Şanlıurfa ve Osmaniye illerinde yetişen farklı yer fıstığı çeşitlerinde tohum patojeni fungal hastalık etmenlerinin yaygınlığı, morfolojik ve moleküler karakterizasyonu

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Osmaniye ve Şanlıurfa illerinde yetiştirilen beş farklı yer fıstığı (Arachis hypogaea L.) çeşidinin (Masal, NC-7, Efsane, Ayşehanım ve ÇOM) tohumlarında görülen fungal hastalık etmenlerinin yaygınlığı ile morfolojik ve moleküler karakterizasyonları araştırılmıştır. Hastalık belirtileri gösteren kapsüllerden 130 farklı fungal izolat elde edilmiştir. Hasta kapsüllerden yapılan izolasyon ve tanılama çalışmalarından elde edilen sonuçlara göre, en yaygın hastalık etmeni Aspergillus niger olup, bu türü sırasıyla Rhizopus stolonifer, Sclerotinia rolfsii, Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. pseudotheobromae ve Fusarium equiseti izlemiştir. Yapılan patojenite testlerinde tüm fungal izolatlar fıstık kapsüllerinde tipik hastalık belirtilerine neden olmuştur. Masal ve NC-7 çeşitlerinde daha yüksek hastalık çıkışı bu çeşitlerin fungal patojenlere daha fazla duyarlılığa işaret ederken, Ayşehanım ve ÇOM çeşitlerinde hastalık oranlarının daha düşük olması, bu çeşitlerin hastalıklara karşı muhtemelen tolerant olabileceğini göstermiştir. Osmaniye ili yerfıstığı örneklerinden Şanlıurfa’ya göre daha fazla fungal izolat elde edilmiş olması bu bölgede hastalık baskısının daha yüksek olduğunu yansıtmaktadır. Elde edilen sonuçlar, Aspergillus spp ile Rhizopus stolonifer’in yerfıstığının depolanması sırasında önemli rol oynadığını vurgulamaktadır. Yer fıstığı üretiminin sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması için uygun depolama koşulları ve dayanıklı çeşitlerin seçimi büyük önemlidir.

Keywords

• Yer fıstığı
• Tohum patojenleri
• Fungal hastalık
• Moleküler karakterizasyon

Prevalence, morphological and molecular characterization of fungal seed pathogens in different peanut cultivars grown in Şanlıurfa and Osmaniye provinces of Türkiye

Abstract

This study investigated the prevalence and morphological/molecular characterization of fungal pathogens in pods of five peanut cultivars (Masal, NC-7, Efsane, Ayşehanım, ÇOM) cultivated in Osmaniye and Şanlıurfa provinces. From symptomatic pods, 130 fungal isolates were obtained. According to the findings obtained from isolation and identification studies, the most prevalent pathogen was identified Aspergillus niger, followed by Rhizopus stolonifer, Sclerotinia rolfsii,Aspergillus flavus, Rhizoctonia solani, Macrophomina phaseolina, Lasiodiplodia theobromae, L. pseudotheobromae, and Fusarium equiseti. Following pathogenicity tests, all fungal isolates caused typical disease symptoms in peanut pods. Higher disease incidence in Masal and NC-7 suggests greater susceptibility, while lower rates in Ayşehanım and ÇOM may suggest possible resistance to fungal diseases. The greater number of isolates from Osmaniye than Şanlıurfa reflects higher disease pressure in that region. The findings highlight the significant role of Aspergillus spp. And R. Stolonifer during storage. Appropriate storage conditions and the selection of resistant varieties are of great importance for ensuring the sustainability of peanut production.

