Aslan kuyruğu (Leonurus cardiaca L.)’nda farklı biçim zamanlarının verim ve kalite üzerine etkisi

Abstract

Leonurus cardiaca L., geçmişten günümüze kadar kalp ve damar hastalıklarını, özellikle de anksiyete, gerginlik ve stresle ilişkili taşikardiyi tedavi etmek amacıyla kullanılmıştır. Ülkemiz florasında bulunmakta olan bu bitkinin yetiştiriciliği ile ilgili Türkiye’de çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma Çukurova Bölgesi’nde farklı biçim zamanlarının (çiçeklenme öncesi, tam çiçeklenme, çiçeklenme sonrası) Leonurus cardiaca L. bitkisinin verim ve kalitesi üzerine etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; incelenen özellikler arasında en yüksek bitki boyu (57.33 cm), kuru herba verimi (92.93 kg da-1) ve kuru madde verimi (%68.73) çiçeklenme sonrası dönemde saptanmıştır. Taze herba verimi (274.34 kg da-1), kuru yaprak verimi (53.36 kg da-1) ve yaprak oranı (% 63.63) ise tam çiçeklenme döneminde en yüksek değerlere ulaşırken, en yüksek uçucu yağ oranı (%0.022) ise çiçeklenme öncesi dönemde elde edilmiştir. Uçucu yağın ana bileşenlerinde germacrene D (%12.06-17.16), alpha selinene (%5.82-9.16), elemicin (%3.02-13.16), ve endo-Borneol (%17.92-5.27) bitkinin gelişim evrelerine göre farklı değişimler göstermiştir.

Keywords

• Leonurus cardiaca L
• biçim zamanları
• herba verimi
• uçucu yağ
• uçucu yağ bileşenleri

The effect of different harvest times on yield and quality of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.)

Abstract

Leonurus cardiaca L. has been used for centuries to treat cardiovascular diseases, especially tachycardia associated with anxiety, tension, and stress. There has been no study in Turkiye regarding the cultivation of this plant, which is naturally found in our country's flora. For this reason, it was conducted to determine the effect of different harvest times (pre-flowering, full-flowering, post- flowering) on the yield and quality of Leonurus cardiaca L. in the Çukurova Region. As a result of this research; among the examined traits, the highest plant height (57.33 cm), dry herb yield (92.93 kg da-1) and dry matter yield (68.73%) were determined in the post-flowering period. Fresh herb yield (274.34 kg da-1), dry leaf yield (53.36 kg da-1) and leaf ratio (63.63%) reached the highest values during the full flowering period, while the highest essential oil content (0.022%) were obtained in the pre-flowering period. The main components of the essential oil, germacrene D (12.06-17.16%), alpha selinene (5.82-9.16%), elemicin (3.02-13.16%), and endo-Borneol (17.92-5.27%) showed variations according to the developmental stages of the plant.

Keywords

• Leonurus cardiaca L
• Harvest times
• Herbage yield
• Essential oil
• Components of essential oil

References

1. Altundag, E., & Ozturk, M. (2011). Ethnomedicinal studies on the plant resources of east Anatolia, Turkey. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 19, 756-777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.05.195
2. Anonim (2016). Türk Farmakopesi-II Monograflar A-H (Avrupa Farmakopesi Adaptasyonu). T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, Türkiye İlaç ve Tıbbi Cihaz Kurumu, 235-237.
3. Başer, K.H.C., Honda, G., & Miki, W. (1986). Herb drugs and herbalists in Turkey. Studia Culturae Islamicae, 27.
4. Baydar, H. (2021). Tıbbi ve aromatik bitkiler bilimi ve teknolojisi (9. Basım). Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık. Yayın No. 2328. Ankara.
5. Bernatoniene, J., Kucinskaite, A., Masteiková, R., Kalveniene, Z., Kasparaviciene, G., & Savickas A. (2009). The comparison of anti-oxidative kinetics in vitro of the fluid extract from maidenhair tree, motherwort and hawthorn. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 66 (4), 415-421.
6. Borna, F., Nazeri, V., Ghaziani, F., & Shokrpour, M. (2021). Morphological and physiological response of some Iranian ecotypes of Leonurus cardiaca L. to drought stress. Journal of Horticulture and Postharvest Research, 4 (3), 289-302. https://doi.org/10.22077/jhpr.2020.2918.1108.
7. Bown, D. (2002). Encylopedia of Herbs & Their Uses. Dorling Kindersley Limited. London.
8. Çalışkan, T., Maral, H., Gutierrez Prieto, L.M.V., Kafkas, E., & Kırıcı, S. (2017). The influence of different drying methods on essential oil content and composition of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in Çukurova conditions. Indian Journal of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, 51 (3), 518-521. https://doi.org/10.5530/ijper.51.3s.78.

