Etnik Milliyetçilikten Sivil Milliyetçiliğe Geçişte Tarihin Rolü:Quebec Örneği

Year 2010, Volume: 34 Issue: 266, 203 - 222, 27.02.2014

Hüseyin Kalaycı

Abstract

Özet
Bu makale, ulusal kimliğin inşasında tarihsel sürecin önemini, özellikle toprağa dayalı, sivil
Quebec kimliğinin ortaya çıkışı bağlamında ele almakta. Quebec milliyetçiliği, tıpkı Katalan
ve İskoç milliyetçiliği gibi genelde etnik milliyetçilik şeklinde tarif edilir. Etnik milliyetçilik
çoğu zaman gerici ve hatta ırkçı olarak resmedildiğinden Quebec kimliğinin etnik milliyetçilik
şeklinde tanımlanması Quebec milliyetçiliğini değersizleştirmekte ve zayıflatmaktadır.
Gerek gündelik hayatta gerekse akademide etnik milliyetçilik akıldışılık ve kabilecilikle
ilintilendirilirken sivil milliyetçilik Fransız Devrimi’nin eşitlik, özgürlük ve kardeşlik
kavramlarıyla ifade edilir. Bu makale, tarihin, ulusal kimliğin inşasında önemli bir yer tuttuğunu
öne sürerken, Fransız Kanadalı milliyetçilerin egemenlik projelerini meşrulaştırabilmek için
tarihi yeni baştan yazarak nasıl yeni bir kimlik yarattıklarını göstermektedir: sivil Quebec
ulusu.
Anahtar kelimeler: Etnik milliyetçilik, sivil milliyetçilik, Quebec milliyetçiliği, Quebec
kimliği, Sessiz Devrim

 

Abstract
This article examines the role of historical process in the construction of national identity,
particularly focusing on the emergence of a territorially-based civic Quebec identity. Quebec
nationalism, just like its Catalan and Scottish counterparts, is usually defined as ethnic
nationalism. However, such delineation of Quebec identity marginalizes and undermines
Quebec nationalism because ethnic nationalism is usually described as reactionary and even
racist. Both academic and colloquial uses of ethnic nationalism entail irrationality and tribalism
while civic nationalism is usually associated with the enlightenment of the French Revolution
along with its concepts of equality, freedom and fraternity. This article suggests that history is
major component in the construction of national identity. It argues that the French Canadian
nationalists, seeking to legitimize their projects of sovereignty, reinvented their history by
creating a new identity: the civic Québécois nation.
Key Words: ethnic nationalism, civic nationalism, Quebec nationalism, Quebec identity,
Quiet Revolution

Keywords

Etnik milliyetçilik, sivil milliyetçilik, Quebec milliyetçiliği, Quebec kimliği, Sessiz Devrim

