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The Uyghur Diaspora’s Perception Oof Xinjiang and China's Discussions on Renaming Xinjiang

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 122 - 140, 16.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1557192

Abstract

This study examines the Uyghur diaspora's perception of the name Xinjiang ‘新疆’ and adebates within China regarding a possible change to the region’s name.
In 1884, the Qing Dynasty (1644-1912) renamed East Turkestan “Xinjiang” to assert Chinese sovereignty and legitimize it. The name “Xinjiang,” meaning “New Frontier” or “New Territory,” implies that the region was newly incorporated into Chinese territory, which Uyghur Turks and the Uyghur diaspora view as neglecting their historical, political, and cultural identities. They reject the term "Xinjiang" as offensive and instead use
“East Turkestan” as a way to resist China's domination and affirm their identity. Recent debates in Chinese media and academia about renaming “Xinjiang” reflect concerns that it implies a newly incorporated region, potentially weakening historical and cultural ties and allowing misuse by internal and external forces. There is also a belief that “Xinjiang” does not align with China’s national narrative and policies, particularly regarding concepts like “national Chinese consciousness.” Changing the name is seen as a way to better reflect and strengthen China's national identity and global strategic position, aligning with China’s historical, cultural, and strategic goals.
The study examines the history, origin, and usage of “Xinjiang” based on Chinese sources, highlighting how the name has evolved and the impact of various policies on it. It then details the Uyghur diaspora's discomfort with the name due to historical and cultural reasons. The study discusses renaming "Xinjiang" in Chinese media and academia to align with China's national identity and strategic goals, suggesting it could enhance China's narrative and global stance.

