Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

The Proliferation of Armed Drones and Its Reflections on International Law: New Challenges to the Paradigm of the Use of Force during the US Drone Era

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 327 - 368, 29.06.2025

Abstract

Over the past decades, armed drones have begun to form an important part of the extraterritorial use of force as well as the use of force in internal affairs. The increasing use and proliferation of armed drones have created a new discussion/problem in the legal scholarship, especially in international law. For international law, its scholars mostly focused on the international human rights law and the law of armed conflict issues, as the most visible effect of the use of armed drones until now has been civilian causalities/losses. However, the slightly growing interest in the literature on the relation between the use of armed drones in international relations and jus ad bellum indicates the importance of the use of armed drones for jus ad bellum. At this point the question of this research arises, which is, whether the availability of armed drones changed the use of force paradigm and will strengthen the permissive views, especially in the context of the US drone era.

References

  • ACLU V. CIA - FOIA Case For Records Relating To Drone Killings, Jan. 13, 2010, https://www.aclu.org/cases/aclu- v-cia-foia-case-re cords-relating-drone-killings.
  • Advisory Committee on Issues of Public International Law. “Advisory Report on Armed Drones” (English Translation), 2013, http://cms.webbeat.net/ContentSuite/upload/cav/doc/CAVV_advisory_report_on_armed_drones_(English_translation_-_final)_(2).pdf.
  • Ahronheim, Anna. “Drone Strike Kills One in Sinai After Rocket Claimed by ISIS Hits Israel”, The Jerusalem Post, April 10, 2017, http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Report-Drone-strike-kills-one-in-Egypts-Sinai-486696;
  • Aksam, “Türkiye’nin İnsansız Hava Aracı Kapasitesi [Türkiye’s UAV Capacity]”, (Sep. 7, 2016), http://www.aksam.com.tr/guncel/turkiyenin-insansiz-hava-araci-kapasitesi/haber-547627. al-Rajhi, Islam. “Amaliyya Israilliyya Murakkaba wa Qasf Jawwi wa Qatla Yatasaqatun fi Sina ...wa Misr Samita [An Israeli Complex Operation, Aerial Bombing and Several Killed in Sinai… And Egypt is Silent]”, The New Khalij, (Feb. 22, 2017), http://thenewkhalij.org/node/60139.
  • Ali, Syed Ameer. “On Islam in the League of Nations.” 5 Transactions of the Grotius Soc’y, 1919, pp. 126-144.
  • Aljazeera, “US Deploys Armed Drones in Libya”, Apr. 22, 2011, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/04/2011421223027558915.html.
  • Anadolu Agency. “17 PKK terrorists killed in N. Iraq, SE Turkey”, June 17, 2017, http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/17-pkk- terrorists-killed-in-n-iraq-se-turkey/843652.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. “Silahlı İHA ile Irak'ın kuzeyinde 2 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi [Armed UAVs neutralise 2 terrorists in Northern Iraq]”, June 17, 2017, http://aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/silahli-iha-ile-irakin-kuzeyinde-2- terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/843545
  • Annex to the identical letters dated 5 May 2008 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council, May 6, 2008, U.N. Doc.
  • A/62/830–S/2008/299.
  • Ansari, Usman. “Pakistan Surprises Many With First Use of Armed Drone”, Defense News, Sep. 8, 2015, http://www.defensenews.com/air/2015/09/08/pakistan-surprises-many-with-first-use-of-armed-drone/.
  • Apuuli, Kasaija Phillip. “The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Drones) in United Nations Peacekeeping: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo.” American Society of International Law Insights, Vol.18, 2014, https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/18/issue/13/use-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-drones-united-nations- peacekeeping-case.
  • Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (D.R.C. v. Uganda), Judgment, 2005 I.C.J. Rep. 168 (Dec. 19).
  • Aronsson, Marie. “Remote Law Making: American Drone Strikes and the Development of Jus Ad Bellum.” Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, Vol. 1, 2014, pp. 273-298.
  • Atherton, Kelsey D. “The Pentagon's New Drone Swarm Heralds A Future Of Autonomous War Machines”, Popular Science, Jan. 10, 2017, http://www.popsci.com/pentagon-drone-swarm-autonomous-war-machines.
  • Balkan, Serkan. DAESH’s Drone Strategy: Technology and the Rise of Innovative Terrorism, SETA, 2017, http://setav.org/en/assets/uploads/2017/08/Report88.pdf.
  • Barnidge, Robert. “A Qualified Defense of American Drone Attacks in Northwest Pakistan under International Humanitarian Law.” Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 30, 2012, pp. 409-447.
  • BBC News. “Islamic State conflict: Two Britons killed in RAF Syria Strike”, Sep. 7, 2015, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34178998.
  • Beauchamp, Zack and Julian Savulescu. “Robot Guardians: Teleoperated Combat Vehicles in Humanitarian Military Intervention.” Killing by Remote Control: The Ethics of an Unmanned Military, ed. Bradley Jay Strawser, Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Ben Emmerson (Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
  • Freedoms While Countering Terrorism), Third Rep. on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism, Sep. 18, 2013, para 22, U.N. Doc. A/68/389.
  • Bergen, Peter, and Catherine Tiedemann. “Washington's Phantom War: The Effects of the U.S. Drone Program in Pakistan.” Foreign Affairs, July-Aug. 2011.
  • Berkowitz, Roger. “Drones and the Question of the Human.” Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 28, 2014, pp. 159-169.
  • Bowcott, Owen. UK’s Refusal To Reveal Legal Advice On Drone Killings Faces Challenge, The Guardian, (July 20, 2017), https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/20/uk-refusal-reveal-legal-advice-drone-killings- challenge?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Tweet.
  • Boyle, Michael J. “The Cost and Consequence of Drone Warfare.” International Affairs, Vol. 89, 2013, pp. 1- 29.
  • Boyle, Michael J. “The Legal and Ethical Implications of Drone Warfare”, International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 19, 2015, pp. 105-126.
  • Brennan, John O. Remarks Of John O. Brennan: Strengthening Our Security By Adhering To Our Values And Laws (2011), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/16/remarks-john-o-brennan- strengthening-our-security-adhering-our-values-an.
  • Brewster, Murray and Zimonjic, Peter. Armed Drones Are the Future, but Discussion Needed on How We Use Them, Trudeau Says, CBC News, June 8, 2017, http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-drone-vance- armed-1.4152342.
  • Brooks, Rosa. “Be Careful What You Wish For: Changing Doctrines, Changing Technologies, and the Lower Cost of War.” American Society of International Law Proceedings, Vol. 106, 2012, pp. 31-35.
  • Brooks, Rosa. “Drones and the International Rule of Law.” Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 28, 2014, pp. 83-103.
  • Brunstetter, Daniel and Braun, Megan. “The Implications of Drones on the Just War Tradition”, Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 25, 2011, pp. 337-358.
  • Buchanan, David R. “Joint Doctrine for Unmanned Aircraft Systems: The Air Force and the Army Hold the Key to Success.”, May 3, 2010, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a525266.pdf.