References

• Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (New York: Verso, 1983)
• Viva Ona Bartkus, The Dynamics of Secession (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999) Michael Billig, Banal Milliyetçilik, Çev. Cem Şişkolar (İstanbul: Gelenek Yayıncılık, 2002).
• Jean Ethier Blais, ‘Les Illusions de la Révolution’, Michel-Rémi Lafond (der.), La Révolution Tranquille. 30 Ans Après, qu’en Reste-t-il? (Québec: Editions de Lorraine, 1992)
• Gérard Bouchard, “Sur les mutations de l’historiographie québécoise: les chemins de la maturité”, Fernand Dumont (der.), La société québécoise après 30 ans de changements, (Québec: Institut québécois de recherche sur la culture, 1990), ss. 253-272.
• Gérard Bouchard, “La nation au singulier et au pluriel. L’avenir de la culture nationale comme ‘paradigme’ de la soicété québécoise”, Cahiers de recherche sociologique, No. 25, 1995, ss. 79-99. David Cameron, “The Social Union is not a backward step for Quebec”, The Globe and Mail, 12 Şubat 1999.
• Serge Cantin, “Pour sortir de la survivance”, Michel Venne (der.), Penser La Nation Québécoise, (Montréal: Editions Québec Amérique, 2000), ss. 85-101.
• Ramsay Cook, Canada, Quebec, and the Uses of Nationalism, (Toronto, McClelland ve Stewart: 1986) Etienne Copeaux, Espaces et temps de la nation turque. Analyse d’une historiographie nationaliste, 1931-1993 (Paris: CNRS-Éditions, 1997)
• Renée B.-Dandurand, “Peut-on encore définir la famille?”, Fernand Dumont (der.), La Société Québécoise Après 30 Ans De Changements (Québec: Institut Québécois de Recherche sur la Culture, 1990), ss. 49-66.
• Denys Delâge, “Our Three Founding Peoples”, Policy Options, Ocak-Şubat 2000(a), ss. 73-75. Stéphane Dion, “Why is Secession Difficult in Well-Established Democracies? Lessons from Quebec”, British Journal of Political Science, Cilt. 26, No. 2 (Nisan 1996), ss. 269-283.
• Christian Dufour, “Le Pourissement”, Policy Options, Ocak-Şubat 2000, ss. 46-48.
• Fernand Dumont, La Vigile du Québec. Octobre 1970: L’Impasse (Montréal, Editions HMH, 1971) Fernand Dumont, “Quelle révolution tranquille?”, Fernand Dumont (der.), La Société Québécoise Après 30 Ans De Changements (Québec: Institut Québécois de Recherche sur la Culture, 1990), ss. 13-23.
• Lionel Groulx, Histoire du Canada Français depuis la découverte, (4. ed.) 2 cilt (Montréal: Fides, 1960) Montserrat Guibernau, “Anthony D. Smith on nations and national identity: a critical assessment”, Nations and Nationalism, Cilt. 10, No. ½, 2004, ss. 125-141.
• Hubert Guindon, Tradition, Modernité et Aspiration Nationale de la Société Québécoise (Montréal: Editions Saint-Martin, 1990).
• Paul Hamilton, “Converging Nationalisms: Québec, Scotland, and Wales in Comparative Perspective”, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, Cilt. 10, No. 4, Kış 2004, ss. 657-686.
• Monica Heller, “Critique and Sociolinguistic Analysis of Discourse”, Critique of Anthropology, Cilt. 21, No: 2, 2001, ss. 117-141.
• Daniel Jacques, “Winning Conditions or Meaningful Conditions?”, Policy Options, Ocak-Şubat 2000, ss. 67-69.
• Danielle Juteau, “Le défi de l’option pluraliste”, Michel Venne (der.), Penser La Nation Québécoise, (Montréal: Editions Québec Amérique, 2000), ss. 199-214.
• James G. Kellas, The Politics of Nationalism and Ethnicity, (London: Macmillan Press, 1998 (1. Baskı:1991))
• Will Kymlicka, “Multinational Federalism in Canada: Rethinking the Partnership”, Roger Gibbins ve Guy LaForest (der.), Beyond the Impasse: Toward Reconciliation (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1998), ss. 15-50.
• Guy Laforest, Pour la liberté d’un société distincte. Parcours d’un intelectuel engagé, (Québec: Les Presses de l’Université Laval, 2004).
• Simon Langlois, “La déclaration de Calgary: reflet du nouveau Canada”, Revue d’études canadiennes, Ağustos 1998, ss. 1-32.
• Simon Langlois, “Identité et Souveraineté Nationales: Le Cas du Québec”, produite dans le cadre des travaux de la Commission d’étude des questions afférentes à l’accession du Québec à la souveraineté, 22 Ocak 2002, ss.1-58.
• Jocelyn Létourneau, “Le lieu (dit) de la nation: essai d’argumentation à partir d’exemples puisés au cas québécois”, Revue canadienne de science poltiique, Cilt. XXX, No. 1, Mart 1997, ss. 55-87.
• Paul-André Linteau, “La nouvelle histoire du Québec vue de l’intérieur”, Liberté, No. 147, Haziran 1983, ss. 34-47
• Lawrence C. Mayer, Erol Kaymak ve Jeff W. Justice, “Populism and the Triumph of the Politics of Identity: The Transformation of the Canadian Party System”, Nationalism & Ethnic Politics, Cilt. 6, No. 1, Bahar 2000, ss. 77-102.
• Kenneth McRoberts, Quebec: Social Change and Political Crisis (3. Baskı), (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1988)
• Hudson Meadwell, “The Politics of Nationalism in Quebec”, World Politics, 45, Ocak 1993, ss. 203-241. Leigh Oakes, “French: a language for everyone in Québec”, Nations and Nationalism, Cilt. 10, No. 4, 2004, ss. 539-558.
• François Ricard, “Remarques sur la normalisation d’une littérature”, Ecriture, Cilt. 31, Güz 1988, ss. 11-19.
• Ronald Rudin, “Bargaining from Strength: Historical Writing and Political Autonomy in LateTwentieth-Century Quebec”, Bruno Coppieters ve Michel Huysseune (der), Secession, History and the Social Sciences (Brussels, VUB Brussels University Press, 2002), ss. 159-177.
• Maurice Séguin, L’Idée d’indépendance au Québec. Genèse et historique, (Trois-rivière: Les éditions boréal express, 1971 (2. baskı))
• Michel Seymour, “Quebec and Canada at the crossroads: a nation within a nation” Nations and Nationalism, Cilt. 6, No. 2, 2000, ss. 227-255.
• Dale Thomson “Language, Identity, and the Nationalist Impulse: Quebec”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Cilt. 538, Being and Becoming Canada (Mart 1995), 69-82.
• Rodrigue Tremblay, ‘Les Québecois Francophones Forment-Ils Un Peuple?’, Le Devoir, 30 Haziran 1993, http://www.vigile.net/pol/multi/tremblaypeuple.html (25.10.2003)
• Mesut Yeğen, Devlet Söyleminde Kürt Sorunu, (İstanbul, İletişim: 2006 (3. baskı), ilk baskı: 1999) David Young, “Céline Dion, national unity and the English-language press in Canada”, Media, Culture & Society, Cilt. 23, No. 5, 2001, ss. 647-663.