References

  • Armaoğlu, Fahir, 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi 1914-1995, 15. Bs., Alkım Yayınevi, İstanbul 2005.
  • Ā guì - 阿桂, 满洲源流考 [A Study on the Origin and Development of Manchuria], 辽宁民族出版社, Liaoning 1988.
  • Buğra, Mehmet Emin, Doğu Türkistan Tarihi, Coğrafi ve Şimdiki Durumu, Güven Basımevi, İstanbul 1952.
  • Bovingdon, Gardoner, The Uyghurs: Strangers İn Their Own Land, Columbia University Press, New York 2010.
  • Commission, 英華新字典 [New English-Chinese Dictionary], 商務印書館, Shanggai 1913.
  • Commission, 清德宗实录,卷一九五”光绪十年十月癸酉条,清实录, 第 54册 [The Veritable Records of Emperor Dezong of the Qing Dynasty” Volume 195, “October 10th year of Guangxu” (Guiyou), “The Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty], Shāngwù yìn shūguǎn, Pekin 1912.
  • Davutoğlu, Ahmet, Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order, Cambridge University Press, London 2020.
  • Gong, Zizhen - 龚,自珍, 龚自珍全集- The Complete Works of Gong Zizhen, ed. Wang, Peizheng, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Shanghai 1975.
  • Ekrem, Erkin, “Doğu Türkistan Sorunu ve Türkiye-Çin İlişkileri”. Türkiye Günlüğü. (2004), p. 36-49.
  • Emet, Erkin, 20. Yüzyıl Uygur Dramı: Göç, Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara 2018.
  • Féng, Chéngjūn - 冯, 承钧. 西域地名 [Western Regions Place Names]. 中华书局, Pekin 1955.
  • Graham E. Fuller and S. Frederick Starr, The Xınjıang Problem. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Washington 2020.
  • Kurban, Nurahmet, “Mehmet Emin Buğra”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (2020), s. 213-215.
  • Kul, Ömer, “İsa Yusuf Alptekin”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (2020), s. 88-89.
  • Khalid Jamel, Wiam Lena, “Made İn China – Assimilating Ethnic Minorities İn The 21st Century”, Department of Political Science Independent Research Project in Political Science – SV7052, Autumn term (2020), p. 1-65.
  • Liú, shānshān -刘, 姗姗, 新疆是新的疆域吗?- Is Xinjiang A New Territory, (17 January 2021), [Access Date: 16 April 2024].
  • Qí, Qīngshùn - 齐,清顺. “新疆的由来和发展” [The Origin and Development of Xinjiang, Historical Research], 历史研究, (2015), p. 36-44.
  • Táng, zòng - 唐,纵, 在蒋介石身边八年: 侍从室高级幕僚唐纵日記 [Eight Years with Chiang Kai-shek: Diary of Tang Zong, a Senior Staff Member in the Secretariat], 群众出版社, Pekin 1991.
  • Turan, Abdülcelil, “Çin Hükümetinin Yayımladığı Xinjiang’ın Tarihi ve Bugünü Başlıklı Beyaz Hakkında Kısaca Mülahaza”, Gökbayrak Dergisi. C. 13, (2006) , s. 24-28.
  • Wú, Zhōng Xìn -吳, 忠信. 民國日記 [Diary of the Republic of China]. 民國歷史文化學社, 1951.
  • Zhāng, Zhìzhōng - 张, 治中, 张治中回忆录 [Memoirs of Zhang Zhizhong], 文史资料出版社, Pekin 2000.
  • Zhu, Fengjia, “On the Establishment of a Province in the Western Regions”, in Wang Xiqi (ed.), Xiaofanghuzhai Yudi Congchao (Volume 2), Hangzhou Ancient Books Store, Hangzhou 1985.
  • Commission, “Xinjiang”, https://cidian.bmcx.com [Access Date: February 18, 2024].
  • Chinese Philosophy Text Electronic Project - 中国哲学书电子化计划. “西域传- Biography of Western Regions”, [Access date: March 6, 2024].
  • Guówùyuàn - 国务院. “新疆各民族平等权利的保障- Guaranteeing Equal Rights for All Ethnic Groups in Xinjiang.” [Access Date: April 19, 2024].
  • Huáng, zhù -黄,铸. “何为第二代民族政策- What is the Second Generation of Ethnic Policy?” (30 March 2012), [Access Date: February 25, 2024].
  • Liú, yàzhōu - 刘, 亚洲. “西部论- Western Theory”, (Sept 8, 2010). [Access date: March 2, 2024].
  • Turdush, Rukiye, “Genocide as Nation Building: China’s Historically Evolving Policy in East Türkistan”, (August 2019), [Access Date: February 22, 2024].
  • Wáng, yǔn -王允, “习近平这十年之三:民族主义十年:从”中国梦”到权力的温柔乡- Xi Jinping's Decade Part 3: The Decade of Nationalism: From the “Chinese Dream” to the Tenderness of Power”. (October 10, 2022), [Access Date: April 22, 2024].
  • Wú, yìqún -吴,轶群and Wáng, xuěhuā - 王, 雪花 . “治广以狭与人地相宜晚清南疆二道政区变迁及基层职官的选任- Govern the broad with narrow and match people and land: The changes in the administrative divisions and the selection of local officials in late Qing Dynasty South Xinjiang”, [Access date: March 9, 2024].
  • Yú, shíyǔ –于, 时域. “新疆应该正名为西域省- Xinjiang should be renamed as Western Regions Province”. (27August2009), [Access Date: February 24, 2024].
  • Yǔ, jiāxuě - 雨,夹雪, “新疆正名西域背后的阴谋- The conspiracy behind Xinjiang's renaming of the Western Regions”, (Sept 6, 2009), [Access Date: February 26, 2024].
  • Yücel, Tanay, “Not Central Asıa, Not Turkestan-Xınjıang, East Turkestan”. (April 1, 2023), [Access Date: April 6, 2024].

Uygur Diasporasının Xinjiang Algısı ve Çin'in Xinjiang'ın İsim Değiştirilmesi Konusundaki Tartışmaları

Year 2025, Volume: 12 Issue: 1, 122 - 140, 16.06.2025
https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1557192

