Malatya ili Darende ilçesindeki koyunculuk işletmelerinde hayvan refahı göstergeleri: barınak, sağlık ve yönetim uygulamaları

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Malatya ili Darende ilçesindeki 100 adet koyunculuk işletmesi hayvan refahı, barınak, sağlık ve yönetim uygulamaları açısından değerlendirilmiştir. Yetiştiricilerin yaş ortalaması 58.1 yıl, deneyim süresi 40.5 yıldır ve tamamı koyunculuğu ana geçim kaynağı olarak sürdürmektedir. İşletmelerin %98’inde Akkaraman ırkı tercih edilmektedir. Barınaklarda aydınlatma (%53) ve havalandırma (%55) yetersiz, doğum bölmesi (%42) ve suluk alanı (%52) eksiktir. Hijyen tesislerinin varlığı yalnızca %2’dir. Doğuma hazırlık yapma oranı %45 iken, doğum bölmesi %26, göbek dezenfeksiyonu ise %38 olarak kaydedilmiştir. Yavru ölümü %78 olup en sık ölüm nedeni ishaldir (%86). Resmi aşılar %97 oranında düzenli iken özel aşılar %56, karantina uygulaması %10’dur. İç parazit mücadelesi %87, düzenli tırnak bakımı %3, topallık %26, meme anormalliği %40’tır. Gebelikte özel besleme %3, yemlik yeterliliği %70, suluk yeterliliği %52’dir. Gübre temizliği %88 oranında aylık yapılmakta, yavru zarlarının %53’ü çöpe atılmakta, %19’u köpeğe verilmektedir. Yabani hayvan saldırısı %8’dir. Sonuç olarak, işletmelerde barınak, biyogüvenlik, doğum bakımı ve sağlık yönetiminde önemli eksiklikler belirlenmiştir. Hayvan refahı ve sürdürülebilirlik için yetiştirici eğitim programlarının yaygınlaştırılması, altyapı yatırımlarının desteklenmesi ve koruyucu sağlık uygulamalarının teşvik edilmesi gerekmektedir.

Keywords

• Hayvan refahı
• Koyunculuk
• Barınak
• Doğum ve yavru bakımı

Ethical Statement

Anketin yapılabilmesi için Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Etik Kurulundan izin alınmıştır (10.11.2025 tarih 2025/32 sayılı karar).

Thanks

Anketlerin yapılmasına yardımcı olan Malatya Tarım Orman İl Müdürlüğü personellerine ve Darende Tarım Orman İlçe Müdürlüğü personellerine teşekkür ederiz.

Assessment of animal welfare indicators in sheep farming enterprises in Darende district, Malatya: housing, health and management practices

Abstract

This study evaluated animal welfare in 100 sheep farms in the Darende district of Malatya province in terms of housing, health, and management practices. The average age of breeders was 58.1 years, with 40.5 years of experience, and all farmers rely on sheep farming as their primary source of income. The Akkaraman breed was preferred in 98% of farms. In shelters, lighting (53%) and ventilation (55%) were inadequate, while maternity pens (42%) and watering areas (52%) were insufficient. The presence of hygiene facilities was only 2%. Preparation for birth was 45%, maternity pen usage was 26%, and umbilical disinfection was 38%. Lamb mortality was 78%, with diarrhea being the most common cause (86%). Official vaccinations were regular in 97% of farms, while private vaccinations were regular in 56%, and quarantine practices existed in only 10%. Internal parasite control was 87%, regular hoof care was 3%, lameness was 26%, and udder abnormality was 40%. Special feeding during pregnancy was 3%, feeder adequacy was 70%, and watering area adequacy was 52%. Manure cleaning was performed monthly in 88% of farms, and 53% of fetal membranes were disposed of by throwing them in the trash, while 19% were given to dogs. Wildlife attacks were reported in 8% of farms. In conclusion, significant deficiencies were identified in shelter, biosecurity, birth care, and health management. To improve animal welfare and sustainability, it is necessary to expand breeder training programs, support infrastructure investments, and encourage preventive health practices.

