Research Article

Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Volume: 16 Number: 3 September 28, 2026
EN TR

Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Abstract

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy, reliability, and readability of responses provided by artificial intelligence chatbot systems to questions related to hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and to determine their potential as a source of medical information. Methods: The 20 most frequently searched open-ended questions on HBOT were identified using Google Trends and directed to ChatGPT 5.2, ChatGPT-4.0, ChatGPT-4.1, Copilot, Gemini, and Perplexity. All responses were independently evaluated by two expert physicians. Accuracy and completeness were assessed using Likert scales, reliability using the mDISCERN tool, and readability using the SMOG index. Statistical analyses included the Kruskal–Wallis, Dunn, Mann–Whitney U, and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: According to median values, no significant differences were observed among ChatGPT 5.2, ChatGPT 4.0, ChatGPT 4.1, Gemini, and Copilot in terms of accuracy; however, Perplexity demonstrated significantly lower scores (p<0.0001). For completeness, Gemini achieved the highest scores, followed by ChatGPT 5.2, ChatGPT 4.0, and ChatGPT 4.1, whereas Copilot and Perplexity received lower completeness scores (p<0.0001). In terms of mDISCERN, all models except Perplexity showed comparable reliability and quality, whereas Perplexity had significantly lower scores (p<0.0001). Overall readability was at a moderate level across models, with a statistically significant difference observed between groups (p=0.009). Conclusion: AI chatbots demonstrated variable performance in providing information on hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Advanced models received higher scores, whereas Perplexity received lower scores. Overall readability was moderate. These systems may serve as supportive tools; however, they should be carefully evaluated before clinical use.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

none

Ethical Statement

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Atatürk University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Meeting No: 11, Decision No: 22, dated December 26, 2025).

Thanks

none

References

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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Underwater and Hyperbaric Medicine

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

September 28, 2026

Submission Date

April 3, 2026

Acceptance Date

June 22, 2026

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Volume: 16 Number: 3

APA
Özkan, R., Türkmen, O., Yumbul Kardaş, A. S., & Sivrikaya, H. (2026). Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Lokman Hekim Dergisi, 16(3), 952-960. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1922547
AMA
1.Özkan R, Türkmen O, Yumbul Kardaş AS, Sivrikaya H. Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Lokman Hekim Dergisi. 2026;16(3):952-960. doi:10.31020/mutftd.1922547
Chicago
Özkan, Recep, Osman Türkmen, Ayşe Sena Yumbul Kardaş, and Hasan Sivrikaya. 2026. “Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy”. Lokman Hekim Dergisi 16 (3): 952-60. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1922547.
EndNote
Özkan R, Türkmen O, Yumbul Kardaş AS, Sivrikaya H (September 1, 2026) Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Lokman Hekim Dergisi 16 3 952–960.
IEEE
[1]R. Özkan, O. Türkmen, A. S. Yumbul Kardaş, and H. Sivrikaya, “Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy”, Lokman Hekim Dergisi, vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 952–960, Sept. 2026, doi: 10.31020/mutftd.1922547.
ISNAD
Özkan, Recep - Türkmen, Osman - Yumbul Kardaş, Ayşe Sena - Sivrikaya, Hasan. “Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy”. Lokman Hekim Dergisi 16/3 (September 1, 2026): 952-960. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1922547.
JAMA
1.Özkan R, Türkmen O, Yumbul Kardaş AS, Sivrikaya H. Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Lokman Hekim Dergisi. 2026;16:952–960.
MLA
Özkan, Recep, et al. “Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy”. Lokman Hekim Dergisi, vol. 16, no. 3, Sept. 2026, pp. 952-60, doi:10.31020/mutftd.1922547.
Vancouver
1.Recep Özkan, Osman Türkmen, Ayşe Sena Yumbul Kardaş, Hasan Sivrikaya. Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Lokman Hekim Dergisi. 2026 Sep. 1;16(3):952-60. doi:10.31020/mutftd.1922547

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                                                                  This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

  

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