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The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries
Abstract
This study investigates the causal relationship between green bonds -an essential component of green financial instruments- green growth, and environmental performance indicators in developed countries. Data from the period 2014–2022 were analyzed using the Dumitrescu-Hurlin Panel Causality Test, based on a sample of 189 observations. Green bonds are financial instruments issued to fund environmentally sustainable projects, with the aim of fostering sustainable development. The analysis explores the nature of the relationship (whether causal, bidirectional, or unidirectional) between green bond issuance and national environmental performance indicators. The results indicate a unidirectional causal relationship running from green growth to the issuance of green bonds, with no evidence of causality in the reverse direction. Furthermore, a bidirectional causality was found between environmental protection expenditures and green bond issuance. These findings underscore the importance of financial instruments in advancing green growth and environmental sustainability objectives, suggesting that green finance could play a pivotal role in shaping future environmental policies.
Keywords
Supporting Institution
Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit
Project Number
23/163/01/5
Ethical Statement
The data utilized in this study are secondary data sourced from the OECD; therefore, ethical committee approval is not required.
Thanks
We would like to express our gratitude to the Scientific Research Projects Unit of Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University and its staff for their contributions and financial support provided through project number 23/163/01/5.
References
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- Berensmann, Kathrin - Lindenberg, Nannette (2016). “Green finance: actors, challenges and policy recommendations”. German Development Institute/Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik (DIE) Briefing Paper, 23, 1-4.
- Dağlı, Hüseyin - Ayaydın, Hasan (2012). “Gelişen piyasalarda hisse senedi getirisini etkileyen makroekonomik değişkenler üzerine bir inceleme: Panel veri analizi”. Atatürk Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 26(3-4), 45-65.
- Dikau, Simon - Volz, Ulrich (2018). “Central Banking, climate change and green finance”. ADBI Working Paper Series, 867, 1-19.
- Dumitrescu, Elena Ivona - Hurlin, Christophe (2012). “Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels”. Economic Modelling, 29(4), pp. 1450-1460.
- Gilchrist, David - Yu, Jing - Zhong, Rui (2021). “The limits of green finance: a survey of literature in the context of green bonds and green loans”. Sustainability, 13(2), 478.
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Details
Primary Language
English
Subjects
Environment and Climate Finance
Journal Section
Research Article
Publication Date
January 2, 2026
Submission Date
December 11, 2024
Acceptance Date
December 6, 2025
Published in Issue
Year 2026 Number: 109
APA
Sehil, C., & Tepeli, Y. (2026). The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, 109, 113-134. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1598836
AMA
1.Sehil C, Tepeli Y. The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2026;(109):113-134. doi:10.25095/mufad.1598836
Chicago
Sehil, Cem, and Yusuf Tepeli. 2026. “The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries”. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, nos. 109: 113-34. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1598836.
EndNote
Sehil C, Tepeli Y (January 1, 2026) The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi 109 113–134.
IEEE
[1]C. Sehil and Y. Tepeli, “The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, no. 109, pp. 113–134, Jan. 2026, doi: 10.25095/mufad.1598836.
ISNAD
Sehil, Cem - Tepeli, Yusuf. “The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries”. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 109 (January 1, 2026): 113-134. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1598836.
JAMA
1.Sehil C, Tepeli Y. The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2026;:113–134.
MLA
Sehil, Cem, and Yusuf Tepeli. “The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries”. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, no. 109, Jan. 2026, pp. 113-34, doi:10.25095/mufad.1598836.
Vancouver
1.Cem Sehil, Yusuf Tepeli. The Causal Relationship Between Green Bonds, Environmental Performance, and Green Growth: An Empirical Study of Developed Countries. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2026 Jan. 1;(109):113-34. doi:10.25095/mufad.1598836