  • Byrne, Max. “Consent and the Use of Force: An Examination of 'Intervention by Invitation' as a Basis for US Drone Strikes in Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen.” Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, Vol. 3, 2016, pp. 97-125.
  • Cavallaro, James, Sonnenberg, Stephan, and Knuckey, Sarah. Living Under Drones: Death, Injury And Trauma To Civilians From Us Drone Practices In Pakistan, 2012, https://law.stanford.edu/wp- content/uploads/sites/default/files/publication/313671/doc/slspublic/Stanford_NYU_LIVING_UNDER_DRONES. pdf.
  • CBS News. "U.N.: Russian Jet Shot Down Georgian Drone.” May 26, 2008, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/un- russian-jet-shot-down-georgian-drone/.
  • Chehtman, Alejandro. “The ad Bellum Challenge of Drones: Recalibrating Permissible Use of Force.” European Journal of International Law, Vol. 28, 2017, pp. 173-197.
  • Cole, Chris. “PM Must Publish Intelligence Committee Report on UK Drone Killings”, Drone Wars UK, Apr. 18, 2017, https://dronewars.net/2017/04/18/pm-must-publish-intelligence-committee-report-on-uk-drone-killings/.
  • Currier, Cora and Moltke, Henrik. “Spies in the Sky”, The Intercept, 2016,
  • https://theintercept.com/2016/01/28/israeli-drone-feeds-hacked-by-british-and-american-intelligence/.
  • Davis, Lynn E., Michael J. McNerney, James Chow, Thomas Hamilton, Sarah Harting & Daniel Byman. Armed and Dangerous: UAVs and U.S. Security, RAND, 2014, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR449/RAND_RR449.pdf.
  • de Groof, Melanie. “Death from the Sky: International Legal and Practical Issues on the Use of Armed Drones.”
  • Drones and Unmanned Aerial Systems: Legal and Social Implications for Security and Surveillance, edited by Aleš Završnik, Springer, 2016.
  • Di Salvo, Philip. Armed Drones: ‘The European Countries’ Interest at Stake, CILD, May 30, 2017, https://cild.eu/en/2017/05/30/armed-drones-the-european-countries-interests-at-stake/.
  • Doswald-Beck, Louise. “Confronting Complexity and New Technologies: A Need to Return to First Principles of International Law.” American Society of International Law Proceedings, Vol. 107, 2012, pp. 107-116.
  • Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with Commentaries, International Law Commission, in Rep. on the Int’l Law Comm’n, 53rd Sess., Supp. No. 10, U.N. Doc. A/56/10 (2001).
  • Enemark, Christian. “Drones, Risk, and Perpetual Force.” International Affairs, Vol. 28, 2014, pp. 365-381.
  • Enemark, Christian. Armed Drones and the Ethics of War, Routledge, 2014.
  • FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-95, §§ 331-336.
  • Fox News. “U.S. Kills Al Qaeda Leaders by Remote Control.” Nov. 19, 2001, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2001/11/19/us-kills-al-qaeda-leaders-by-remote-control.html.
  • Franke, Ulrike. “U.S. Drones Are From Mars, Euro Drones Are From Venus.” War on the Rocks, May 19, 2014, https://warontherocks.com/2014/05/u-s-drones-are-from-mars-euro-drones-are-from-venus/.
  • Franz-Stephan. “Russia Tests Nuclear-Capable Underwater Drone.” The Diplomat, Dec. 14, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/12/russia-tests-nuclear-capable-underwater-drone/.
  • Freedman, Lawrence D. “The Drone Revolution: Less Than Meets the Eye”, Foreign Affairs, Nov.-Dec. 2016.
  • Gibbons-Neff, Thomas. “The First Drone Strikes of The Trump Administration Happened Over The Weekend.” Washington Post, Jan. 23, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/01/23/the-first- drone-strikes-of-the-trump-administration-happened-over-the-weekend/?utm_term=.90da15aea6d2.
  • Gogarty, Brendan, and Hagger, Meredith. “The Laws of Man over Vehicles Unmanned: The Legal Response to Robotic Revolution on Sea, Land and Air.” Journal of Law, Information and Science, Vol. 19, 2008.
  • Gray, Christina. International Law and the Use of Force, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Green, James A. “The Article 51 Reporting Requirement for Self-Defense Actions”, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 55, 2015, pp. 563-624.
  • Greig, D. W. “Self-Defence and The Security Council: What Does Article 51 Require?.” 40 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 40, 1991, pp. 366 - 402.
  • Hambling, David. The Next Era Of Drones Will Be Defined By Swarms, BBC, April 27, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170425-were-entering-the-next-era-of-drones.
  • Harold Hongju Koh, The Obama Administration and International Law, (Keynote Speech at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law), 2010, pp. 207-221.
  • Hazelton, Jacqueline L. “Drone Strikes and Grand Strategy: Toward a Political Understanding of the Uses of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks in US Security Policy”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 40, 2017, pp. 68-91.
  • Heyns, Christof, Akande, Dapo, Hill-Cawthorne, Lawrence, and Chengeta, Thompson. “The International Law Framework Regulating the Use of Armed Drones.” International & Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 65, 2016, pp. 791-827.
  • Horowitz, Michael, Kreps, Sarah E., and Fuhrmann, Matthew. “Separating Fact from Fiction in the Debate over Drone Proliferation.” International Security, Vol. 41, 2016, pp. 7-42.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Between a Drone and Al-Qaeda: The Civilian Cost of US Targeted Killings in Yemen.” 2013, https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/10/22/between-drone-and-al-qaeda/civilian-cost-us-targeted- killings-yemen.
  • Human Rights Watch. Precisely wrong: Gaza civilians killed by Israeli drone-launched missiles, June 30, 2009, https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/06/30/precisely-wrong/gaza-civilians-killed-israeli-drone-launched- missiles.
  • Hurriyet Daily News. “Turkey’s New Indigenous 'Kamikaze' Drones Set To Be Used In Anti-Terror Ops, To Defend Borders”, May 7, 2017, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-new-indigenous-kamikaze-drones-set-to- be-used-in-anti-terror-ops-to-defend-borders.aspx?PageID=238&NID=112812&NewsCatID=345.
  • International Civil Aviation Organization defines remotely piloted aircraft as ‘an aircraft where the flying pilot is not on board the aircraft’. International Civil Aviation Organization. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) CIR 328 AN/190, at x (2011), https://www.icao.int/Meetings/UAS/Documents/Circular%20328_en.pdf.
  • International Law Association Committee on the Use of Force. Washington Conference Draft Report on Aggression and the Use of Force, 2014, https://goo.gl/1TmK2P.
  • Ismail, Abdalrhman. “Gulf Arab States Call on U.N. to Intervene to Stop Aleppo Assault.” Reuters, Oct. 1, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-gulf-idUSKCN1213N4?il=0.
  • Jeangène Vilmer, Jean-Baptiste. “Proliferated Drones: A Perspective on France”, Center for a New American Security, http://drones.cnas.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/A-Perspective-on-France-Proliferated-Drones.pdf.