Keywords

• Animal welfare
• Sheep farming
• Housing

References

1. Aland, A., & Banhazi, T. (2013). Livestock housing: Modern management to ensure optimal health and welfare of farm animals. Wageningen Academic Publishers.
2. Alves, A. C., Alves, N. G., Ascari, I. J., Junqueira, F. B., Coutinho, A. S., Lima, R. R., & Abreu, L. R. (2015). Colostrum composition of Santa Inês sheep and passive transfer of immunity to lambs. Journal of Dairy Science, 98(6), 3706–3716. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-9200
3. Ambarlı, H. (2019). Analysis of wolf–human conflicts: Implications for damage mitigation measures. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 65, Article 60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-019-1320-4
4. Andrés, S., Jiménez, A., Sánchez, J., Alonso, J. M., Gómez, L., Lopez, F., & Rey, J. (2007). Evaluation of some etiological factors predisposing to diarrhoea in lambs in “La Serena” (Southwest Spain). Small Ruminant Research, 70(2–3), 272–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.03.013
5. Araújo, M. D. M., Feitosa, M. M., Primo, A. A., Taniguchi, C. A. K., & Souza, H. A. D. (2020). Mineralization of nitrogen and carbon from organic compost from animal production waste. Revista Caatinga, 33(2), 310–320. https://doi.org/10.1590/1983-21252020v33n203rc
6. Aslan, F., & Kiper, İ. (2025). Farm management practices in sheep farming: A case study of Ordu Province. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 8(2), 131–140. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1755068
7. Atan, Y., Şahin, H. Ç., Can, A., Yaman, M. F., & Üzün, İ. (2025). Deaths in animal attacks: A 10‐year retrospective forensic analysis of direct and indirect causes. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 70(5), 1918–1927. https://doi.org/10.1111/1556-4029.70069
8. Ateş, A., & Cam, M. (2022). Structural features of sheep farms in Ordu province. Black Sea Journal of Agriculture, 5(4), 447–453. https://doi.org/10.47115/bsagriculture.1112678