Keywords

• Peanut
• Seed-borne pathogens
• Fungal disease
• Molecular characterization

References

1. Ajayi‐Oyetunde, O.O., & Bradley, C.A. (2018). Rhizoctonia solani: taxonomy, population biology and management of rhizoctonia seedling disease of soybean. Plant pathology, 67(1), 3-17. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12733
2. Akgul, D.S., Ozgonen, H.,& Erkılıc, A. (2011). The effects of seed treatments with fungicides on stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc., in peanut. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 43, 2991–2996.
3. Akharenegbe, P., Chuku, A., Mawak, J., Sani, B., Nsemoh, H.E., & Fadayomi, V.K. (2022). Fungal biodiversity associated with groundnuts stored in Nasarawa State. GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18(3), 23–29. https://doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.18.3.0087
4. Akullo, J.O., Amayo, R., Okello, D.K., Mohammed, A., Muyinda, R., Magumba, D., Gidoi, R., & Mweetwa, A.M. (2023). Aflatoxin contamination in groundnut and maize food products in Eastern and Northern Uganda. Cogent Food and Agriculture, 9(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2023.2221015
5. Avila, C.F., Moreira, G.M., Nicolli, C.P., Gomes, L.B., Abreu, L.M., Pfenning, L.H., Haidukowski, M., Moretti, A., Logrieco, A., & Del Ponte, E.M. (2019). Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex associated with Brazilian rice: Phylogeny, morphology and toxigenic potential. International Journal of Food Microbiology, 306, 108267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2019.108267
6. Bediako, K. A., Dzidzienyo, D., Ofori, K., Offei, S. K., Asibuo, J. Y., Amoah, R. A., & Obeng, J. (2019). Prevalence of fungi and aflatoxin contamination in stored groundnut in Ghana. Food Control, 104, 152–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.04.034
7. Boratyn, G.M, Camacho, C., Cooper, P.S, Coulouris, G.,Fong, A., Ma, N., Madden, T.L., Matten. W.T., McGinnis, S.D., Merezhuk, Y., Raytselis, Y.,Sayers, E.W., Tao, T., Ye, J., & Zaretskaya, I. (2013). BLAST: a more efficient report with usability improvements. Nucleic Acids Research, 41, 29-33. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkt282
8. Desvani, S.D., Lestari, I.B., Wibowo, H.R., Supyani, Poromarto, S.H., & Hadiwiyono. (2018). Morphological characteristics and virulence of Rhizoctonia solani isolates collected from some rice production areas in some districts of Central Java. AIP Conference Proceedings, 2014(1), 020068. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5054472