  • Jerusalem Post, “Isis Claims Responsibility For Rocket Attack On Southern Israel”, Apr. 10, 2017, http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Rocket-alert-sirens-sound-in-southern-Israel-near-Gaza- border-486671.
  • Jewish Telegraphic Agency. “Israeli drone strike kills 5 militants in Sinai”, August 9, 2013, http://www.jta.org/2013/08/09/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/report-israeli-drone-strike-kills-5- militants-in-sinai;
  • Johnston, David, and David E. Sanger. “Threats and Responses: Hunt for Suspects Fatal Strike in Yemen Was Based on Rules Set Out by Bush.” The New York Times, Nov. 6, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/06/world/threats-responses-hunt-for-suspects-fatal-strike-yemen-was- based-rules-set-bush.html;
  • Joint Committee on Human Rights. The Government’s Policy on the Use of Drones for Targeted Killing (Second Report) HL Paper 141 HC 574, 2016, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt201516/jtselect/jtrights/574/574.pdf.
  • Joint Declaration for the Export and Subsequent Use of Armed or Strike-Enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Oct. 16, 2016, https://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/fs/2017/274817.htm.
  • Jones, Adriana Edmeades. “Hidden from the Public: The United Kingdom’s Drone Warfare”, Just Security, July 10, 2017, https://www.justsecurity.org/42935/hidden-public-united-kingdoms-drone-warfare/.
  • Kaag, John, and Kreps, Sarah. Drone Warfare. Polity, 2014.
  • Karaagac, Cengiz. “Silahlı İHA Üreten ve Kullanan Ülkeler [Countries That Manufacture and Those That Use Armed Drones], My Drone Land”, Feb. 2, 2017, www.mydroneland.com/bilgi/sistem/iha/509-silahli.
  • Karon, Tony. “Yemen Strike Opens New Chapter in War on Terror.” Time, Nov. 5, 2002, http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,387571,00.html.
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact, art. I, 24 Jul 1929, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp.
  • Khodarenok, Mikhail. “First Russian-Made Combat Drone Being Tested, Russia Beyond the Headlines”, March 31, 2017, https://www.rbth.com/defence/2017/03/31/first-russian-made-combat-drone-being-tested_731956.
  • Khoury, Jack. “ISIS Says Israel Killed four of its Members in Sinai Strike”, Haaretz, February 20, 2017, http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.772729.
  • Kingsley, Peter. A Story Waiting to Pierce You, Point Reyes, CA: Golden Sufi Center, 2010, pp. 155-159, noted in
  • Archytas, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Aug. 23, 2016, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/archytas/. Kirkpatrick, David D. “Secret Alliance: Israel Carries Out Airstrikes in Egypt, With Cairo’s O.K.”, The New York Times, Feb. 3, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/03/world/middleeast/israel-airstrikes-sinai-egypt.html.
  • Kolb, Robert. “Systemic Efficacy: Potentially Shattering Consequences for International Law.” in Legitimacy and Drones: Investigating the Legality, Morality and Efficacy of UCAVs, edited by Steven J. Barela, Routledge, 2017.
  • Krauthammer, Charles. "Aleppo and American Decline.” Washington Post, Dec. 22, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/aleppo-and-american- decline/2016/12/22/1c025a5a-c877-11e6-85b5-76616a33048d_story.html?utm_term=.5d008606e793.
  • Leander, Anna. “Technological Agency in the Co-Constitution of Legal Expertise and the US Drone Program.”
  • Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 26, 2013, pp. 811-831.
  • Lee, Nathaniel. Watch The Navy's LOCUST Launcher Fire A Swarm Of Drones, Business Insider, April 6, 2017, http://uk.businessinsider.com/watch-navy-locust-launcher-fire-drones-2017-4.
  • Lewis, Michael W. “Drones and Boundaries of the Battlefield.” Texas International Law Journal, Vol. 47, 2011, pp. 293-314.
  • Lotrionte, Catherine. “Targeted Killings by Drones: A Domestic and International Legal Framework.” Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 3, 2012, pp. 19-70.
  • Lubell, Noam. Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Actors. Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Madej, Marek. “Tactical Efficacy: Notorious UCAVs and Lawfare.” in Legitimacy and Drones: Investigating the Legality, Morality and Efficacy of UCAVs. ed. Steven J. Barela, Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 2017.
  • Mahmood, Amna, Sadaf Farooq, and Asia Karim. “US Drone Attacks in Pakistan: An International Law Perspective.” International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 6, 2015, pp. 165-176.
  • Mahnaimi, Uzi. Israeli Drones Destroy Rocket Smuggling Convoys in Sudan, THE TIMES, (Mar. 29, 2009), https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/israeli-drones-destroy-rocket-smuggling-convoys-in-sudan-rp5sgvbp5jt.
  • Maogoto, Jackson. Technology and the Use of Force: New Security Challenges in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge, 2015.
  • Martin, Craig. “A Means-Methods Paradox and the Legality of Drone Strikes in Armed Conflict.” International
  • Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 19, 2015, pp. 142-175.
  • Mazower, Mark. No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations. Princeton University Press, 2009.
  • McBride, Paul. “Beyond Orwell: The Application of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Domestic Surveillance Operations.” Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 74, 2009, pp. 627-662.
  • Mcleary, Paul. Iranian drones now hitting rebel targets in Syria, Foreign Policy, Feb. 29, 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/29/iranian-drones-now-hitting-rebel-targets-in-syria/.
  • McNab, Molly, and Megan Matthews. “Clarifying the Law Relating to Unmanned Drones and the Use of Force: The Relationships Between Human Rights, Self-Defense, Armed Conflict, and International Humanitarian Law.” Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, Vol. 39, 2011, pp. 661-694.
  • Melzer, Nils. Human Rights Implications of the Usage of Drones and Unmanned Robots in Warfare, European Parliament Directorate General for External Policies, Policy Department Study, 2013, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/410220/EXPO- DROI_ET(2013)410220_EN.pdf
  • Middle East Monitor. Israeli Drone Strikes Sinai Kills One, April 12, 2017, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170412-israeli-drone-strikes-sinai-kills-one/.
  • Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Merits, 1986 I.C.J. Rep. 14 (June 27).
  • Naqvi, Feisal. “Even War Has Limits.” Opposing Perspectives on the Drone Debate, edited by Bradley Jay Strawser, Lisa Hajjar, Steven Levine, Feisal H. Naqvi, and John Fabian Witt, Palgrave MacMillan, 2014.
  • NBC News, “Justice Department Memo Reveals Legal Case for Drone Strikes on Americans”, Feb. 4, 2013, http://investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/04/16843014-justice-department-memo-reveals-legal- case-for-drone-strikes-on-americans?lite.
  • Nicaragua Case, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Schwebel.
  • Nichols, Michelle. “Russia Voices Concern About U.N. Sanctions, Spy Drones in South Sudan.” Reuters, Oct. 9, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-security-un-idUSKCN0S32EG20151009.
