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İşsizlik ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Sahra Altı Afrika Üzerine Ampirik Bir İnceleme

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 328 - 339, 31.12.2025

Abstract

Bu çalışma, 1995–2025 döneminde Sahra Altı Afrika ülkelerinde işsizlik oranının ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisini panel veri ve zaman serisi analiz yöntemleriyle incelemektedir. Dinamik panel (Sistem-GMM), uzun dönem (PMG-ARDL) ve nedensellik (Dumitrescu–Hurlin) analizleri birlikte değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre işsizlik oranı, büyümeyi hem kısa hem uzun dönemde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı ve negatif yönde etkilemektedir. Bu bulgu, Okun Yasası’nın Sahra Altı Afrika bağlamında geçerli olduğunu göstermektedir.
Analiz sonuçları, bölge ekonomilerinde büyümenin istihdam yaratma kapasitesinin sınırlı kaldığını, özellikle genç işsizliğinin büyüme üzerinde kalıcı olumsuz etkilere yol açtığını ortaya koymaktadır. Sermaye birikimi ve beşerî sermaye büyümeyi pozitif yönde etkilerken, enflasyon ve döviz kuru oynaklığı büyümeyi zayıflatmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, sürdürülebilir büyüme ve istihdam arasında daha güçlü bir bağlantı kurulabilmesi için bölge ülkelerinin istihdam dostu büyüme stratejilerini benimsemesi, beşerî sermaye yatırımlarına ve üretim çeşitliliğine öncelik vermesi gerekmektedir.

References

  • African Development Bank. (2023). African Economic Outlook 2023: Mobilizing private sector financing for climate and green growth. Abidjan: AfDB.
  • Akinlo, A. E. (2020). Unemployment and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A panel data analysis. African Journal of Economic Policy, 27(1), 45–66.
  • Anyanwu, J. C. (2021). Employment generation and economic growth in Africa: Structural transformation and inclusive development. Journal of African Development, 23(2), 101–128.
  • Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29–51.
  • Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143.
  • Folawewo, A. O., & Adeboje, O. M. (2017). Macroeconomic determinants of unemployment: Empirical evidence from economic community of West African states. African Development Review, 29(2), 197–210.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • ILO (International Labour Organization). (2023). ILOSTAT Database. https://ilostat.ilo.org
  • IMF (International Monetary Fund). (2023). World Economic Outlook Database. https://www.imf.org
  • Khan, M. S., & Ssali, S. (2022). Youth unemployment and growth nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa: A disaggregated analysis. Economic Modelling, 114, 105926.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1–24.
  • Okun, A. M. (1962). Potential GNP: Its measurement and significance. Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, 98–104.
  • Özkan, M. (2019). Afrika ekonomilerinde işsizlik ve büyüme ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3), 75–95.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 653–670.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. University of Cambridge Working Paper, No. 0435.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621–634.
  • World Bank. (2023). World Development Indicators (WDI). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709–748.

The Relationship Between Unemployment and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study on Sub-Saharan Africa

Year 2025, Volume: 5 Issue: 2, 328 - 339, 31.12.2025

Abstract

This study examines the effect of the unemployment rate on economic growth in Sub-Saharan African countries during the period 1995–2025 using panel data and time series analysis methods. Dynamic panel (System-GMM), long-term (PMG-ARDL) and causality (Dumitrescu–Hurlin) analyses were evaluated together. The results indicate that the unemployment rate has a statistically significant and negative impact on growth in both the short and long term. This finding demonstrates that Okun's Law holds true in the Sub-Saharan African context.
The analysis results reveal that the capacity of growth to create employment remains limited in the region's economies, with youth unemployment in particular having lasting negative effects on growth. While capital accumulation and human capital positively affect growth, inflation and exchange rate volatility weaken it. Consequently, in order to establish a stronger link between sustainable growth and employment, countries in the region need to adopt employment-friendly growth strategies and prioritise investments in human capital and production diversification.

References

  • African Development Bank. (2023). African Economic Outlook 2023: Mobilizing private sector financing for climate and green growth. Abidjan: AfDB.
  • Akinlo, A. E. (2020). Unemployment and economic growth in Sub-Saharan Africa: A panel data analysis. African Journal of Economic Policy, 27(1), 45–66.
  • Anyanwu, J. C. (2021). Employment generation and economic growth in Africa: Structural transformation and inclusive development. Journal of African Development, 23(2), 101–128.
  • Arellano, M., & Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models. Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29–51.
  • Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (1998). Initial conditions and moment restrictions in dynamic panel data models. Journal of Econometrics, 87(1), 115–143.
  • Folawewo, A. O., & Adeboje, O. M. (2017). Macroeconomic determinants of unemployment: Empirical evidence from economic community of West African states. African Development Review, 29(2), 197–210.
  • Gujarati, D. N., & Porter, D. C. (2009). Basic econometrics (5th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
  • ILO (International Labour Organization). (2023). ILOSTAT Database. https://ilostat.ilo.org
  • IMF (International Monetary Fund). (2023). World Economic Outlook Database. https://www.imf.org
  • Khan, M. S., & Ssali, S. (2022). Youth unemployment and growth nexus in Sub-Saharan Africa: A disaggregated analysis. Economic Modelling, 114, 105926.
  • Levin, A., Lin, C. F., & Chu, C. S. (2002). Unit root tests in panel data: Asymptotic and finite-sample properties. Journal of Econometrics, 108(1), 1–24.
  • Okun, A. M. (1962). Potential GNP: Its measurement and significance. Proceedings of the Business and Economic Statistics Section, American Statistical Association, 98–104.
  • Özkan, M. (2019). Afrika ekonomilerinde işsizlik ve büyüme ilişkisi: Panel veri analizi. Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(3), 75–95.
  • Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61(S1), 653–670.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross section dependence in panels. University of Cambridge Working Paper, No. 0435.
  • Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., & Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled mean group estimation of dynamic heterogeneous panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446), 621–634.
  • World Bank. (2023). World Development Indicators (WDI). https://databank.worldbank.org/source/world-development-indicators
  • Westerlund, J. (2007). Testing for error correction in panel data. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 69(6), 709–748.
There are 18 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Finance and Investment (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Mehmet Ali Polat 0000-0001-9239-8228

Submission Date October 13, 2025
Acceptance Date December 18, 2025
Publication Date December 31, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 5 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Polat, M. A. (2025). The Relationship Between Unemployment and Economic Growth: An Empirical Study on Sub-Saharan Africa. MTÜ Sosyal Ve Beşeri Bilimler Dergisi, 5(2), 328-339.