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Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3 28 Eylül 2026
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Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy

Öz

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy, reliability, and readability of responses provided by artificial intelligence chatbot systems to questions related to hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and to determine their potential as a source of medical information. Methods: The 20 most frequently searched open-ended questions on HBOT were identified using Google Trends and directed to ChatGPT 5.2, ChatGPT-4.0, ChatGPT-4.1, Copilot, Gemini, and Perplexity. All responses were independently evaluated by two expert physicians. Accuracy and completeness were assessed using Likert scales, reliability using the mDISCERN tool, and readability using the SMOG index. Statistical analyses included the Kruskal–Wallis, Dunn, Mann–Whitney U, and Fisher’s exact tests. Results: According to median values, no significant differences were observed among ChatGPT 5.2, ChatGPT 4.0, ChatGPT 4.1, Gemini, and Copilot in terms of accuracy; however, Perplexity demonstrated significantly lower scores (p<0.0001). For completeness, Gemini achieved the highest scores, followed by ChatGPT 5.2, ChatGPT 4.0, and ChatGPT 4.1, whereas Copilot and Perplexity received lower completeness scores (p<0.0001). In terms of mDISCERN, all models except Perplexity showed comparable reliability and quality, whereas Perplexity had significantly lower scores (p<0.0001). Overall readability was at a moderate level across models, with a statistically significant difference observed between groups (p=0.009). Conclusion: AI chatbots demonstrated variable performance in providing information on hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Advanced models received higher scores, whereas Perplexity received lower scores. Overall readability was moderate. These systems may serve as supportive tools; however, they should be carefully evaluated before clinical use.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Destekleyen Kurum

none

Etik Beyan

Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Atatürk University Non-Interventional Clinical Research Ethics Committee (Meeting No: 11, Decision No: 22, dated December 26, 2025).

Teşekkür

none

Kaynakça

  1. 1. Cordeschi R. AI turns fifty: revisiting its origins. Appl Artif Intell 2007;21(4-5):259-279. doi:10.1080/08839510701252304
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  3. 3. Birinci Ş. A digital opportunity for patients to manage their health: Turkey National Personal Health Record System (The e-Nabız). Balkan Med J 2023;40(3):215-221. doi:10.4274/balkanmedj.galenos.2023.2023-2-77
  4. 4. Hammarlund C. The physiologic effects of hyperbaric oxygenation. In: Kindwall EP, Whelan HT, editors. Hyperbaric Medicine Practice. 2nd revised ed. USA: Best Publishing Company; 2002. p.37-68.
  5. 5. Weaver LK. Hyperbaric oxygen in the critically ill. Crit Care Med 2011;39(7):1784-1791. doi:10.1097/CCM.0b013e31821858d1
  6. 6. James PB. Indications for oxygen therapy and the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society. Med Gas Res 2023;13(4):219. doi:10.4103/2045-9912.372064
  7. 7. Bennett MH, Mitchell SJ. Emerging indications for hyperbaric oxygen. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2019;32(6):792-798. doi:10.1097/ACO.0000000000000773
  8. 8. Hatem R, Simmons B, Thornton JE. A call to address AI "hallucinations" and how healthcare professionals can mitigate their risks. Cureus 2023;15(9):e44720. doi:10.7759/cureus.44720

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil

İngilizce

Konular

Sualtı Hekimliği ve Hiperbarik Tıp

Bölüm

Araştırma Makalesi

Yayımlanma Tarihi

28 Eylül 2026

Gönderilme Tarihi

3 Nisan 2026

Kabul Tarihi

22 Haziran 2026

Yayımlandığı Sayı

Yıl 2026 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA
Özkan, R., Türkmen, O., Yumbul Kardaş, A. S., & Sivrikaya, H. (2026). Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Lokman Hekim Dergisi, 16(3), 952-960. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1922547
AMA
1.Özkan R, Türkmen O, Yumbul Kardaş AS, Sivrikaya H. Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Lokman Hekim Dergisi. 2026;16(3):952-960. doi:10.31020/mutftd.1922547
Chicago
Özkan, Recep, Osman Türkmen, Ayşe Sena Yumbul Kardaş, ve Hasan Sivrikaya. 2026. “Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy”. Lokman Hekim Dergisi 16 (3): 952-60. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1922547.
EndNote
Özkan R, Türkmen O, Yumbul Kardaş AS, Sivrikaya H (01 Eylül 2026) Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Lokman Hekim Dergisi 16 3 952–960.
IEEE
[1]R. Özkan, O. Türkmen, A. S. Yumbul Kardaş, ve H. Sivrikaya, “Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy”, Lokman Hekim Dergisi, c. 16, sy 3, ss. 952–960, Eyl. 2026, doi: 10.31020/mutftd.1922547.
ISNAD
Özkan, Recep - Türkmen, Osman - Yumbul Kardaş, Ayşe Sena - Sivrikaya, Hasan. “Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy”. Lokman Hekim Dergisi 16/3 (01 Eylül 2026): 952-960. https://doi.org/10.31020/mutftd.1922547.
JAMA
1.Özkan R, Türkmen O, Yumbul Kardaş AS, Sivrikaya H. Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Lokman Hekim Dergisi. 2026;16:952–960.
MLA
Özkan, Recep, vd. “Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy”. Lokman Hekim Dergisi, c. 16, sy 3, Eylül 2026, ss. 952-60, doi:10.31020/mutftd.1922547.
Vancouver
1.Recep Özkan, Osman Türkmen, Ayşe Sena Yumbul Kardaş, Hasan Sivrikaya. Evaluation of Responses Provided by Artificial Intelligence Chatbots to Questions on Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy. Lokman Hekim Dergisi. 01 Eylül 2026;16(3):952-60. doi:10.31020/mutftd.1922547
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