  • O’Connell, Mary Ellen. “Remarks: The Resort to Drones Under International Law.” Denver Journal of International
  • Law & Policy, Vol. 39, 2011, pp. 585-600.
  • O’Connell, Mary Ellen. “The True Meaning of Force”, AJIL Unbound, Vol. 108, 2014, pp. 141-144.
  • O'Connell, Mary. Drones Under International Law, Washington University Law Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute International Debate Series, 2010, https://law.washu.edu/wp-
  • content/uploads/2018/10/OConnellFullRemarksNov23.pdf.
  • Obama’s letter to the Congress, Letter from the President on the War Powers Resolution, June 15, 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/06/15/letter-president-war-powers-resolution.
  • Office of the Historian. The League of Nations 1920, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/league.
  • Oil Platforms (Iran v. U.S.), Judgment, 2003 I.C.J. Rep. 161 (Nov. 6).
  • Paust, Jordan J. “Operationalizing Use of Drones Against Non-State Terrorists Under the International Law of
  • Self-Defense”, Albany Government Law Review, Vol. 8, 2015, pp. 166-203.
  • Paust, Jordan J. “Remotely Piloted Warfare as a Challenge to the Jus ad Bellum.” The Oxford Handbook of the
  • Use of Force in International Law, edited by Mark Weller, Alexia Solomou, and Jake William Rylatt, Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Permanent Rep. of Georgia to the U.N., Annex to the letter dated 10 August 2009 from the Permanent
  • Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General: Report by the
  • Government of Georgia on the aggression by the Russian Federation against Georgia August 2009, Aug. 27, 2009, U.N. Doc. A/63/953.
  • Permanent Rep. of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the U.N., Letter dated 7 September 2015 from the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
  • Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, Sep. 8, 2015, U.N. Doc. S/2015/688.
  • Permanent Rep. of the United States of America to the U.N., Letter dated 23 September 2014 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-
  • General, Sep. 23, 2014, U.N. Doc. S/2014/695.
  • Philip Alston (Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions), Study on Targeted
  • Killings, para 35, May 28, 2010, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/14/24/Add.6.
  • Plaw, Avery, Fricker, Matthew S. and Colon, Carlos. The Drone Debate: A Primer on the US Use of Unmanned
  • Aircraft Outside Conventional Battlefields, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2016.
  • Popper, Ben. “What Exactly Is an Underwater Drone?” Dec. 16, 2016,
  • https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/16/13984666/what-is-underwater-drone-china-us-navy.
  • Project on National Security Reform, Strategic Studies Institute, Sheila R. Ronis ed., 2010,
  • http://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/VISION%20WORKING%20GROUP%20REPORT.pdf,
  • Pubby, Manu. “India All Set to Get Missile Armed Drones from Israel”, The Economic Times, April 3, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-all-set-to-get-missile-armed-drones-from- israel/articleshow/57980098.cms..
  • Purkiss, Jessica, and Jack Serle. “Obama’s Covert Drone War in Numbers: Ten Times More Strikes Than Bush.” The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, Jan. 17, 2017, https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2017-01-
  • 17/obamas-covert-drone-war-in-numbers-ten-times-more-strikes-than-bush
  • Ramsden, Michael. “Targeted Killings and International Human Rights Law: The Case of Anwar Al-Awlaki.”
  • Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Vol. 16, 2011, pp. 385–406.
  • Rawnsley, Adam. “Meet China’s Killer Drones”, Foreign Policy, January 14, 2016,
  • http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/14/meet-chinas-killer-drones/.
  • Resolution on the Use of Armed Drones, EUR. PARL. DOC. 2014/2567(RSP).
  • Reuters. Italy, France, Germany Sign European Drone Project, May 18, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/eu- drones-idUSL5N0Y928920150518.
  • Rinehart, Christine Sixta. “Sharing Security in an Era of International Cooperation: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
  • and the United States' Air Force.” Defense and Security Analysis, Vol. 33, 2017, pp. 45-56.
  • Rise of the Drones: Unmanned Systems and the Future of War: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, 111th Cong. 2 (2010) (written statement of Kenneth Anderson), available at
  • http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=pub_disc_cong.
  • Saletan, William. “Koh is My God Pilot.” Slate, June 30, 2011,
  • http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2011/06/koh_is_my_god_pilot.html.
  • Samuel B Washburne, Willingness to Intervene: A Study on Drones, Public Opinion and the Use of Lethal Action,
  • Bilkent University, Master Thesis, Apr. 2015, (unpublished master thesis, Bilkent University) (on file with the Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center).
  • Saura, Jaume. “On the Implications of the Use of Drones in International Law.” Journal of International Law
  • and International Relations, Vol. 12, 2016.
  • SC Res 1973, Mar. 17, 2011.
  • SC Res 2098, Mar. 28, 2013.
  • Schmitt, Michael N. “Drone Attacks under the Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello: Clearing the 'Fog of Law'.” Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Vol. 13, 2010, pp. 311-326.
  • Schulzke, Marcus. The Morality of Drone Warfare and the Politics of Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
  • Schwing, Richard P. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – Revolutionary Tools in War and Peace, U.S. Army War College, 2007, http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA469608.
  • Shah, Sikander Ahmed. International Law and Drone Strikes in Pakistan: The Legal and Socio-Political Aspects,
  • Routledge, 2015. Shanker, Thom. “Obama Sends Armed Drones to Help NATO in Libya War.” The New York Times, Apr. 21, 2011,
  • http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/22/world/africa/22military.html.
  • Singer, Peter Warren. The Global Swarm, Foreign Policy, March 11, 2011, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/11/the-
  • global-swarm/.
  • Singer, Peter Warren. Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century, Penguin
  • Publishing Group, 2009.
  • Somerville, Keith. “US Drones Take Combat Role.” BBC, Nov. 5, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/2404425.stm.
  • Sonnenberg, Stephan. “Why Drones Are Different?.” Preventive Force: Drones, Targeted Killing, and the Transformation of Contemporary Warfare, edited by Kerstin Fisk and Jennifer M. Ramos, New York University
  • Press, 2016.
  • Sparrow, Robert. “Predators or Plowshares: Arms Control for Robotic Weapons.” IEEE Technology and Society
  • Magazine, Spring, 2009.
  • Sprenger, Sebastian. “German MoD Rests Its Case on Armed Drones for Now”, Defense News, July 5, 2017,
  • http://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/07/05/german-mod-rests-its-case-on-armed-drones-for-now/.
  • Statement By President Clinton On Kosovo, Mar. 24, 1999, https://millercenter.org/the-
  • presidency/presidential-speeches/march-24-1999-statement-kosovo.
  • Sterio, Milena. “The United States’ Use of Drones in the War on Terror: The (Il)legality of Targeted Killings Under
  • International Law.” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 45, 2012, pp. 197-214.
  • Strawser, Bradley Jay. Reply to Critics: No Easy Answers, Eds Strawser et al, Opposing Perspectives on the Drone Debate, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Tams, Christian J., and Devaney, James G. “Jus ad Bellum: Crossing Borders to Wage War against Individuals.” in Legitimacy and Drones: Investigating the Legality, Morality and Efficacy of UCAVs, edited by
  • Steven J. Barela, Routledge, 2017.