9. Aydemir, Ş., Bayraktar, B., Kotan, G. C., & Küçük, G. (2026). Investigation of structural characteristics and flock management practices of sheep breeding farms: The Alaca district of Çorum province example. Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology, 14(4), 1059–1067.
10. Aytekin, İ., & Öztürk, A. (2012). Turkey’s sheep and sheep management. Archiva Zootechnica, 15(3), 39–49.
11. Bajuta, E., Hariohay, K., Kideghesho, J., Arukwe, A., Røskaft, E., & Ranke, P. (2025). A comprehensive analysis of human and livestock attacks in the Ngorongoro Conservation Area in Northern Tanzania: Patterns, determinants and management strategies. Global Ecology and Conservation, 58, Article e03816. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2025.e03816
12. Bąkowska, M., Pilarczyk, R., Juszczak-Czasnojć, M., Seremak, B., Tomza-Marciniak, A., Kwita, E., Felska-Błaszczyk, L., & Pilarczyk, B. (2025). The effect of environment and husbandry practices on sheep welfare. Animals, 15(22), Article 3314. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15223314
13. Belanche, A., Cooke, J., Jones, E., Worgan, H. J., & Newbold, C. J. (2019). Short- and long-term effects of conventional and artificial rearing strategies on the health and performance of growing lambs. Animal, 13(4), 740–749. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731118002090
14. Beleckė, A., Kupčinskas, T., Stadalienė, I., Adomkienė, R., & Petkevičius, S. (2025). Gastrointestinal nematode control in Lithuanian sheep farms: Insights from a questionnaire survey. Animals, 15(11), Article 1542. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15111542
15. Bell, S. (2008). Respiratory disease in sheep. In Practice, 30(4), 200- 207. https://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.30.5.278
16. Best, C. M., Roden, J., Pyatt, A. Z., Behnke, M., & Phillips, K. (2020). Uptake of the lameness Five-Point Plan and its association with farmer-reported lameness prevalence: A cross-sectional study of 532 UK sheep farmers. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 181, Article 105064. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105064
17. Bozkurt, Z., Hacan, Ö. G., Koçak, S., Çelikeloğlu, K., Tekerli, M., & Erdoğan, M. (2023). Impact of farm-scale on animal management practices in Pırlak sheep enterprises. Kocatepe Veterinary Journal, 16(1), 57–69.
18. Caroprese, M., Albenzio, M., Marino, R., Santillo, A., & Sevi, A. (2008). Strategies to reduce heat stress in sheep housing. Options Méditerranéennes, 85, 251–255.
19. Caroprese, M., Casamassima, D., Rassu, S. P. G., Napolitano, F., & Sevi, A. (2009). Monitoring the on-farm welfare of sheep and goats. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 8(Suppl. 1), 343–345. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2009.s1.343
20. Chambers, G., Lawrence, K., Ridler, A., & Laven, R. (2025). Teat and udder morphology and pathology of New Zealand dairy ewes. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 73(1), 246 - 259. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2025.2456240.
21. Douglas, F., & Sargison, N. D. (2018). Husbandry procedures at the point of lambing with reference to perinatal lamb mortality. Veterinary Record, 182(2), 52–54. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.k36
22. Duncan, J. S., & Angell, J. W. (2019). Control of infectious lameness in sheep. Livestock, 24(5), 246–251. https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2019.24.5.246
23. Dwyer, C., Conington, J., Corbière, F., Holmøy, I., Muri, K., Nowak, R., Rooke, J., Vipond, J., & Gautier, J. (2016). Improving neonatal survival in small ruminants: Science into practice. Animal, 10(3), 449–459. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115001970
24. Farooq, U., Ahmed, S., Liu, G., Jiang, X., Yang, H., Ding, J., & Ali, M. (2024). Biochemical properties of sheep colostrum and its potential benefits for lamb survival: A review. Animal Biotechnology, 35(1), Article 2320726. https://doi.org/10.1080/10495398.2024.2320726
25. Flay, K., Ridler, A., & Kenyon, P. (2020). Palpable udder defects are associated with decreased lamb production in commercial ewes. Livestock Science, 242, 104316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104316.
26. Forbes, A. (2019). Strategic planning for parasite control on livestock farms. Livestock, 24(2), 82–87. https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2019.24.2.82
27. Fraga, F. R. J., Lagisz, M., Nakagawa, S., López-Villalobos, N., Blair, H., & Kenyon, P. (2018). Meta-analysis of lamb birth weight as influenced by pregnancy nutrition of multiparous ewes.. Journal of animal science, 96(5), 1962-1977 . https://doi.org/10.1093/jas/sky072
28. Green, L., & Clifton, R. (2018). Diagnosing and managing footrot in sheep: An update. In Practice, 40(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1136/inp.k34
29. Griffiths, K. J., Ridler, A. L., Compton, C. W. R., Corner-Thomas, R. A., & Kenyon, P. R. (2019). Investigating associations between lamb survival to weaning and dam udder and teat scores. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, 67(4), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00480169.2019.1588177