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Uygur diasporasının Xinjiang ‘新疆’ ismine ilişkin algısı ve Çin'in bu ismi değiştirme tartışmaları incelenmektedir. Qing Hanedanlığı (1644-1912), Çin egemenliğini göstermek ve meşrulaştırmak için 1884 yılında Doğu Türkistan'ın adını “Xinjiang” olarak değiştirmiştir. “Yeni Sınır” veya ‘Yeni Bölge’ anlamına gelen ‘Xinjiang’ adı, Uygur Türkleri ve Uygur diasporasının tarihi, siyasi ve kültürel kimliklerini yok saymak olarak gördüğü Çin topraklarına yeni dâhil olma anlamına gelmektedir. Bundan dolayı “Xinjiang” kelimesini aşağılayıcı bularak reddetmekte ve Çin'in tahakkümüne direnmek ve kimliklerini savunmak için ‘Doğu Türkistan’ ifadesini tercih etmektedirler. Çin medyasında ve akademide “Xinjiang” isminin değiştirilmesine ilişkin son tartışmalar, bu ismin yeni bir bölgeyi ima ettiği, tarihi ve kültürel bağları zayıflatabileceği ve iç ve dış güçler tarafından kötüye kullanılmasına izin verebileceği yönündeki endişeleri yansıtmaktadır. Ayrıca Xinjiang’ın Çin'in ulusal söylemi ve politikalarıyla, özellikle de ’ulusal Çin bilinci” gibi kavramlarla uyumlu olmadığına dair bir düşünce var. İsmin değiştirilmesi, Çin'in ulusal kimliğini ve küresel stratejik konumunu daha iyi yansıtmanın ve güçlendirmenin, Çin'in tarihi, kültürel ve stratejik hedefleriyle uyum sağlamanın bir yolu olarak görülmektedir.
Bu çalışma, Çin kaynaklarına dayanarak “Xinjiang” isminin tarihini, kökenini ve kullanımını incelemekte, ismin nasıl geliştiğini ve çeşitli politikaların bu isim üzerindeki etkisini vurgulamaktadır. Ardından Uygur diasporasının tarihi ve kültürel nedenlerden ötürü bu isimden duyduğu rahatsızlığı incelemektedir. Çalışma ayrıca Çin'in ulusal kimliği ve stratejik hedefleriyle daha uyumlu olması için “Xinjiang” adının değiştirilmesi konusunda Çin medyası ve akademisinde son zamanlarda yapılan tartışmalara da değiniyor. Analiz, ismin değiştirilmesinin Çin'in ulusal söylemini ve küresel konumunu güçlendirebileceğini ve tarihi, kültürel ve stratejik hedeflerini yansıtabileceğinine odaklanmaktadır.