  • TASS. “Azerbaijan’s Forces Destroy Armenian Drone Defense Ministry Says.” June 22, 2017, http://tass.com/world/952749.
  • TASS. “Azerbaijani Servicemen Down Another Armenian Drone in Karabakh Conflict Zone.” Dec. 13, 2016, http://tass.com/world/918851.
  • The Guardian, “US Embassy Cables: Pakistan Backs US Drone Attacks on Tribal Areas”, (Nov. 30, 2010), https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/167125.
  • The Guardian. “Israeli drone strike kills suspected Islamic militants in Egypt”, August 9, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/09/israeli-drone-strike-suspected-militants-egypt;
  • The Japan Times, “Japan to Shoot Down Foreign Drones That Invade its Airspace.” Oct. 20, 2013, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/20/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-to-shoot-down-foreign- drones-that-invade-its-airspace/#.WZNzSHeZNR0.
  • The Nation, “Air Force drone hits Boko Haram’s base in Sambisa”, Feb. 3, 2016,
  • http://thenationonlineng.net/air-force-drone-hits-boko-harams-base-in-sambisa/.
  • The New York Times. “Russian-Georgian Dispute Grows Over Downing of Spy Drone.” 22 Apr. 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/22/world/europe/22iht-georgia.4.12237532.html.
  • The Request of ACLU, Jan. 13, 2009, https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-1-13-
  • PredatorDroneFOIARequest.pdf.
  • The United States Mission to the United Nations, Joint Press Statement from the Permanent Representatives to
  • the United Nations of the United States, United Kingdom, and France Following the Adoption of a Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons, July 7, 2017, https://usun.state.gov/remarks/7892.
  • The US Navy. The Navy Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (UUV) Master Plan, 2004,
  • http://www.navy.mil/navydata/technology/uuvmp.pdf.
  • The Washington Post. “United States Activities in Libya”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- srv/politics/documents/united-states-activities-libya.html.
  • Toprakci, Haydar. “PKK Terrorists Who Martyred Teacher Killed in Airstrike”, Anadolu Agency, July 20, 2017,
  • http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/pkk-terrorists-who-martyred-teacher-killed-in-airstrike/865756.
  • Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, July 7, 2017, entered into force on 22 January 2021.
  • Tsagourias, Nicholas and White, Nigel D. Collective Security: Theory, Law and Practice, Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Turkish Directorate General of Civil Aviation. İnsansız Hava Aracı Sistemleri Talimatı [The Instruction of
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems] Feb. 22, 2016, http://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/mevzuat/sektorel/talimatlar/SHT-IHA_12062017.pdf.
  • U.N. Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia Georgia, Apr. 2, 2008, U.N.
  • Doc. S/2008/219.
  • U.N. Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, Jan. 23, 2008, U.N. Doc. S/2008/38.
  • U.N. Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1808 (2008),
  • 1839 (2008) and 1866 (2009), May 18, 2009, U.N. Doc. S/2009/254.
  • U.S. Air Force. The U.S. Air Force Remotely Piloted Aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Strategic Vision (2005),
  • http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=usafresearch.
  • U.S. Army UAS Center of Excellence. Eyes of the Army: U.S. Army Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems 2010-2035, https://fas.org/irp/program/collect/uas-army.pdf.
  • United States Government Accountability Office. Report to Congressional Requesters: Unmanned Aircraft Systems Federal Actions Needed to Ensure Safety and Expand Their Potential Uses Within the National Airspace System, 2008, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08511.pdf.
  • UNOMIG. “Report on the Incident of 20 April Involving the Downing of a Georgian Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
  • Over the Zone of Conflict.” 2008, http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C- 8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Georgia%20UNOMIG%20Report%20on%20Drone.pdf.
  • Valavanis, K. P., and Kontitsis, M. “A Historical Perspective on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.” In Advances in
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: State of the Art and the Road to Autonomy, ed. Kimon P. Valavanis, 2007.
  • Wardrop, Murray. “Unmanned Drones Could Be Banned Says Senior Judge.” The Telegraph, July 6, 2009, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/5755446/Unmanned-drones-could-be-banned-says-senior- judge.html.
  • White, Nigel D. “The Joint Committee, Drone Strikes and Self-Defence: Caught in No Man’s Land?.” Journal on
  • the Use of Force and International Law, Vol. 3, 2016, pp. 210-216.
  • Wilmshurst, Elizabeth. Principles of International Law on the Use of Force by States in Self-Defence. 2005,
  • https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/108106.
  • Witt, John Fabian. A Duty To Capture?, Eds Bradley Jay Strawser, Lisa Hajjar, Steven Levine, Feisal H Naqvi and John Fabian Witt, Opposing Perspectives on the Drone Debate, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Yoo, John. “Embracing the Machines: Rationalist War and New Weapons Technologies.” Cal. L. Rev., Vol. 105, 2017, pp. 443-499.
  • Zenko, Micah. “10 Things You Didn’t Know About Drones.” Foreign Policy, Feb. 27, 2012,
  • http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/27/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-drones/.
  • Zenko, Micah. “The Great Drone Contradiction”, Foreign Policy, Feb. 19, 2015,
  • http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/19/the-great-drfone-contradiction-unmanned-aircraft-systems/.
  • Zeyrek, Deniz. “Kilis’e Çözüm Silahlı İHA [The Solution in Kilis is Armed UAVs]”, Hürriyet, Apr. 25, 2016, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/insan-yapisiysa-daha-iyisini-yapariz-40093931

Silahli Dronlarin Yaygınlaşmasi ve Bunun Uluslararasi Hukuka Yansımaları: ABD SİHA Döneminde Kuvvet Kullanma Paradigmasina Yeni Meydan Okumalar

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 327 - 368, 29.06.2025

Abstract

Son yıllarda silahlı dronlar (silahlı insansız hava araçları) sınır ötesinde ve sınır içindeki kuvvet kullanımlarının önemli bir parçasını oluşturmaya başladı. Silahlı dronların (SİHAların) gittikçe artan kullanımı ve yaygınlaşması, hukuk literatüründe -özellikle de uluslararası hukuk literatüründe- yeni bir tartışmalar ve problemler yarattı. Bu zamana kadar silahlı dronların (SİHAların) kullanımının en görünür etkisi sivil kayıpları olduğundan dolayı, uluslararası hukuk hocaları çoğunlukla uluslararası insan hakları hukukuna ve silahlı çatışma hukukuna dair meselelere odaklandı. Literatürde uluslararası ilişkilerde silahlı dron (SİHA) kullanımı ve jus ad bellum arasındaki ilişkiye dair az da olsa artan ilgi silahlı dron (SİHA) kullanımının jus ad bellum için önemine işaret ediyor. Bu noktada, bu araştırmanın sorusu ortaya çıkıyor: ABD SİHA dönemi bağlamında incelendiğinde, silahlı dronların (SİHAların) mevcudiyeti kuvvet kullanım paradigmasında bir değişiklik yaptı mı ve bu durum müsamahakar görüşleri güçlendirecek mi?