9. Dhingra, O.D. & J.B. Sinclair, 1978. Biology and Pathology of Macrophomina phaseolina. Viçosa/MG, Brasil. UFV, Imprensa Universitária, 166 pp.
10. Farias, K.R.S., Ferreira, M.M.M., Silva, M.V.S., Silva, R.R., Monteiro, M.P., Lima, G.S.A., & Almeida, I.P. (2025). Morphological and molecular characterization of Lasiodiplodia species associated with postharvest crown rot of banana in Brazil. Scientific Reports, 15, 38802. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22739-z
11. Gebisa, L.A., 2024. Identification of Microflora Associated with Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Seeds and Its Impact on Physical Impairment on Seeds Germination Percentages. Frontiers in Environmental Microbiology, 10, 54-60. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.fem.20241003.11
12. Guchi, E. (2015). Effect of storage time on occurrence of Aspergillus species in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Eastern Ethiopia. Journal of Applied & Environmental Microbiology, 3(1), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.12691/jaem-3-1-1
13. Khan, R., Mohamad Ghazali, F., Mahyudin, N.A., & Samsudin, N.I.P. (2020). Morphological Characterization and Determination of Aflatoxigenic and Non-Aflatoxigenic Aspergillus flavus Isolated from Sweet Corn Kernels and Soil in Malaysia. Agriculture, 10(10), 450. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture10100450
14. Kurt, Ş., Uysal, A., Guarnaccia, V., Martino, I., Soylu, E.M., Soylu, S., & Oğuz, M. (2025). Molecular identification and pathogenicity of Botryosphaeriaceae species associated with citrus wood diseases in the eastern Mediterranean region of Türkiye. Journal of Plant Pathology, 107(2), 1077-1089. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42161-025-01877-3
15. Lima, J.S., Cardoso, J.E., Moreira, R.C., Alves, E.S., & Melo, J.G.M. (2012). Caracterização cultural de isolados de Lasiodiplodia theobromae e patogenicidade em plantas de aceroleira. Revista Trópica: Ciências Agrárias e Biológicas, 6(1). https://doi.org/10.0000/rtcab.v6i1.714
16. Liu, Q., Chen, Q., Liu, H., Du, Y., Jiao, W., Sun, F., & Fu, M. (2024). Rhizopus stolonifer and related control strategies in postharvest fruit: A review. Heliyon, 10(8). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29522
17. Manasa, R., Devi, R.S.J., Vemana, K., John, K., Rao, G.R., Anubhava, P.J., Vidyashree, L.K., Sri Ananth, K., Santosh, K., Sawargaonkar, G., & Sudini, H.K. (2024). Biochar as a strategy to manage stem rot disease of groundnut incited by Sclerotium rolfsii. Frontiers in Agronomy, 6, 1470194. https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2024.1470194
18. Marquez, N., Giachero, M.L., Declerck, S., & Ducasse, D.A. (2021). Macrophomina phaseolina: General characteristics of pathogenicity and methods of control. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 634397. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.634397
19. Melo, B., Robalo, J., Ramos, F., & Sanches Silva, A. (2025). Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) and Mycotoxins: Analytical Approaches, Prevalence, and Innovative Detoxification. Foods, 14(5), 902. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14050902
20. Mohammed, A., & Chala, A. (2014). Incidence of Aspergillus contamination of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in Eastern Ethiopia. African Journal of Microbiology Research, 8(8), 759–765. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJMR12.2078
21. Oğuz, M., Soylu, S., Gümüş, Y. Soylu, E.M. Kurt, Ş. & Uysal, A. (2025). Morphological and molecular characterization of a pathogen causing sour rot of banana fruit grown in Türkiye: A New Potential Fungal Disease Agent. Applied Fruit Science 67, 278. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10341-025-01493-6
22. Özkaya, S., Soylu, S., Kara, M., Gümüş, Y., Soylu, E.M., Teke, İ., Özcan, O.B., Sevilmiş, D., Ölmez, Y.A., Bilaloğlu, İ., & Lavkor, I. (2024). Disease prevalence, incidence, morphological and molecular characterisation of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae causing collar rot disease on peanut plants in Turkey. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection, 131(8), 1639–1651. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41348-024-00933-x
23. Santos, F., Medina, P.F., Lourenção, A.L., Parisi, J.J.D., & Godoy, I.J. (2016). Damage caused by fungi and insects to stored peanut seeds before processing. Bragantia, 75(2), 207–216. https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-4499.182
24. Soylu, S., Kara, M., Uysal, A., Kurt, Ş., Soylu, E. M., Üremiş, İ., Sertkaya, E., Bozkurt, İ. A., & Öztürk, M. (2022). Amik ovası havuç ekim alanlarında sorun olan fungal ve bakteriyel hastalık etmenlerin belirlenmesi. KSU Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 25(6), 1326-1340. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1015936
25. Soylu, S., Kara, M., Uysal, A., Gümüş, Y., Soylu, E.M., Kurt Ş., Üremiş İ., Sertkaya E. (2024). Determination of fungal and bacterial disease agents on significant Brassicaceous vegetable species grown in Hatay Province. KSU Journal of Agriculture and Nature, 27(4):881–891. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1383042
26. Sultana, T., Malik, K., Raja, N.I., Mashwani, Z.U., Hameed, A., Ullah, R., Alqahtani, A.S., & Sohail (2024). Aflatoxins in Peanut (Arachis hypogaea): Prevalence, Global Health Concern, and Management from an Innovative Nanotechnology Approach: A Mechanistic Repertoire and Future Direction. ACS omega, 9(24), 25555–25574. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.4c01316
27. Sun, W.M., Feng, L.N., Guo, W., Liu,D.Q., Li, Y.N., & Ran, L.X. (2012). First report of peanut pod rot caused by Neocosmospora vasinfecta in northern China. Plant Disease, 96(3), 455. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-11-0240
28. Toma, M.A., Nazir, K.H.M.N.H., Mahmud, M.M., Mishra, P., Ali, M.K., Kabir, A., Shahid, M.A.H., Siddique, M.P., & Alim, M.A. (2021). Isolation and identification of natural colorant producing soil-borne Aspergillus niger from Bangladesh and extraction of the pigment. Foods, 10(6), 1280. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10061280
29. Torres, A.M., Barros, G.G., Palacios, S.A., Chulze, S.N., & Battilani, P. (2014). Review on pre-and post-harvest management of peanuts to minimize aflatoxin contamination. Food Research International, 62, 11-19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2014.02.023
30. Uysal, A., Kurt, Ş., Soylu, S., Kara, M., & Soylu, E. M. (2022). Hatay ilinde yer alan turunçgil paketleme tesislerinde meyve ve hava kökenli mikrobiyata içerisindeki fungal ve bakteriyel türler ile yoğunluklarının belirlenmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 27(2), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1095692
31. Vanam, H.P., Ather, M., Madhura, K.S., & Rudramurthy, S.M. (2019). First report of Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae keratitis susceptible to voriconazole in an Indian mango grower. Access microbiology, 1(6), e000055. https://doi.org/10.1099/acmi.0.000055
32. Watanabe, T. 2002. Pictorial atlas of soil and seed fungi. Morphologies of cultured fungi and key to species. 2nd ed. CRCPress, Washington DC, USA. 500 pp.
33. White, T. J., Bruns, T., Lee, S., & Taylor, J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. In PCR protocols a guide to methods and applications, Academic Press, San Diego. 315–322. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1
34. Zakaria, L. (2024). An Overview of Aspergillus Species Associated with Plant Diseases. Pathogens, 13(9), 813. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens13090813
35. Zemanková, M., & Lebeda, A. (2001). Fusarium species, their taxonomy, variability and significance. Plant Protection Science, 37(1), 25–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/8364-PPS