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The Historical Geography of Kunduz and the Kunduz Khanate in the 19th Century

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 642 - 656, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1664098

Abstract

Abstract The province of Kunduz, located in the transition zone between Turkestan and the Indian Subcontinent, has historically held a strategic position. Its proximity to the Amu Darya, capacity to control trade routes, and fertile lands have attracted the interest of major powers throughout history. In the 19th century, Kunduz came under the control of the Emirate of Bukhara and became a key arena in the geopolitical rivalry known as the "Great Game" between Britain and Russia. During this period, the Khanate of Kunduz played a decisive role in regional power dynamics, standing out with its administrative structure, trade networks, and military strength. This study aims to examine the historical geography of Kunduz, its strategic significance in the 19th century, and the influence of the Khanate in the region, providing a comprehensive analysis of its historical and geopolitical dynamics.

References

  • Adamec, Ludwig W. (Ed.), Historical And Political Gazetteer Of Afghanistan, Vol. I, Akademische Druck, Graz 1972.
  • Ansari, A. S. Bazmee, “Hindal Mirza”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. XVIII, İstanbul 1998, s. 66.
  • Atwood, C. P., “Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus,” Central Asiatic Journal, 56, (2013), s. 49-86.
  • Beyhakî, Târîh-i Beyhakî, çev. Necati Lügal, haz. Hicabi Kırlangıç, TTK, Ankara 2019.
  • Burnes, Alexander, Travels into Bokhara: Being the Account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia also, Narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from Sea to Lahore, Vol. II, John Murray, London 1839.
  • Burslem, Rollo, A Peep Into Toorkisthan, Pelham Richardson, London 1846.
  • Chinese Repository, Vol. VI., Canton 1838.
  • Chinnock, E. J., The Anabasis of Alexander, Hodder&Stoughton, London 1884.
  • Cihan, Cihad, XIX. Yüzyıl Seyyahlarına Göre Hazar Ötesi Türkmenleri, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara 2010.
  • Çiftçi, Ferhat, Afganistan’ın Tarihi Coğrafyası (VII-XVI. Yüzyıl), Fosil Yayınları, İstanbul 2025.
  • Dupree, Nancy Hatch, An Historical Guide To Afghanistan, Afghan Tourist Organization, Kabul 1977.
  • Ebü’l-Fida, Ebü’l-Fida Coğrafyası (Takvimü’l-Büldan), çev. Ramazan Şeşen, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2017.
  • Ekrem, Erkin, Hsüan-Tsang Seyahatnamesi’ne Göre Türkistan, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara 2003.
  • Elphinstone, Mounstuart, An Account of The Kingdom of Kabul, And Its Dependencies, In Persia, Tartary And India, Vol. II, Richard Bentley, London 1842.
  • Ferrier, J. P., Caravan Journeys and Wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan and Beloochistan, John Murray, London 1856.
  • Halfin, N. A., Prisoedinenie Srednej Azii k Rossii (60-90-e gody HІH v.), Nauka, Moskva 1965.
  • Mahmud, Kâşgarlı, Divanü Lügâti’t-Türk, çev. Besim Atalay, C. I, TDK Yayınları, Ankara 1985.
  • Mohan, Lal, Travel In The Panjab, Afghanistan, & Turkistan To Balk, Bokhara, And Herat; And A Visit To Great Britain And Germany, Wm. H. Allen & Co, London 1846.
  • Lujetskaya, N. L., “K Voprosu o Datirovke Nekotorıh Sobıtiya Politiçeskoy İstorii Badahşana Pervou Polovinı XİX v.,” Pıs’mennyye Pamyatnıkı I Problemy Istorıı Kul’tury Narodov Vostoka Khu1 Godıchnaya Nauchnaya Sessıya Lo Iv An Sssr (Doklady İ Soobshcheniya Po İranistike), Chast’ II, Nauka, Moskva (1982), s. 125-129.
  • MacGregor, C. M., Central Asia, Part II: A Contribution Towards The Better Knowledge of The Topography, Ethnology, Resources, & History of Afghanistan, Office of The Superintendent Of Government Printing, Calcutta 1871.
  • Masson, Charles, “Observations of the Political Condition of the Durani States and Dependencies,” Transaction of The Bombay Geographical Society From September To November 1840, Vol. V., ed. The Secretary, Bombay 1840.
  • ____________, Narrative of Various Journeys In Balochistan, Afghanistan, The Panjab, & Kalat, Vol. II, Richard Bentley, London 1844.
  • Moorcroft, William & George Trebeck, Travels In The Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and The Panjab In Ladakh And Kashmir; In Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, And Bokhara From 1819 to 1825, ed. Horace Hayman Wilson, Vol. II, John Murray, London 1841.
  • Mukaddesi, İslam Coğrafyası (Ahsenü’t-Takâsîm), çev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2005. Nahiz, Muhammed Hekim, Afganistan Coğrafya Ansiklopedisi, C. II, haz. Ali Ergün Çınar, Seyed Ali Moujani, TİKA, İstanbul 2015.
  • Si-yu-ku, Buddhist Records of The Western World, Translated by Samuel Beal, Vol. I, Trübner & Co., London 1884.