References

  • ACLU V. CIA - FOIA Case For Records Relating To Drone Killings, Jan. 13, 2010, https://www.aclu.org/cases/aclu- v-cia-foia-case-re cords-relating-drone-killings.
  • Advisory Committee on Issues of Public International Law. “Advisory Report on Armed Drones” (English Translation), 2013, http://cms.webbeat.net/ContentSuite/upload/cav/doc/CAVV_advisory_report_on_armed_drones_(English_translation_-_final)_(2).pdf.
  • Ahronheim, Anna. “Drone Strike Kills One in Sinai After Rocket Claimed by ISIS Hits Israel”, The Jerusalem Post, April 10, 2017, http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Report-Drone-strike-kills-one-in-Egypts-Sinai-486696;
  • Aksam, “Türkiye’nin İnsansız Hava Aracı Kapasitesi [Türkiye’s UAV Capacity]”, (Sep. 7, 2016), http://www.aksam.com.tr/guncel/turkiyenin-insansiz-hava-araci-kapasitesi/haber-547627. al-Rajhi, Islam. “Amaliyya Israilliyya Murakkaba wa Qasf Jawwi wa Qatla Yatasaqatun fi Sina ...wa Misr Samita [An Israeli Complex Operation, Aerial Bombing and Several Killed in Sinai… And Egypt is Silent]”, The New Khalij, (Feb. 22, 2017), http://thenewkhalij.org/node/60139.
  • Ali, Syed Ameer. “On Islam in the League of Nations.” 5 Transactions of the Grotius Soc’y, 1919, pp. 126-144.
  • Aljazeera, “US Deploys Armed Drones in Libya”, Apr. 22, 2011, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2011/04/2011421223027558915.html.
  • Anadolu Agency. “17 PKK terrorists killed in N. Iraq, SE Turkey”, June 17, 2017, http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/17-pkk- terrorists-killed-in-n-iraq-se-turkey/843652.
  • Anadolu Ajansı. “Silahlı İHA ile Irak'ın kuzeyinde 2 terörist etkisiz hale getirildi [Armed UAVs neutralise 2 terrorists in Northern Iraq]”, June 17, 2017, http://aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/silahli-iha-ile-irakin-kuzeyinde-2- terorist-etkisiz-hale-getirildi/843545
  • Annex to the identical letters dated 5 May 2008 from the Permanent Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General and the President of the Security Council, May 6, 2008, U.N. Doc.
  • A/62/830–S/2008/299.
  • Ansari, Usman. “Pakistan Surprises Many With First Use of Armed Drone”, Defense News, Sep. 8, 2015, http://www.defensenews.com/air/2015/09/08/pakistan-surprises-many-with-first-use-of-armed-drone/.
  • Apuuli, Kasaija Phillip. “The Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Drones) in United Nations Peacekeeping: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo.” American Society of International Law Insights, Vol.18, 2014, https://www.asil.org/insights/volume/18/issue/13/use-unmanned-aerial-vehicles-drones-united-nations- peacekeeping-case.
  • Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (D.R.C. v. Uganda), Judgment, 2005 I.C.J. Rep. 168 (Dec. 19).
  • Aronsson, Marie. “Remote Law Making: American Drone Strikes and the Development of Jus Ad Bellum.” Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, Vol. 1, 2014, pp. 273-298.
  • Atherton, Kelsey D. “The Pentagon's New Drone Swarm Heralds A Future Of Autonomous War Machines”, Popular Science, Jan. 10, 2017, http://www.popsci.com/pentagon-drone-swarm-autonomous-war-machines.
  • Balkan, Serkan. DAESH’s Drone Strategy: Technology and the Rise of Innovative Terrorism, SETA, 2017, http://setav.org/en/assets/uploads/2017/08/Report88.pdf.
  • Barnidge, Robert. “A Qualified Defense of American Drone Attacks in Northwest Pakistan under International Humanitarian Law.” Boston University International Law Journal, Vol. 30, 2012, pp. 409-447.
  • BBC News. “Islamic State conflict: Two Britons killed in RAF Syria Strike”, Sep. 7, 2015, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34178998.
  • Beauchamp, Zack and Julian Savulescu. “Robot Guardians: Teleoperated Combat Vehicles in Humanitarian Military Intervention.” Killing by Remote Control: The Ethics of an Unmanned Military, ed. Bradley Jay Strawser, Oxford University Press, 2013.
  • Ben Emmerson (Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental
  • Freedoms While Countering Terrorism), Third Rep. on the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms While Countering Terrorism, Sep. 18, 2013, para 22, U.N. Doc. A/68/389.
  • Bergen, Peter, and Catherine Tiedemann. “Washington's Phantom War: The Effects of the U.S. Drone Program in Pakistan.” Foreign Affairs, July-Aug. 2011.
  • Berkowitz, Roger. “Drones and the Question of the Human.” Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 28, 2014, pp. 159-169.
  • Bowcott, Owen. UK’s Refusal To Reveal Legal Advice On Drone Killings Faces Challenge, The Guardian, (July 20, 2017), https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/jul/20/uk-refusal-reveal-legal-advice-drone-killings- challenge?CMP=Share_AndroidApp_Tweet.
  • Boyle, Michael J. “The Cost and Consequence of Drone Warfare.” International Affairs, Vol. 89, 2013, pp. 1- 29.
  • Boyle, Michael J. “The Legal and Ethical Implications of Drone Warfare”, International Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 19, 2015, pp. 105-126.
  • Brennan, John O. Remarks Of John O. Brennan: Strengthening Our Security By Adhering To Our Values And Laws (2011), https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/09/16/remarks-john-o-brennan- strengthening-our-security-adhering-our-values-an.
  • Brewster, Murray and Zimonjic, Peter. Armed Drones Are the Future, but Discussion Needed on How We Use Them, Trudeau Says, CBC News, June 8, 2017, http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/trudeau-drone-vance- armed-1.4152342.
  • Brooks, Rosa. “Be Careful What You Wish For: Changing Doctrines, Changing Technologies, and the Lower Cost of War.” American Society of International Law Proceedings, Vol. 106, 2012, pp. 31-35.
  • Brooks, Rosa. “Drones and the International Rule of Law.” Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 28, 2014, pp. 83-103.
  • Brunstetter, Daniel and Braun, Megan. “The Implications of Drones on the Just War Tradition”, Ethics & International Affairs, Vol. 25, 2011, pp. 337-358.
  • Buchanan, David R. “Joint Doctrine for Unmanned Aircraft Systems: The Air Force and the Army Hold the Key to Success.”, May 3, 2010, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a525266.pdf.
  • Byrne, Max. “Consent and the Use of Force: An Examination of 'Intervention by Invitation' as a Basis for US Drone Strikes in Pakistan, Somalia and Yemen.” Journal on the Use of Force and International Law, Vol. 3, 2016, pp. 97-125.