9. Çalışkan, T., Maral, H., Pala, C., Kafkas, E., & Kırıcı, S. (2019). Morphogenetic variation for essential oil content and composition of sage (Salvia officinalis L.) in Çukurova conditions. Arabian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 5 (1), 32-38. https://doi.org/10.48347/IMIST.PRSM/ajmap-v5i1.15680
10. Çavuşoğlu, A., Sülüşoğlu, M., Samet, H., Çınar, N., Uysal, F., & Erkal, S. (2014). Borik asit, gibberellik asit ve su uygulamalarının depolanmış aslankuyruğu (Leonurus cardiaca L.) tohumlarının çimlenmesi üzerine etkileri. II. Tıbbi ve Aromatik Bitkiler Sempozyumu, 23–25 Eylül 2014, Yalova, Bildiri Kitabı, 197-203.
11. Chevallier, A. (2000). Encylopedia of Herbal Medicine. Dorling Kindersley Limited, London.
12. EMA. (2018). European Medicines Agency, “Assessment report on Leonurus cardiaca L., herba,”. https://www.ema.europa.eu/documents/herbal-report/fnal-assessment-report-leonurus-cardiaca-l-herba
13. Emmanuel, W., Ogbomade, Onyeike, O., Peters, N.E., Emmanuel, D., David, J., & Sampson Joe, O. (2022). Phytochemical and essential oil characterization of the aerial parts of Leonurus cardiaca (Motherworth). Asian Journal of Applied Chemistry Research, 11 (1), 55-72 https://doi.org/10.9734/AJACR/2022/v11i130247.
14. Ertug, F. (2017). Anatolian ethnobotanical heritage of the family Lamiaceae. Natural Volatiles and Essential Oils, 4, 2-6.
15. Ferahoğlu, E., Çalışkan, T., & Kırıcı, S. (2023). Farklı Dikim sıklıkları ve hasat zamanının Dracocephalum moldavica (Moldovya ejderi)’nın verim ve kalitesine etkileri. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 20 (3), 528-541 https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.1114621.
16. Fierascu, R.C., Fierascu, I., Ortan, A., Fierascu, I.C., Anuta, V., Velescu, B.S., Pituru, S.M, & Dinu-Pirvu, C.E. (2019). Leonurus cardiaca L. as a source of bioactive compounds: An update of the European medicines agency assessment report (2010). Hindawi BioMed Research International, 4303215, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/4303215
17. Fokina, G.I., Frolova, T.V., Roikhel, V.M., & Pogodina, V.V. (1991). Experimental phytotherapy of tick-borne encephalitis. Vopr Virusol, 36 (1), 18-21.
18. Fujita, T., Sezik, E., Tabata, M., Yeşilada, E., Honda, G., Takeda, Y., Tanaka, T., & Takaishi, Y. (1995). Traditional medicine in Turkey VII. Folk medicine in middle and west Black Sea regions. Economic Botany, 10 (1), 406-422.
19. Giray, E.S., Kırıcı, S., Kaya, D.A., Türk, M., Sönmez, Ö., & İnan, M. (2008). Comparing the effect of sub-critical water extraction with conventional extraction methods on the chemical composition of Lavandula stoechas. Talanta, 74 (4), 930-935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2007.07.040
20. Huang, H., Xin, H., Liu, X., Xu, Y., Wen, D., Zhang, Y., & Zhu. Y.Z. (2012). Novel anti-diabetic effect of SCM-198 via inhibiting the hepatic NF-κB pathway in db/db mice. Bioscience Reports, 32 (2), 185-195. https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20110017
21. Huang, L., Xu, D.Q., Chen, Y.Y., Yue, S.J., & Tang. Y.P. (2020). Leonurine. A potential drug for the treatment of cardiovascular system and central nervous system diseases. Brain and Behavior, 11 (2), e01995. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.1995
22. Jafari, S., Moradi, A., Salaritabar, A., Hadjiakhoondi, A., & Khanavi, M. (2010). Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents of Leonurus cardiaca L. in comparison with antioxidant activity. Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 5 (7), 484-487. https://doi.org/10.3923/rjbsci.2010.484.487
23. Kahya, E. (2019). Materia Medica Dioscorides. Nobel Tıp Kitapevi.
24. Karık, Ü., Tınmaz, A.B., Kürkçüoğlu, M., Başer, K.H.C., & Tümen, G. (2007). İstanbul kekiği (Origanum vulgare L. subsp. hirtum) populasyonlarında farklı biçim zamanlarının verim ve kaliteye etkileri. Bahçe, 36 (1-2), 37-48.
25. Kaya, D.A, İnan, M., Giray, E.S., & Kırıcı, S. (2012). Diurnal, ontogenetic and morphogenetic variability of Lavandula stoechas L. ssp. stoechas in East Mediterranean Region. Revista de Chimie, 749-753.