Kunduz’un Tarihi Coğrafyası ve 19. Yüzyılda Kunduz Hanlığı

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 642 - 656, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1664098

Abstract

Kunduz vilayeti, Türkistan ile Hint Alt Kıtası arasındaki geçiş bölgesinde yer alarak tarih boyunca stratejik bir konuma sahip olmuştur. Amu Derya’ya yakınlığı, ticaret yollarını denetleyebilme kapasitesi ve verimli toprakları nedeniyle büyük güçlerin ilgisini çekmiştir. XIX. yüzyılda Buhara Emirliği’nin kontrolüne giren Kunduz, İngiltere ve Rusya arasındaki “Büyük Oyun” çerçevesinde jeopolitik rekabetin önemli bir sahası hâline gelmiştir. Bu süreçte Kunduz Hanlığı, bölgedeki güç dengelerinde belirleyici bir unsur olmuş; idari yapısı, ticaret ağları ve askeri gücüyle dikkat çekmiştir. Bu çalışma, Kunduz’un tarihî coğrafyasını, XIX. yüzyıldaki stratejik önemini ve hanlığın bölgedeki etkisini inceleyerek, tarihî ve jeopolitik dinamiklerini kapsamlı bir şekilde ele almayı amaçlamaktadır.

References

  • Adamec, Ludwig W. (Ed.), Historical And Political Gazetteer Of Afghanistan, Vol. I, Akademische Druck, Graz 1972.
  • Ansari, A. S. Bazmee, “Hindal Mirza”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. XVIII, İstanbul 1998, s. 66.
  • Atwood, C. P., “Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus,” Central Asiatic Journal, 56, (2013), s. 49-86.
  • Beyhakî, Târîh-i Beyhakî, çev. Necati Lügal, haz. Hicabi Kırlangıç, TTK, Ankara 2019.
  • Burnes, Alexander, Travels into Bokhara: Being the Account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia also, Narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from Sea to Lahore, Vol. II, John Murray, London 1839.
  • Burslem, Rollo, A Peep Into Toorkisthan, Pelham Richardson, London 1846.
  • Chinese Repository, Vol. VI., Canton 1838.
  • Chinnock, E. J., The Anabasis of Alexander, Hodder&Stoughton, London 1884.
  • Cihan, Cihad, XIX. Yüzyıl Seyyahlarına Göre Hazar Ötesi Türkmenleri, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara 2010.
  • Çiftçi, Ferhat, Afganistan’ın Tarihi Coğrafyası (VII-XVI. Yüzyıl), Fosil Yayınları, İstanbul 2025.
  • Dupree, Nancy Hatch, An Historical Guide To Afghanistan, Afghan Tourist Organization, Kabul 1977.
  • Ebü’l-Fida, Ebü’l-Fida Coğrafyası (Takvimü’l-Büldan), çev. Ramazan Şeşen, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2017.
  • Ekrem, Erkin, Hsüan-Tsang Seyahatnamesi’ne Göre Türkistan, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara 2003.
  • Elphinstone, Mounstuart, An Account of The Kingdom of Kabul, And Its Dependencies, In Persia, Tartary And India, Vol. II, Richard Bentley, London 1842.
  • Ferrier, J. P., Caravan Journeys and Wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan and Beloochistan, John Murray, London 1856.
  • Halfin, N. A., Prisoedinenie Srednej Azii k Rossii (60-90-e gody HІH v.), Nauka, Moskva 1965.
