Presence of Some Antibiotic (Metronidazole, Ornidazole) and Antifungal (Fluconazole) Pharmaceuticals in Urban Wastewater and Risk Assessment

Year 2024, Volume: 6 Issue: 2, 225 - 236, 31.08.2024

Senar Aydın , Arzu Ulvi , Mehmet Emin Aydın

https://doi.org/10.47112/neufmbd.2024.45

Abstract

In this study, metronidazole and ornidazole compounds, which are antibiotic pharmaceuticals, and fluconazole compounds, which are antifungal pharmaceuticals, were investigated in wastewater samples taken from the Konya city sewage system and Konya Urban Wastewater Treatment Plant. Ecological risk and risk against the formation of antimicrobial pharmaceutical resistance were calculated with the concentrations in the wastewater treatment plant effluent and PNEC values. In samples taken from the sewage system, metronidazole compound was detected at concentrations dl-2234 ng/L, ornidazole compound was detected at concentrations dl-91.84 ng/L, and fluconazole compound was detected at concentrations dl-13.76 ng/L. The metronidazole was the most frequently detected pharmaceutical compound. Pharmaceuticals in the wastewater treatment plant were detected as dl-16.63 ng/L in the influent wastewater and 34.58-95.35 ng/L in the effluent wastewater. It has been determined that pharmaceuticals pose insignificant risk to the receiving environment, and they pose a medium risk against the formation of antimicrobial pharmaceutical resistance. Especially in 2019, pharmaceutical consumption increased worldwide with the pandemic. After consumption, pharmaceuticals are excreted from the body in their parent form or as transformation products. The main pharmaceutical sources in wastewater are formed by excretion from the human body. The sale of antibiotics without a prescription has been banned in our country since 2013. Antifungal drugs can be obtained with or without a prescription. Unconscious consumption of pharmaceuticals should be prevented, and especially in points where pharmaceutical consumption is high, such as hospitals and health centers, wastewater should be discharged to the sewer after pre-treatment.

Keywords

Antibiotic, Antifungal, Pharmaceuticals, Wastewater

Kentsel Atıksularda Bazı Antibiyotik (Metronidazole, Ornidazole) ve Antifungal (Fluconazole) Farmasötiklerin Varlığı ve Risk Değerlendirmesi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Konya kenti kanalizasyon sisteminden ve Konya Kentsel Atıksu Arıtma Tesisinden alınan atıksu numunelerinde metronidazole ve ornidazole antibiyotikleri ve fluconazole antifungal farmasötiğinin varlığı araştırılmıştır. Atıksu arıtma tesisi çıkış atıksuyunda tespit edilen konsantrasyonlar ve PNEC değerleri ile risk oranı (RQ) hesaplanarak ekolojik risk ve antimikrobiyal farmasötik direnci oluşumuna karşı risk hesaplanmıştır. Kanalizasyon sisteminden alınan numunelerde metronidazole dl-2234 ng/L, ornidazole dl-91.84 ng/L, fluconazole dl-13.76 ng/L konsantrasyonlarında tespit edilmiştir. Metronidazole bileşiği en sık tespit edilen farmasötik bileşiği olmuştur. Atıksu arıtma tesisinde araştırılan farmasötikler giriş atıksunda dl-16.63 ng/L, çıkış atıksuyunda 34.58-95.35 ng/L olarak tespit edilmiştir. Farmasötiklerin alıcı ortam için önemsiz risk oluşturduğu, antimikrobiyal farmasötik direnci oluşumuna karşı orta risk oluşturduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle 2019 yılında pandemi ile birlikte dünya çapında farmasötik tüketimi artmıştır. Farmasötikler tüketildikten sonra ana formda veya metabolitleri şeklinde vücuttan atılmaktadır. Atıksulardaki başlıca farmasötik kaynakları insanlar tarafından kullanılan farmasötiklerin insan vücudundan atılması ile oluşmaktadır. Ülkemizde 2013 yılından itibaren reçetesiz antibiyotik satışı yasaklanmıştır. Antifungal ilaçlar ise reçeteli veya reçetesiz temin edilebilmektedir. Bilinçsiz farmasötik tüketiminin önüne geçilmeli, mevcut atıksu arıtma tesisleri farmasötikleri de giderecek şekilde arıtım üniteleri ile modifiye edilmelidir.

Keywords

Atıksu, Farmasötik, Antibiyotik, Antifungal.

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