26. Keller, K. (2010). Assessment report on Leonurus cardiaca L. herba. Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products EMA/HMPC/127430/2010.
27. Kew. (2024, January). Leonurus. World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. https://powo.science.kew.org (Erişim Tarihi: 28.02.2024).
28. Kırıcı, S., & İnan, M. (2001). Effect of different harvesting time on the essential oil content of the rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in the Çukurova condition, Workshop on Agricultural and Quality Aspects of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 29 May-1 June, Proceeding Book, 263-272, Adana, Türkiye.
29. Kızıl, S. (2006). Effects of different harvest times on wild thyme (Thymus kotschyamus) and its essential oil components. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 18 (3), 2353-2358.
30. Kiełtyka-Dadasiewicz, A. (2010). The effect of Atonik AL application on growth and development of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) depending on age of plant. Polish Journal of Agronomy, 2, 30-32.
31. Koshovyi, O., Raal, A., Kireyev, I., Tryshchuk, N., Ilina, T., Romanenko, Y., Kovalenko, S.M., & Bunyatyan, N. (2021). Phytochemical and psychotropic research of motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) modified dry extracts. Plants, 10, 230. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants10020230
32. Kothari, S.K., Sing, J.P., Sing, V., & Sing, K. (1993). Effect of nitrojen on oil composition and menthol yield of Japanese mint (M. arvensis L.) Indian Perfumer, 37 (2), 188-193.
33. Li, X., Yuan, F.L., Zhao, Y.Q., Chen, F.H., Lu, W.G., Li, C.W., & Li, J.P. (2011). Effects of leonurine hydrochloride on medically induced incomplete abortion in early pregnancy rats. European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, 159 (2), 375-380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejogrb.2011.09.006
34. Liu, X.H., Pan, L.L., Chen, P.F., & Zhu, Y.Z. (2010). Leonurine improves ischemia-induced myocardial injury through antioxidative activity. Phytomedicine, 17, 753-759. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2010.01.018
35. Mabey, R., McIntyre, M., Michael, P., duff, G., & Stevens, J. (1991). The complete new herbal, A pratical guide to herbal living. Penguin Books.
36. Maral, H., Çalışkan, T., Yıldırım, C.D., Akdoğan, M.E., Kafkas, N.E., & Kirici, S. (2018). The influence of harvesting period and cutting hour on yield and quality in thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) in Çukurova condition. ARCTIC Journal, 71 (11), 82-88.
37. Maral, H., & Kırıcı, S. (2019). Changes within the daytime of essential oil content and composition of zahter (Thymbra spicata L.) grown in Ermenek conditions. Turkish Journal of Agriculture-Food Science and Technology, 7 (2), 13-16. https://doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7isp2.13-16.3089
38. Mockute, D., Bernotiene, G., & Judzentiene, A. (2005). Storage-induced changes in essential oil composition of Leonurus cardiaca L. plants growing wild in Vilnius and of commercial herbs. Chemija, 16 (2), 29-32.
39. Mockute, D., Bernotiene, G., & Judzentiene, A. (2006). Germacrene D chemotype of essential oils of Leonurus cardiaca L. growing wild in Vilnius district (Lithuania). Journal of Essential Oil Research, 18 (5), 566-568.
40. Morteza-Semnani, K., Saeedi, M., & Akbarzadeh, M. (2008). The essential oil composition of Leonurus cardiaca L. Journal of Essential Oil Research, 20 (2), 107-109.
41. Mścisz, A., & Gorecki, P. (1997). Motherwort (Leonurus cardiaca L.) herbal drug with sedative and cardiac activity. Herba Polonica, 23 (2), 172-178.
42. Ovanesov, K.B., Ovanesova, I.M., & Arushanian, E.B. (2006). Effects of melatonin and motherwort tincture on the emotional state and visual functions in anxious subjects. Eksperimental'naia i Klinicheskaia Farmakologiia, 69 (6), 17–19.
