Zarrillo S, Holst I, Pearsall DM, Piperno DR, Berman MJ, Cooke RC, Rademaker K, Ranere AJ, Raymond JS, Sandweiss DH, Scaramelli F, Tarble K, Zeidler JA (2007) Starch Fossils and the Domestication and Dispersal of Chili Peppers (Capsicum spp. L.) in the Americas. Science, 315: 986-988.
• Pracros P, Renaudin J, Eveillard S, Mouras A, Hernould M (2006) Tomato flower abnormalities induced by stolbur Phytoplasma infection are associated with changes of expression of floral development genes.- Molecular Plant Microbe Interactions, 19: 62-68.
• Salas-Muñoz S, Mauricio-Castillo JA, Dietrich CH, Creamer R, Reveles-Torres LR (2018) First report of the leafhoppers Ceratagallia nitidula and Empoasca abrupta (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) as vectors of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii'. Plant Disease. 102 (12): 2636-2637.
• Salehi M, Hosseini SAE, Salehi E, Bertaccini A (2017) Genetic diversity and vector transmission of Phytoplasmas associated with sesame phyllody in Iran. Folia Microbiologica, 62(2): 99-109.
• Salehi M, Izadpanah K, Nejat N, Siampour M (2007) Partial characterization of Phytoplasmas associated with lettuce and wild lettuce phyllodies in Iran. Plant Pathol., 56: 669-676.
• Salehi M, Siampour M, Alireza S, Hosseini E, Bertaccini A (2015) Characterization and vector identification of Phytoplasmas associated with cucumber and squash phyllody in Iran. Bull. Insectol., 68: 311-319.
• Salehi MT, Izadpanah K, Siampour M, Taghizadeh M (2009) Molecular characterization and transmission of bermuda grass white leaf Phytoplasma in Iran. Journal of Plant Pathology. 91(3):655-661.
• Seemüller E, Garnier M, Schneider B (2002) Mycoplasmas of Plants and Insects. Molecular Biology and Pathogenicity of Mycoplasmas, 91-115.
• Sertkaya G (2008) Hatay biberi “Geyik Boynuzu” Kırmızı biber tiplerinde tohumla ve mekanik olarak taşınabilen bazı virüslerin araştırılması. VII. Sebze Tarımı Sempozyumu Bildiriler.
• Sertkaya G (2012) Hatay ili kırmızı biber alanlarında domates mozaik virüsü (ToMV)' nün araştırılması. 9. Ulusal Sebze Tarımı Sempozyumu, 223-228.
• Sertkaya G, Sertkaya E, Daplan N (2003) Black nightshade (Solanum nigrum L.) as a host of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in pepper crop in Hatay province of Turkey. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(1): 16-22.
• Sertkaya G, Sertkaya E, Kılıç M (2013) Investigation on Phytoplasma Diseases in Potato Fields in Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. 15th Triennial Meeting of the Virology Section of the European Association of Potato Research – EAPR. p.35. 28-31 May 2013. Antalya, Turkey.
• Sertkaya G, Martini M, Musetti R, Osler R (2007) Detection and molecular characterization of Phytoplasmas infecting sesame and solanaceous crops in Turkey. Bulletin of Insectology, 60 (2): 141-142.
• Seyahooei MA, Hemmati C, Faghihi MM, Bagheri A (2017) First report of a 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii'-related strain associated with Suaeda aegyptiaca and its potential vector in Iran. Australasian Plant Disease Notes, 12(1): 24.
• Sichani FV, Bahar M, Zirak L (2014) Characterization of Phytoplasmas related to aster yellows group infecting annual plants in Iran, based on the studies of 16S rRNA and rp genes. J. Plant Prot. Res., 54: 1-8.
• Singh D, Singh SJ (2000) Chilli little leaf - a new Phytoplasma disease in India. Indian Phytopathology, 53: 309-310.
• Swisher KD, Munyaneza JE, Velásquez-Valle R, Mena-Covarrubias J (2018) Detection of Pathogens Associated with Psyllids and Leafhoppers in Capsicum annuum L. in the Mexican States of Durango, Zacatecas, and Michoacán. Plant Disease. 102(1):146-153. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-05-17-0758-RE
• Şaş-Sertkaya G (1999) Transmission of Spiroplasma citri and sesame phyllody to test plants by grafting, dodder and insect vector. First Internet Conference on Phytopathogenic Mollicutes. J. Plant Pathology, 82(1):73.p.75.
• Thomas KM, Krishnaswami CS (1939) Little leaf a transmissible disease of brinjal. Proc.Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 10: 201-202.
• Tran-Nguyen LT, Persley DM, Gibb KS (2003) First report of Phytoplasma disease in capsicum, celery and chicory in Queensland. Aus. Plant Pathol., 32: 559-560. TUİK (2020) https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=92&locale=tr (Erişim tarihi: 03.12.2020).
• Usta M, Güller A, Sipahioğlu HM (2018) Molecular analysis of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii' and 'Candidatus Phytoplasma solani' associated with Phytoplasma diseases of tomato (PDT) in Turkey.  International Journal of Agriculture and Biology 20(9):1991-1996.
• Usta M, Güller A, Sipahioğlu HM (2021) First report of 'Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii' associated with leaf reddening and upright growth in pears (Pyrus communis L.). Plant Protection Science 57 (3): 188-195. https://doi.org/10.17221/163/2020-PPS
• Weintraub PG, Beanland L (2006) Insect vector of Phytoplasmas. Annual review of Entomology, 51: 91-111.
• Xu X, Mou HQ, Zhu SF, Liao XL, Zhao WJ (2013) Detection and characterization of Phytoplasma associated with big bud disease of tomato in China. J. Phytopathol., 161: 430-433.
• Yılmaz S, Çağlar BK, Djelouah K (2019) Molecular characterization of Phytoplasma diseases of pepper in Turkey. Journal of Phytopathology. 167: 479-483.
• Zamharir MG (2018) Association of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma trifolii’ related strain with white willow proliferation in Iran. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 13(1): 17.
• Zhao Y, Wei W, Lee IM, Shao J, Suo X, Davis RE (2009) Construction of an interactive online Phytoplasma classification tool, i PhyClassifier, and its application in analysis of the peach X-disease Phytoplasma group (16SrIII). Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol., 59: 2582-2593.
• Zheng-Nan L, Zhang L, Song JG, Wu YF (2013) Molecular detection and identification of Phytoplasma associated with pepper witches’ broom in China. Phytoparasitica, 41: 429-434.