  • Cavallaro, James, Sonnenberg, Stephan, and Knuckey, Sarah. Living Under Drones: Death, Injury And Trauma To Civilians From Us Drone Practices In Pakistan, 2012, https://law.stanford.edu/wp- content/uploads/sites/default/files/publication/313671/doc/slspublic/Stanford_NYU_LIVING_UNDER_DRONES. pdf.
  • CBS News. "U.N.: Russian Jet Shot Down Georgian Drone.” May 26, 2008, http://www.cbsnews.com/news/un- russian-jet-shot-down-georgian-drone/.
  • Chehtman, Alejandro. “The ad Bellum Challenge of Drones: Recalibrating Permissible Use of Force.” European Journal of International Law, Vol. 28, 2017, pp. 173-197.
  • Cole, Chris. “PM Must Publish Intelligence Committee Report on UK Drone Killings”, Drone Wars UK, Apr. 18, 2017, https://dronewars.net/2017/04/18/pm-must-publish-intelligence-committee-report-on-uk-drone-killings/.
  • Currier, Cora and Moltke, Henrik. “Spies in the Sky”, The Intercept, 2016,
  • https://theintercept.com/2016/01/28/israeli-drone-feeds-hacked-by-british-and-american-intelligence/.
  • Davis, Lynn E., Michael J. McNerney, James Chow, Thomas Hamilton, Sarah Harting & Daniel Byman. Armed and Dangerous: UAVs and U.S. Security, RAND, 2014, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/research_reports/RR400/RR449/RAND_RR449.pdf.
  • de Groof, Melanie. “Death from the Sky: International Legal and Practical Issues on the Use of Armed Drones.”
  • Drones and Unmanned Aerial Systems: Legal and Social Implications for Security and Surveillance, edited by Aleš Završnik, Springer, 2016.
  • Di Salvo, Philip. Armed Drones: ‘The European Countries’ Interest at Stake, CILD, May 30, 2017, https://cild.eu/en/2017/05/30/armed-drones-the-european-countries-interests-at-stake/.
  • Doswald-Beck, Louise. “Confronting Complexity and New Technologies: A Need to Return to First Principles of International Law.” American Society of International Law Proceedings, Vol. 107, 2012, pp. 107-116.
  • Draft articles on Responsibility of States for Internationally Wrongful Acts, with Commentaries, International Law Commission, in Rep. on the Int’l Law Comm’n, 53rd Sess., Supp. No. 10, U.N. Doc. A/56/10 (2001).
  • Enemark, Christian. “Drones, Risk, and Perpetual Force.” International Affairs, Vol. 28, 2014, pp. 365-381.
  • Enemark, Christian. Armed Drones and the Ethics of War, Routledge, 2014.
  • FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012, Pub. L. No. 112-95, §§ 331-336.
  • Fox News. “U.S. Kills Al Qaeda Leaders by Remote Control.” Nov. 19, 2001, http://www.foxnews.com/story/2001/11/19/us-kills-al-qaeda-leaders-by-remote-control.html.
  • Franke, Ulrike. “U.S. Drones Are From Mars, Euro Drones Are From Venus.” War on the Rocks, May 19, 2014, https://warontherocks.com/2014/05/u-s-drones-are-from-mars-euro-drones-are-from-venus/.
  • Franz-Stephan. “Russia Tests Nuclear-Capable Underwater Drone.” The Diplomat, Dec. 14, 2016, http://thediplomat.com/2016/12/russia-tests-nuclear-capable-underwater-drone/.
  • Freedman, Lawrence D. “The Drone Revolution: Less Than Meets the Eye”, Foreign Affairs, Nov.-Dec. 2016.
  • Gibbons-Neff, Thomas. “The First Drone Strikes of The Trump Administration Happened Over The Weekend.” Washington Post, Jan. 23, 2017, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/checkpoint/wp/2017/01/23/the-first- drone-strikes-of-the-trump-administration-happened-over-the-weekend/?utm_term=.90da15aea6d2.
  • Gogarty, Brendan, and Hagger, Meredith. “The Laws of Man over Vehicles Unmanned: The Legal Response to Robotic Revolution on Sea, Land and Air.” Journal of Law, Information and Science, Vol. 19, 2008.
  • Gray, Christina. International Law and the Use of Force, Oxford University Press, 2008.
  • Green, James A. “The Article 51 Reporting Requirement for Self-Defense Actions”, Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 55, 2015, pp. 563-624.
  • Greig, D. W. “Self-Defence and The Security Council: What Does Article 51 Require?.” 40 International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 40, 1991, pp. 366 - 402.
  • Hambling, David. The Next Era Of Drones Will Be Defined By Swarms, BBC, April 27, 2017, http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20170425-were-entering-the-next-era-of-drones.
  • Harold Hongju Koh, The Obama Administration and International Law, (Keynote Speech at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law), 2010, pp. 207-221.
  • Hazelton, Jacqueline L. “Drone Strikes and Grand Strategy: Toward a Political Understanding of the Uses of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Attacks in US Security Policy”, Journal of Strategic Studies, Vol. 40, 2017, pp. 68-91.
  • Heyns, Christof, Akande, Dapo, Hill-Cawthorne, Lawrence, and Chengeta, Thompson. “The International Law Framework Regulating the Use of Armed Drones.” International & Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 65, 2016, pp. 791-827.
  • Horowitz, Michael, Kreps, Sarah E., and Fuhrmann, Matthew. “Separating Fact from Fiction in the Debate over Drone Proliferation.” International Security, Vol. 41, 2016, pp. 7-42.
  • Human Rights Watch. “Between a Drone and Al-Qaeda: The Civilian Cost of US Targeted Killings in Yemen.” 2013, https://www.hrw.org/report/2013/10/22/between-drone-and-al-qaeda/civilian-cost-us-targeted- killings-yemen.
  • Human Rights Watch. Precisely wrong: Gaza civilians killed by Israeli drone-launched missiles, June 30, 2009, https://www.hrw.org/report/2009/06/30/precisely-wrong/gaza-civilians-killed-israeli-drone-launched- missiles.
  • Hurriyet Daily News. “Turkey’s New Indigenous 'Kamikaze' Drones Set To Be Used In Anti-Terror Ops, To Defend Borders”, May 7, 2017, http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/turkeys-new-indigenous-kamikaze-drones-set-to- be-used-in-anti-terror-ops-to-defend-borders.aspx?PageID=238&NID=112812&NewsCatID=345.
  • International Civil Aviation Organization defines remotely piloted aircraft as ‘an aircraft where the flying pilot is not on board the aircraft’. International Civil Aviation Organization. Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) CIR 328 AN/190, at x (2011), https://www.icao.int/Meetings/UAS/Documents/Circular%20328_en.pdf.
  • International Law Association Committee on the Use of Force. Washington Conference Draft Report on Aggression and the Use of Force, 2014, https://goo.gl/1TmK2P.
  • Ismail, Abdalrhman. “Gulf Arab States Call on U.N. to Intervene to Stop Aleppo Assault.” Reuters, Oct. 1, 2016, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-gulf-idUSKCN1213N4?il=0.