30. Gül, S., & Örnek, H. (2018). Gaziantep ilinde küçükbaş hayvan yetiştiriciliğinin yapısal özellikleri I. Koyun yetiştiriciliği. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (2), 306-314.
31. Gül, S., Oflaz, N., Keskin, M., & Behrem, S. (2022). The structural characteristics of sheep farming in Aksaray Province. Erciyes Tarım ve Hayvan Bilimleri Dergisi, 5(2), 68–77. https://doi.org/10.55257/ethabd.1112668
32. Holmøy, I. H., Kielland, C., Stubsjøen, S. M., Hektoen, L., & Waage, S. (2012). Housing conditions and management practices associated with neonatal lamb mortality in sheep flocks in Norway. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 107(3–4), 231–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2012.06.007
33. Hosie, B., & Clark, S. (2007). Sheep flock health security. In Practice, 29(5), 246–253. https://doi.org/10.1136/inpract.29.5.246
34. Ibrahim, A., Wibowo, D., Budisatria, I., Widayanti, R., & Artama, W. (2021). Relationship between sheep farmer’s characteristics with the animal and environmental health management practices in Batur Village, Banjarnegara, Indonesia. BIO Web of Conferences, 33, Article 04010. https://doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213304010
35. Jacobson, C., Bruce, M., Kenyon, P. R., Lockwood, A., Miller, D., Refshauge, G., & Masters, D. G. (2020). A review of dystocia in sheep. Small Ruminant Research, 192, Article 106209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106209
36. Jess, S., Kearns, C., & Matthews, D. I. (2007). A survey of annual pesticide usage during the control of sheep ectoparasites in Northern Ireland, 2005. The Journal of Agricultural Science, 145(5), 517-528.
37. Kaler, J., & Green, L. (2009). Farmers' practices and factors associated with the prevalence of all lameness and lameness attributed to interdigital dermatitis and footrot in sheep flocks in England in 2004.. Preventive veterinary medicine, 92 (1-2), 52-59 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2009.08.001.
38. Karthik, D., Suresh, J., Reddy, Y., Sharma, G., Ramana, J., Gangaraju, G., Reddy, P., Yasaswini, D., Adegbeye, M., & Reddy, P. (2021). Farming systems in sheep rearing: Impact on growth and reproductive performance, nutrient digestibility, disease incidence and heat stress indices. PLoS ONE, 16(1), Article e0244922. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0244922
39. Kaygısız, A., Yılmaz, İ., & Ceylan, S. (2024). Mersin ilindeki keçi işletmelerinin hayvan refahı bakımından değerlendirilmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 29(1), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1296386
40. Khorozyan, I., Soofi, M., Soufi, M., Hamidi, A., Ghoddousi, A., & Waltert, M. (2017). Effects of shepherds and dogs on livestock depredation by leopards (Panthera pardus) in north-eastern Iran. PeerJ, 5, Article e3049. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.3049
41. Kirby, M., Brizuela, C., & Wilkinson, R. (2010). Investigation of farmers’ perspectives on the disposal of fallen livestock and animal by‐products in Great Britain. Veterinary Record, 167(16), 606–609. https://doi.org/10.1136/vr.c4956
42. Koçak, S., Bozkurt, Z., Hacan, Ö., Çelikeloğlu, K., Tekerli, M., Demirtaş, M., Çinkaya, S., & Erdoğan, M. (2025). On-farm welfare assessment of semi-extensively managed sheep using AWIN protocol. Archives Animal Breeding, 68, 459–472. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-68-459-2025
43. Köseman, A., Şeker, I., Kul, S., & Karaca, M. (2022). Investigation of herd structure and breeding practices in sheep farms in Elazig Province. Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım ve Doğa Dergisi, 25(4), 897–907. https://doi.org/10.18016/ksutarimdoga.vi.1086849
44. Kumar, R., Baindha, A., Rewani, S. K., Goyal, T. C., & Jaiswal, U. K. (2026). Feeding practices followed by small ruminant farmers for sustainable production systems. International Journal of Agriculture Extension and Social Development, 9(2s), 45–51.
45. Lewis, K. E., Green, M., Clifton, R., Monaghan, E., Prosser, N., Nabb, E., & Green, L. (2024). Footbathing and foot trimming, and no quarantine: Risks for high prevalence of lameness in a random sample of 269 sheep flocks in England, 2022. Animals, 14(14), Article 2066. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142066
46. Li, C., Shu, H., & Gu, X. (2025). Photoperiod management in farm animal husbandry: A review. Animals, 15(4), Article 591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15040591
47. Liere, D., Dwyer, C., Jordan, D., Premik-Banič, A., Valenčič, A., Kompan, D., & Siard, N. (2013). Farm characteristics in Slovene wolf habitat related to attacks on sheep. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 144(1–2), 46–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2012.12.005
48. Lima, E., Lovatt, F., Davies, P., & Kaler, J. (2019). Using lamb sales data to investigate associations between implementation of disease preventive practices and sheep flock performance. Animal, 13(11), 2630–2638. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119000899