References

  • Armaoğlu, Fahir, 20. Yüzyıl Siyasi Tarihi 1914-1995, 15. Bs., Alkım Yayınevi, İstanbul 2005.
  • Ā guì - 阿桂, 满洲源流考 [A Study on the Origin and Development of Manchuria], 辽宁民族出版社, Liaoning 1988.
  • Buğra, Mehmet Emin, Doğu Türkistan Tarihi, Coğrafi ve Şimdiki Durumu, Güven Basımevi, İstanbul 1952.
  • Bovingdon, Gardoner, The Uyghurs: Strangers İn Their Own Land, Columbia University Press, New York 2010.
  • Commission, 英華新字典 [New English-Chinese Dictionary], 商務印書館, Shanggai 1913.
  • Commission, 清德宗实录,卷一九五”光绪十年十月癸酉条,清实录, 第 54册 [The Veritable Records of Emperor Dezong of the Qing Dynasty” Volume 195, “October 10th year of Guangxu” (Guiyou), “The Veritable Records of the Qing Dynasty], Shāngwù yìn shūguǎn, Pekin 1912.
  • Davutoğlu, Ahmet, Systemic Earthquake and the Struggle for World Order, Cambridge University Press, London 2020.
  • Gong, Zizhen - 龚,自珍, 龚自珍全集- The Complete Works of Gong Zizhen, ed. Wang, Peizheng, Shanghai People’s Publishing House, Shanghai 1975.
  • Ekrem, Erkin, “Doğu Türkistan Sorunu ve Türkiye-Çin İlişkileri”. Türkiye Günlüğü. (2004), p. 36-49.
  • Emet, Erkin, 20. Yüzyıl Uygur Dramı: Göç, Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara 2018.
  • Féng, Chéngjūn - 冯, 承钧. 西域地名 [Western Regions Place Names]. 中华书局, Pekin 1955.
  • Graham E. Fuller and S. Frederick Starr, The Xınjıang Problem. Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Washington 2020.
  • Kurban, Nurahmet, “Mehmet Emin Buğra”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (2020), s. 213-215.
  • Kul, Ömer, “İsa Yusuf Alptekin”, Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi, (2020), s. 88-89.
  • Khalid Jamel, Wiam Lena, “Made İn China – Assimilating Ethnic Minorities İn The 21st Century”, Department of Political Science Independent Research Project in Political Science – SV7052, Autumn term (2020), p. 1-65.
  • Liú, shānshān -刘, 姗姗, 新疆是新的疆域吗?- Is Xinjiang A New Territory, (17 January 2021), [Access Date: 16 April 2024].
  • Qí, Qīngshùn - 齐,清顺. “新疆的由来和发展” [The Origin and Development of Xinjiang, Historical Research], 历史研究, (2015), p. 36-44.
  • Táng, zòng - 唐,纵, 在蒋介石身边八年: 侍从室高级幕僚唐纵日記 [Eight Years with Chiang Kai-shek: Diary of Tang Zong, a Senior Staff Member in the Secretariat], 群众出版社, Pekin 1991.
  • Turan, Abdülcelil, “Çin Hükümetinin Yayımladığı Xinjiang’ın Tarihi ve Bugünü Başlıklı Beyaz Hakkında Kısaca Mülahaza”, Gökbayrak Dergisi. C. 13, (2006) , s. 24-28.
  • Wú, Zhōng Xìn -吳, 忠信. 民國日記 [Diary of the Republic of China]. 民國歷史文化學社, 1951.
  • Zhāng, Zhìzhōng - 张, 治中, 张治中回忆录 [Memoirs of Zhang Zhizhong], 文史资料出版社, Pekin 2000.
  • Zhu, Fengjia, “On the Establishment of a Province in the Western Regions”, in Wang Xiqi (ed.), Xiaofanghuzhai Yudi Congchao (Volume 2), Hangzhou Ancient Books Store, Hangzhou 1985.
  • Commission, “Xinjiang”, https://cidian.bmcx.com [Access Date: February 18, 2024].
  • Chinese Philosophy Text Electronic Project - 中国哲学书电子化计划. “西域传- Biography of Western Regions”, [Access date: March 6, 2024].
  • Guówùyuàn - 国务院. “新疆各民族平等权利的保障- Guaranteeing Equal Rights for All Ethnic Groups in Xinjiang.” [Access Date: April 19, 2024].
  • Huáng, zhù -黄,铸. “何为第二代民族政策- What is the Second Generation of Ethnic Policy?” (30 March 2012), [Access Date: February 25, 2024].
  • Liú, yàzhōu - 刘, 亚洲. “西部论- Western Theory”, (Sept 8, 2010). [Access date: March 2, 2024].
  • Turdush, Rukiye, “Genocide as Nation Building: China’s Historically Evolving Policy in East Türkistan”, (August 2019), [Access Date: February 22, 2024].
  • Wáng, yǔn -王允, “习近平这十年之三:民族主义十年:从”中国梦”到权力的温柔乡- Xi Jinping's Decade Part 3: The Decade of Nationalism: From the “Chinese Dream” to the Tenderness of Power”. (October 10, 2022), [Access Date: April 22, 2024].
  • Wú, yìqún -吴,轶群and Wáng, xuěhuā - 王, 雪花 . “治广以狭与人地相宜晚清南疆二道政区变迁及基层职官的选任- Govern the broad with narrow and match people and land: The changes in the administrative divisions and the selection of local officials in late Qing Dynasty South Xinjiang”, [Access date: March 9, 2024].
  • Yú, shíyǔ –于, 时域. “新疆应该正名为西域省- Xinjiang should be renamed as Western Regions Province”. (27August2009), [Access Date: February 24, 2024].
  • Yǔ, jiāxuě - 雨,夹雪, “新疆正名西域背后的阴谋- The conspiracy behind Xinjiang's renaming of the Western Regions”, (Sept 6, 2009), [Access Date: February 26, 2024].
  • Yücel, Tanay, “Not Central Asıa, Not Turkestan-Xınjıang, East Turkestan”. (April 1, 2023), [Access Date: April 6, 2024].
There are 33 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Human Geography (Other)
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Adilcan Eruygur 0000-0001-8156-004X

Publication Date June 16, 2025
Submission Date September 27, 2024
Acceptance Date May 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 12 Issue: 1

Cite

Chicago Eruygur, Adilcan. “The Uyghur Diaspora’s Perception Oof Xinjiang and China’s Discussions on Renaming Xinjiang”. Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 12, no. 1 (June 2025): 122-40. https://doi.org/10.16985/mtad.1557192.

MUJOT publishes scientific studies such as research articles, review articles; historiographic studies, archival and monographic source publications, scholarly translation and transcriptions, bibliography and chronologies, book and thesis reviews, interviews and obituary studies along with announcements about related subjects about Turkic World particularly in the fields of language, culture, literature, history, folklore, geography and art.