43. Özbek, H., Dinç, U., & Kapur, S. (1974). Çukurova Üniversitesi yerleşim sahası topraklarının detaylı etüd ve haritası. ÇÜ. Zir. Fak.Yay. No: 23, Bilimsel Araştırma ve İncelemeler 8, 149 s.
44. Qi, J., Hong, Z.Y., Xin, H., & Zhu, Y.Z. (2010). Neuroprotective effects of leonurine on ischemia/reperfusion-induced mitochondrial dysfunctions in rats’ cerebral cortex. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, 33 (12), 1958-1964. https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.33.1958
45. Ritter, M., Melichar, K., Strahler, S., Kuchta, K., Schulte, J., Sartiani, L., Cerbai, E., Mugelli, A., Mohr, F.W., Rauwald, H.W., & Dhein, S. (2010). Cardiac and electrophysiological effects of primary and refined extracts from Leonurus cardiaca L. (Ph. Eur.). Planta Medica, 76 (6), 572-582. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0029-1240602.
46. Saltan, N. (2021). Türkiye’de yetişen Leonurus L. türleri üzerine farmasötik botanik yönden araştırmalar [Doktora Tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Eskişehir]. https://hdl.handle.net/11421/26847 (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2024).
47. Sharma, S., Chaurasia, S., Dinday, S., Srivastava, G., Singh, A., Chanotiya, C.S., & Ghosh, S. (2024). High level biosynthesis of enantiopure germacrene D in yeast. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 108 (50), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12885-7
48. Serka. (2024). Ardahan Ballı Bitki Florası. T.C. Serhat Kalkınma Ajansı (ISBN: 978-605-70780-6-3) 150 s. www.serka.gov.tr (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2024).
49. Sezik, E., Yeşilada, E., Tabata, M., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Fujita, T., & Tanaka, T. (1997). Traditional medicine in Turkey VIII. Folk medicine in East Anatolia; Erzurum, Erzincan, Aǧri, Kars, Iǧdir Provinces. Economic Botany, 7 (1), 195-211.
50. Taiz, L., & Zeiger, E. (2008). Bitki fizyolojisi (3. Baskı, çeviri ed: İ. Türkan). Palme Yayıncılık.
51. Tınmaz, M.Z. (2013). Dünyada tedavi amaçlı kullanılan bazı tıbbi bitkilerin marmara bölgesi koşullarında bitkisel özelliklerinin belirlenmesi [Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Namık Kemal Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü]. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11776/803 (Erişim Tarihi: 28.02.2024).
52. Tübives. (2024, January). Leonurus. Türkiye Bitkileri Veri Servisi. http://194.27.225.161/yasin/tubives/index.php (Erişim Tarihi: 23.01.2024).
53. URL. 1. https://www.drhenri.com.tr/aslankuyrugu-leonurus-cardiaca-bitki10 (Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2024).
54. URL. 2. https://www.drmfkstore.net/blog/icerik/aslan-kuyrugu-leonurus-cardiaca (Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2024).
55. URL. 3. https://otafarma.com/products/leonurus-cardiaca-tenturu (Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2024).
56. URL. 4. https://www.amazon.com.tr/Bitkisel-Haplar%C4%B1-Motherwort-Leonurus-cardiaca/dp/B0BLJ3M54H (Erişim Tarihi: 04.03.2024).
57. Wojtyniak, K., Szymański, M., & Matławska, I. (2013). Leonurus cardiaca L. (motherwort): a review of its phytochemistry and pharmacology. Phytotherapy Research, 27 (8), 1115-1120. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.4850
58. Yeşilada, E., Sezik, E., Honda, G., Takaishi, Y., Takeda, Y., & Tanaka, T. (1999). Traditional medicine in Turkey IX: Folk medicine in north-west Anatolia. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 64, 195-210.
59. Zhang, R.H., Liu, Z.K., Yang, D.S., Zhang, X.J., Sun, H.D., & Xiao, W.L. (2018). Phytochemistry and pharmacology of the genus Leonurus: The herb to benefit the mothers and more. Phytochemistry, 147, 167-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.12.016
60. Zhang, Q.Y., Wang, Z.J., Sun, D.M., Wang, Y., Xu, P., Wu, W.J., & Zhu, Y.Z. (2017). Novel therapeutic effects of leonurine on ischemic stroke: new mechanisms of BBB integrity. Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity, 7150376, 17 p, https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/7150376