49. Lovatt, F. M., Powell, J. J., Bastos, C. A., & McCrone, I. S. (2025). Pseudorandomised controlled trial of a novel navel barrier solution versus 10% iodine to protect navel and ear tag sites of neonatal lambs. Veterinary Record, 197(9), Article e70169. https://doi.org/10.1002/vetr.70169
50. Lovatt, F.M, (2024). Plan, prevent, protect: Optimal sheep vaccination. Livestock, 29(1), 36–42. https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2024.29.1.36
51. Manning, A., Vasileiou, N., & Crilly, J. (2021). Control of mastitis in dairy sheep and goats. Livestock, 26(3), 161–167. https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2021.26.3.161
52. Mialon, M. M., Nowak, R., Falourd, P., Marcon, D., Lardy, R., & Boivin, X. (2023). Are early-life lambs’ characteristics and behavioural reactivity related to later survival and growth performance during artificial feeding? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 262, Article 105918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2023.105918
53. Milán, M., Caja, G., González-González, R., Férnández-Pérez, A., & Such, X. (2011). Structure and performance of Awassi and Assaf dairy sheep farms in northwestern Spain. Journal of Dairy Science, 94(2), 771–784. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3520
54. Morgan, E., Hosking, B., Burston, S., Carder, K., Hyslop, A., Pritchard, L., Whitmarsh, A., & Coles, G. (2012). A survey of helminth control practices on sheep farms in Great Britain and Ireland.. Veterinary journal, 192(3), 390-397 . https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2011.08.004.
55. Munoz, C., Campbell, A., Hemsworth, P., & Doyle, R. (2019). Evaluating the welfare of extensively managed sheep. PLoS ONE, 14(6), Article e0218603. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218603
56. Nedeva, I. (2020). Primary factors influencing sheep welfare in intensive and extensive farming systems – A review article. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 26(Suppl. 1), 97–106.
57. Norris, A. B., & Smith, W. B. (2020). Farming characteristics and manure management of small ruminant and cervid livestock. In H. Waldrip, P. Pagliari, & Z. He (Eds.), Animal manure: Production, characteristics, environmental concerns, and management (Vol. 67, pp. 129–144). American Society of Agronomy.
58. Nowak, R., & Poindron, P. (2006). From birth to colostrum: Early steps leading to lamb survival. Reproduction Nutrition Development, 46(4), 431–446. https://doi.org/10.1051/rnd:2006024
59. Page, P., & Lovatt, F. (2017). Lameness — Preventative management strategies. Livestock, 22(5), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.12968/live.2017.22.5.264
60. Patten, T., Good, B., Hanrahan, J. P., Mulcahy, G., & de Waal, T. (2011). Gastrointestinal nematode control practices on lowland sheep farms in Ireland with reference to selection for anthelmintic resistance. Irish Veterinary Journal, 64(1), Article 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/2046-0481-64-4
61. Patty, C., Puttileihalat, P., & Ririmase, P. (2022). Characteristics of farmers and production of sheep dung as organic fertilizer for food crops in Kisar Island. Devotion Journal of Community Service, 3(13), 2154–2161. https://doi.org/10.36418/dev.v3i13.289
62. Plummer, P., Hempstead, M., Shearer, J., & Lindquist, T. M. (2021). Evaluating the welfare of small ruminants: Practical management advice. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice, 37(1), 127–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cvfa.2020.10.005
63. Prosser, N. S., Purdy, K. J., & Green, L. E. (2019). Increase in the flock prevalence of lameness in ewes is associated with a reduction in farmers using evidence-based management of prompt treatment: A longitudinal observational study of 154 English sheep flocks 2013–2015. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 173, Article 104801. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104801
64. Rautell, T., & Pyörälä, S. (2009). Navel diseases and their treatment in the calf—A literature review. Suomen Eläinlääkärilehti, 115(7), 423–429.
65. Ridler, A. L., Rout-Brown, G., Flay, K. J., Velathanthiri, N., & Grinberg, A. (2022). Defects and bacterial pathogens in udders of non-dairy breed ewes from New Zealand. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 65(2–3), 163–171. https://doi.org/10.1080/00288233.2021.1914693
66. Robertson, S., Gunn, A., Piltz, J., & Friend, M. (2021). A survey of producer practices and reproductive performance of containment and supplementary fed ewes. Australian Veterinary Journal, 99(7), 279–286. https://doi.org/10.1111/avj.13117
67. Roger, P. (2008). The impact of disease and disease prevention on welfare in sheep. In C. M. Dwyer (Ed.), The welfare of sheep (pp. 159–182). Springer.
68. Sanguinetti, V., Adams, C., Campbell, J., Checkley, S., & Windeyer, C. (2024). An Expert Consensus Study Regarding Management Practices to Prevent Infectious Mortality in Preweaned Beef Calves in Western Canada. Veterinary Sciences, 11(10), 453. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci11100453.
69. Sevi, A., Casamassima, D., & Pazzona, A. (2009). Factors of welfare reduction in dairy sheep and goats. Italian Journal of Animal Science, 8(Suppl. 1), 81–101. https://doi.org/10.4081/ijas.2009.s1.81
