Research Article

The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries

Number: 109 January 2, 2026
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The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries

Abstract

This study investigates the causal relationship between green bonds -an essential component of green financial instruments- green growth, and environmental performance indicators in developed countries. Data from the period 2014–2022 were analyzed using the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel Causality Test, based on a sample of 189 observations. Green bonds are financial instruments issued to fund environmentally sustainable projects, with the aim of fostering sustainable development. The analysis explores the nature of the relationship (whether causal, bidirectional, or unidirectional) between green bond issuance and national environmental performance indicators. The results indicate a unidirectional causal relationship running from green growth to the issuance of green bonds, with no evidence of causality in the reverse direction. Furthermore, a bidirectional causality was found between environmental protection expenditures and green bond issuance. These findings underscore the importance of financial instruments in advancing green growth and environmental sustainability objectives, suggesting that green finance could play a pivotal role in shaping future environmental policies.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit

Project Number

23/163/01/5

Ethical Statement

The data utilized in this study are secondary data sourced from the OECD; therefore, ethical committee approval is not required.

Thanks

We would like to express our gratitude to the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University and its staff for their contributions and financial support provided through project number 23/163/01/5.

References

  1. Afzal, Ayesha – Rasoulinezhad - Ehsan - Malik, Zaki (2022). “Green finance and sustainable development in Europe”, Economic Research, 35(1), 5150-5163.
  2. Andersen, Mikael Skou (2007). “An Introductory Note on the Environmental Economics of the Circular Economy”. Sustainability Science, 2(1), pp. 133-140.
  3. Berensmann, Kathrin - Lindenberg, Nannette (2016). “Green finance: actors, challenges and policy recommendations”. German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) Briefing Paper, 23, 1-4.
  4. Dağlı, Hüseyin - Ayaydın, Hasan (2012). “Gelişen piyasalarda hisse senedi getirisini etkileyen makroekonomik değişkenler üzerine bir inceleme: Panel veri analizi”. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(3-4), 45-65.
  5. Dikau, Simon - Volz, Ulrich (2018). “Central Banking, climate change and green finance”. ADBI Working Paper Series, 867, 1-19.
  6. Dumitrescu, Elena Ivona - Hurlin, Christophe (2012). “Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels”. Economic Modelling, 29(4), pp. 1450-1460.
  7. Gilchrist, David - Yu, Jing - Zhong, Rui (2021). “The limits of green finance: a survey of literature in the context of green bonds and green loans”. Sustainability, 13(2), 478.
  8. Goldstein, Don (2001). “Financial sector reform and sustainable development: The case of costa rica”. Ecological Economics, 37(2), 199-215.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Environment and Climate Finance

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

January 2, 2026

Submission Date

December 11, 2024

Acceptance Date

December 6, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 109

APA
Sehil, C., & Tepeli, Y. (2026). The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, 109, 113-134. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1598836
AMA
1.Sehil C, Tepeli Y. The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2026;(109):113-134. doi:10.25095/mufad.1598836
Chicago
Sehil, Cem, and Yusuf Tepeli. 2026. “The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries”. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, nos. 109: 113-34. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1598836.
EndNote
Sehil C, Tepeli Y (January 1, 2026) The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi 109 113–134.
IEEE
[1]C. Sehil and Y. Tepeli, “The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, no. 109, pp. 113–134, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.25095/mufad.1598836.
ISNAD
Sehil, Cem - Tepeli, Yusuf. “The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries”. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 109 (January 1, 2026): 113-134. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1598836.
JAMA
1.Sehil C, Tepeli Y. The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2026;:113–134.
MLA
Sehil, Cem, and Yusuf Tepeli. “The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries”. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, no. 109, Jan. 2026, pp. 113-34, doi:10.25095/mufad.1598836.
Vancouver
1.Cem Sehil, Yusuf Tepeli. The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2026 Jan. 1;(109):113-34. doi:10.25095/mufad.1598836

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