  • Mahmud, Kâşgarlı, Divanü Lügâti’t-Türk, çev. Besim Atalay, C. I, TDK Yayınları, Ankara 1985.
  • Mohan, Lal, Travel In The Panjab, Afghanistan, & Turkistan To Balk, Bokhara, And Herat; And A Visit To Great Britain And Germany, Wm. H. Allen & Co, London 1846.
  • Lujetskaya, N. L., “K Voprosu o Datirovke Nekotorıh Sobıtiya Politiçeskoy İstorii Badahşana Pervou Polovinı XİX v.,” Pıs’mennyye Pamyatnıkı I Problemy Istorıı Kul’tury Narodov Vostoka Khu1 Godıchnaya Nauchnaya Sessıya Lo Iv An Sssr (Doklady İ Soobshcheniya Po İranistike), Chast’ II, Nauka, Moskva (1982), s. 125-129.
  • MacGregor, C. M., Central Asia, Part II: A Contribution Towards The Better Knowledge of The Topography, Ethnology, Resources, & History of Afghanistan, Office of The Superintendent Of Government Printing, Calcutta 1871.
  • Masson, Charles, “Observations of the Political Condition of the Durani States and Dependencies,” Transaction of The Bombay Geographical Society From September To November 1840, Vol. V., ed. The Secretary, Bombay 1840.
  • ____________, Narrative of Various Journeys In Balochistan, Afghanistan, The Panjab, & Kalat, Vol. II, Richard Bentley, London 1844.
  • Moorcroft, William & George Trebeck, Travels In The Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and The Panjab In Ladakh And Kashmir; In Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, And Bokhara From 1819 to 1825, ed. Horace Hayman Wilson, Vol. II, John Murray, London 1841.
  • Mukaddesi, İslam Coğrafyası (Ahsenü’t-Takâsîm), çev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2005. Nahiz, Muhammed Hekim, Afganistan Coğrafya Ansiklopedisi, C. II, haz. Ali Ergün Çınar, Seyed Ali Moujani, TİKA, İstanbul 2015.
  • Si-yu-ku, Buddhist Records of The Western World, Translated by Samuel Beal, Vol. I, Trübner & Co., London 1884.

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 2, 642 - 656, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1664098

Abstract

Аннотация Провинция Кундуз, расположенная в переходной зоне между Туркестаном и Индийским субконтинентом, исторически занимала стратегическое положение. Ее близость к Амударье, возможность контролировать торговые пути и плодородные земли на протяжении всей истории привлекали интерес крупных держав. В XIX веке Кундуз перешел под контроль Бухарского эмирата и стал ключевой ареной в геополитическом соперничестве, известном как «Большая игра» между Великобританией и Россией. В этот период Кундузское ханство играло решающую роль в динамике региональной власти, выделяясь своей административной структурой, торговыми сетями и военной мощью. Цель данного исследования - изучить историческую географию Кундуза, его стратегическое значение в XIX веке и влияние ханства в регионе, предоставив всесторонний анализ его исторической и геополитической динамики.