70. Seyfi, S. U. (2016). Manure management systems in sheep and goat farms in Konya, Türkiye. International Journal of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 3(6), 287–293.
71. Shiels, D., Loughrey, J., Dwyer, C. M., Hanrahan, K., Mee, J. F., & Keady, T. W. (2021). A survey of farm management practices relating to the risk factors, prevalence, and causes of lamb mortality in Ireland. Animals, 12(1), Article 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12010030
72. Silveira, R., De Vasconcelos, A., Da Silva, V., Vega, W., Toro-Mujica, P., & Ferreira, J. (2021). Typification, characterization, and differentiation of sheep production systems in the Brazilian semiarid region. NJAS: Impact in Agricultural and Life Sciences, 93(1), 48–73. https://doi.org/10.1080/27685241.2021.1956220
73. Siregar, G., & Aulia, F. (2023). A business feasibility and income analysis of sheep in smallholder farms. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 1286, Article 012003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1286/1/012003
74. Smith, E. G., Hine, B. C., Acton, G. A., Bell, A. M., Doyle, E. K., & Smith, J. L. (2023). Ewe udder and teat traits as potential selection criteria for improvement of Merino lamb survival and growth. Small Ruminant Research, 225, Article 107019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2023.107019
75. Sokratous, S., Ragkos, A., Arsenos, G., & Theodoridis, A. (2025). Efficiency analysis of sheep farms in Cyprus. Agriculture, 15(14), Article 1555. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15141555
76. Solmaz, Y., Bellitürk, K., Erkan, B.C., Yücel, B., & Mukhtarov, K. (2025). Koyun gübresinden vermikompost üretilmesi. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 30(3), 808-822. https://doi.org/10.37908/mkutbd.1685408
77. Stuhlträger, J., Von Borell, E., Langbein, J., Nawroth, C., Rørvang, M., & Raoult, C. (2025). The role of light and vision in farmed ungulates and implications for their welfare. Frontiers in Animal Science, 5, Article 1433181. https://doi.org/10.3389/fanim.2024.1433181
78. Swarnkar, C. P., & Sonawane, G. G. (2024). Risk factors associated with neonatal mortality in lambs: An overview. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants, 30(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5958/0973-9718.2024.00001.5
79. Şahin, Y., & Olfaz, M. (2019). Investigating the breeding and lamb growing practices applied by sheep farmers in Tokat region. Gaziosmanpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Dergisi, 8(2), 171–180.
80. Temple, D., & Manteca, X. (2020). Animal welfare in extensive production systems is still an area of concern. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, Article 545902. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.545902
81. Theodoridis, A., Vouraki, S., Morin, E., Koutouzidou, G., & Arsenos, G. (2022). Efficiency analysis and identification of best practices and innovations in dairy sheep farming. Sustainability, 14(21), Article 13949. https://doi.org/10.3390/su142113949
82. Turín, J., Sales, F., Peralta, O. A., De los Reyes, M., Borie, C., Carrasco, A., ... & Parraguez, V. H. (2023). Colostrum traits and newborn body weight and growth: comparison between single and twin underfed sheep pregnancies. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 10, 1256989. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2023.1256989
83. Tüfekci, H., & Özten, B. (2025). Structural characteristics of sheep and goat husbandry in Çorum Province. Research in Agricultural Sciences, 56(2), 165–175. https://doi.org/10.17097/agricultureatauni.1560930
84. Tüney-Bebek, D., & Keskin, M. (2018). Mersin ilinde koyun yetiştiriciliğinin mevcut durumu bazı verim ve yapısal özellikleri. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (2), 315-323.
85. Ucarli, Y. (2011). Effects of wild boar (Sus scrofa) on farming activities: A case study of Turkey. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(44), 8823–8828. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJB10.1397
86. Ugarković, N., Prpić, Z., Kaić, A., Vidic, M., Ivanković, A., & Konjačić, M. (2023). Wolf (Canis lupus) predation in pastoral livestock systems: Case study in Croatia. Sustainability, 15(14), Article 10888. https://doi.org/10.3390/su151410888
87. Varalan, A., Barıt, B., Mat, B., Çevrimli, M., & Günlü, A. (2025). Socio-economic structure of sheep enterprises in Türkiye: A micro-level analysis. Ruminants, 5(3), Article 39. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants5030039
88. Wakoli, E., & Syallow, D. (2025). Nature and extent of livestock depredation in wildlife dispersal areas of Maasai Mara National Reserve - Kenya. American Journal of Life Sciences, 13(5), 112–123. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20251305.12
89. Winter, J. R., Kaler, J., Ferguson, E., KilBride, A. L., & Green, L. E. (2015). Changes in prevalence of, and risk factors for, lameness in random samples of English sheep flocks: 2004–2013. Preventive Veterinary Medicine, 122(1–2), 121–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.09.014