Research Article

The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024)

Number: 112 October 4, 2026
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The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024)

Abstract

This study examines the relationship between financial vulnerability and family-structure indicators across the provinces of Türkiye. A balanced panel dataset covering all 81 provinces for the period 2009–2024 is used, providing 1,296 observations. In the fixed-effects model, the non-performing loan ratio (NPL) is specified as the dependent variable and the primary proxy for financial vulnerability. Crude marriage and divorce rates and the ages at first marriage for women and men are included as the main explanatory variables, while the loan-to-deposit ratio (LDR) and credit-to-savings ratio (CSR) are included as financial control variables. The empirical analysis employs panel unit-root and cointegration tests, a fixed-effects regression model with robust standard errors, and the Dumitrescu–Hurlin panel Granger non-causality test. The regression results indicate significant negative associations of the crude divorce rate, female age at first marriage, and CSR with NPL. The crude marriage rate and LDR are significant only at the 10% level, while male age at first marriage is not statistically significant at conventional levels. The DH results reveal directional Granger-predictive relationships from NPL to the crude divorce rate and from female age at first marriage to NPL, together with bidirectional predictive relationships between LDR and NPL and between LDR and CSR. These findings identify conditional associations and temporal predictive relationships rather than structural causal effects.

Keywords

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Finance

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

October 4, 2026

Submission Date

March 16, 2026

Acceptance Date

August 22, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 112

APA
Bezirgan, E. (2026). The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024). Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, 112, 213-232. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1911219
AMA
1.Bezirgan E. The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024). Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2026;(112):213-232. doi:10.25095/mufad.1911219
Chicago
Bezirgan, Elif. 2026. “The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024)”. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, nos. 112: 213-32. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1911219.
EndNote
Bezirgan E (October 1, 2026) The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024). Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi 112 213–232.
IEEE
[1]E. Bezirgan, “The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024)”, Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, no. 112, pp. 213–232, Oct. 2026, doi: 10.25095/mufad.1911219.
ISNAD
Bezirgan, Elif. “The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024)”. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 112 (October 1, 2026): 213-232. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1911219.
JAMA
1.Bezirgan E. The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024). Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2026;:213–232.
MLA
Bezirgan, Elif. “The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024)”. Muhasebe Ve Finansman Dergisi, no. 112, Oct. 2026, pp. 213-32, doi:10.25095/mufad.1911219.
Vancouver
1.Elif Bezirgan. The Relationship Between Financial Vulnerability and Marriage and Divorce in Türkiye: Panel Data Analysis and Granger-Causality Evidence (2009–2024). Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi. 2026 Oct. 1;(112):213-32. doi:10.25095/mufad.1911219