References

  • Adamec, Ludwig W. (Ed.), Historical And Political Gazetteer Of Afghanistan, Vol. I, Akademische Druck, Graz 1972.
  • Ansari, A. S. Bazmee, “Hindal Mirza”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi, C. XVIII, İstanbul 1998, s. 66.
  • Atwood, C. P., “Some Early Inner Asian Terms Related to the Imperial Family and the Comitatus,” Central Asiatic Journal, 56, (2013), s. 49-86.
  • Beyhakî, Târîh-i Beyhakî, çev. Necati Lügal, haz. Hicabi Kırlangıç, TTK, Ankara 2019.
  • Burnes, Alexander, Travels into Bokhara: Being the Account of a Journey from India to Cabool, Tartary and Persia also, Narrative of a Voyage on the Indus from Sea to Lahore, Vol. II, John Murray, London 1839.
  • Burslem, Rollo, A Peep Into Toorkisthan, Pelham Richardson, London 1846.
  • Chinese Repository, Vol. VI., Canton 1838.
  • Chinnock, E. J., The Anabasis of Alexander, Hodder&Stoughton, London 1884.
  • Cihan, Cihad, XIX. Yüzyıl Seyyahlarına Göre Hazar Ötesi Türkmenleri, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Gazi Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara 2010.
  • Çiftçi, Ferhat, Afganistan’ın Tarihi Coğrafyası (VII-XVI. Yüzyıl), Fosil Yayınları, İstanbul 2025.
  • Dupree, Nancy Hatch, An Historical Guide To Afghanistan, Afghan Tourist Organization, Kabul 1977.
  • Ebü’l-Fida, Ebü’l-Fida Coğrafyası (Takvimü’l-Büldan), çev. Ramazan Şeşen, Yeditepe Yayınevi, İstanbul 2017.
  • Ekrem, Erkin, Hsüan-Tsang Seyahatnamesi’ne Göre Türkistan, (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara 2003.
  • Elphinstone, Mounstuart, An Account of The Kingdom of Kabul, And Its Dependencies, In Persia, Tartary And India, Vol. II, Richard Bentley, London 1842.
  • Ferrier, J. P., Caravan Journeys and Wanderings in Persia, Afghanistan, Turkistan and Beloochistan, John Murray, London 1856.
  • Halfin, N. A., Prisoedinenie Srednej Azii k Rossii (60-90-e gody HІH v.), Nauka, Moskva 1965.
  • Mahmud, Kâşgarlı, Divanü Lügâti’t-Türk, çev. Besim Atalay, C. I, TDK Yayınları, Ankara 1985.
  • Mohan, Lal, Travel In The Panjab, Afghanistan, & Turkistan To Balk, Bokhara, And Herat; And A Visit To Great Britain And Germany, Wm. H. Allen & Co, London 1846.
  • Lujetskaya, N. L., “K Voprosu o Datirovke Nekotorıh Sobıtiya Politiçeskoy İstorii Badahşana Pervou Polovinı XİX v.,” Pıs’mennyye Pamyatnıkı I Problemy Istorıı Kul’tury Narodov Vostoka Khu1 Godıchnaya Nauchnaya Sessıya Lo Iv An Sssr (Doklady İ Soobshcheniya Po İranistike), Chast’ II, Nauka, Moskva (1982), s. 125-129.
  • MacGregor, C. M., Central Asia, Part II: A Contribution Towards The Better Knowledge of The Topography, Ethnology, Resources, & History of Afghanistan, Office of The Superintendent Of Government Printing, Calcutta 1871.
  • Masson, Charles, “Observations of the Political Condition of the Durani States and Dependencies,” Transaction of The Bombay Geographical Society From September To November 1840, Vol. V., ed. The Secretary, Bombay 1840.
  • ____________, Narrative of Various Journeys In Balochistan, Afghanistan, The Panjab, & Kalat, Vol. II, Richard Bentley, London 1844.
  • Moorcroft, William & George Trebeck, Travels In The Himalayan Provinces of Hindustan and The Panjab In Ladakh And Kashmir; In Peshawar, Kabul, Kunduz, And Bokhara From 1819 to 1825, ed. Horace Hayman Wilson, Vol. II, John Murray, London 1841.
  • Mukaddesi, İslam Coğrafyası (Ahsenü’t-Takâsîm), çev. Ahsen Batur, Selenge Yayınları, İstanbul 2005. Nahiz, Muhammed Hekim, Afganistan Coğrafya Ansiklopedisi, C. II, haz. Ali Ergün Çınar, Seyed Ali Moujani, TİKA, İstanbul 2015.
  • Si-yu-ku, Buddhist Records of The Western World, Translated by Samuel Beal, Vol. I, Trübner & Co., London 1884.
There are 25 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects History of Central Asia, General Turkish History (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ferhat Çiftçi 0000-0002-3922-0241

Submission Date March 24, 2025
Acceptance Date October 30, 2025
Publication Date December 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 12 Issue: 2

Cite

Chicago Çiftçi, Ferhat. “Kunduz’un Tarihi Coğrafyası Ve 19. Yüzyılda Kunduz Hanlığı”. Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 12, no. 2 (December 2025): 642-56. https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1664098.

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