  • Jeangène Vilmer, Jean-Baptiste. “Proliferated Drones: A Perspective on France”, Center for a New American Security, http://drones.cnas.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/A-Perspective-on-France-Proliferated-Drones.pdf.
  • Jerusalem Post, “Isis Claims Responsibility For Rocket Attack On Southern Israel”, Apr. 10, 2017, http://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Rocket-alert-sirens-sound-in-southern-Israel-near-Gaza- border-486671.
  • Jewish Telegraphic Agency. “Israeli drone strike kills 5 militants in Sinai”, August 9, 2013, http://www.jta.org/2013/08/09/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/report-israeli-drone-strike-kills-5- militants-in-sinai;
  • Johnston, David, and David E. Sanger. “Threats and Responses: Hunt for Suspects Fatal Strike in Yemen Was Based on Rules Set Out by Bush.” The New York Times, Nov. 6, 2002, http://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/06/world/threats-responses-hunt-for-suspects-fatal-strike-yemen-was- based-rules-set-bush.html;
  • Joint Committee on Human Rights. The Government’s Policy on the Use of Drones for Targeted Killing (Second Report) HL Paper 141 HC 574, 2016, https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/jt201516/jtselect/jtrights/574/574.pdf.
  • Joint Declaration for the Export and Subsequent Use of Armed or Strike-Enabled Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), Oct. 16, 2016, https://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/fs/2017/274817.htm.
  • Jones, Adriana Edmeades. “Hidden from the Public: The United Kingdom’s Drone Warfare”, Just Security, July 10, 2017, https://www.justsecurity.org/42935/hidden-public-united-kingdoms-drone-warfare/.
  • Kaag, John, and Kreps, Sarah. Drone Warfare. Polity, 2014.
  • Karaagac, Cengiz. “Silahlı İHA Üreten ve Kullanan Ülkeler [Countries That Manufacture and Those That Use Armed Drones], My Drone Land”, Feb. 2, 2017, www.mydroneland.com/bilgi/sistem/iha/509-silahli.
  • Karon, Tony. “Yemen Strike Opens New Chapter in War on Terror.” Time, Nov. 5, 2002, http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,387571,00.html.
  • Kellogg-Briand Pact, art. I, 24 Jul 1929, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/kbpact.asp.
  • Khodarenok, Mikhail. “First Russian-Made Combat Drone Being Tested, Russia Beyond the Headlines”, March 31, 2017, https://www.rbth.com/defence/2017/03/31/first-russian-made-combat-drone-being-tested_731956.
  • Khoury, Jack. “ISIS Says Israel Killed four of its Members in Sinai Strike”, Haaretz, February 20, 2017, http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/1.772729.
  • Kingsley, Peter. A Story Waiting to Pierce You, Point Reyes, CA: Golden Sufi Center, 2010, pp. 155-159, noted in
  • Archytas, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Aug. 23, 2016, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/archytas/. Kirkpatrick, David D. “Secret Alliance: Israel Carries Out Airstrikes in Egypt, With Cairo’s O.K.”, The New York Times, Feb. 3, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/03/world/middleeast/israel-airstrikes-sinai-egypt.html.
  • Kolb, Robert. “Systemic Efficacy: Potentially Shattering Consequences for International Law.” in Legitimacy and Drones: Investigating the Legality, Morality and Efficacy of UCAVs, edited by Steven J. Barela, Routledge, 2017.
  • Krauthammer, Charles. "Aleppo and American Decline.” Washington Post, Dec. 22, 2016, https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/global-opinions/aleppo-and-american- decline/2016/12/22/1c025a5a-c877-11e6-85b5-76616a33048d_story.html?utm_term=.5d008606e793.
  • Leander, Anna. “Technological Agency in the Co-Constitution of Legal Expertise and the US Drone Program.”
  • Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 26, 2013, pp. 811-831.
  • Lee, Nathaniel. Watch The Navy's LOCUST Launcher Fire A Swarm Of Drones, Business Insider, April 6, 2017, http://uk.businessinsider.com/watch-navy-locust-launcher-fire-drones-2017-4.
  • Lewis, Michael W. “Drones and Boundaries of the Battlefield.” Texas International Law Journal, Vol. 47, 2011, pp. 293-314.
  • Lotrionte, Catherine. “Targeted Killings by Drones: A Domestic and International Legal Framework.” Journal of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 3, 2012, pp. 19-70.
  • Lubell, Noam. Extraterritorial Use of Force Against Non-State Actors. Oxford University Press, 2010.
  • Madej, Marek. “Tactical Efficacy: Notorious UCAVs and Lawfare.” in Legitimacy and Drones: Investigating the Legality, Morality and Efficacy of UCAVs. ed. Steven J. Barela, Journal of Policing, Intelligence and Counter Terrorism, 2017.
  • Mahmood, Amna, Sadaf Farooq, and Asia Karim. “US Drone Attacks in Pakistan: An International Law Perspective.” International Journal of Business and Social Science, Vol. 6, 2015, pp. 165-176.
  • Mahnaimi, Uzi. Israeli Drones Destroy Rocket Smuggling Convoys in Sudan, THE TIMES, (Mar. 29, 2009), https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/israeli-drones-destroy-rocket-smuggling-convoys-in-sudan-rp5sgvbp5jt.
  • Maogoto, Jackson. Technology and the Use of Force: New Security Challenges in the Twenty-First Century. Routledge, 2015.
  • Martin, Craig. “A Means-Methods Paradox and the Legality of Drone Strikes in Armed Conflict.” International
  • Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 19, 2015, pp. 142-175.
  • Mazower, Mark. No Enchanted Palace: The End of Empire and the Ideological Origins of the United Nations. Princeton University Press, 2009.
  • McBride, Paul. “Beyond Orwell: The Application of Unmanned Aircraft Systems in Domestic Surveillance Operations.” Journal of Air Law and Commerce, Vol. 74, 2009, pp. 627-662.
  • Mcleary, Paul. Iranian drones now hitting rebel targets in Syria, Foreign Policy, Feb. 29, 2016, http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/29/iranian-drones-now-hitting-rebel-targets-in-syria/.
  • McNab, Molly, and Megan Matthews. “Clarifying the Law Relating to Unmanned Drones and the Use of Force: The Relationships Between Human Rights, Self-Defense, Armed Conflict, and International Humanitarian Law.” Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, Vol. 39, 2011, pp. 661-694.
  • Melzer, Nils. Human Rights Implications of the Usage of Drones and Unmanned Robots in Warfare, European Parliament Directorate General for External Policies, Policy Department Study, 2013, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/2013/410220/EXPO- DROI_ET(2013)410220_EN.pdf
  • Middle East Monitor. Israeli Drone Strikes Sinai Kills One, April 12, 2017, https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20170412-israeli-drone-strikes-sinai-kills-one/.
  • Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicar. v. U.S.), Merits, 1986 I.C.J. Rep. 14 (June 27).
  • Naqvi, Feisal. “Even War Has Limits.” Opposing Perspectives on the Drone Debate, edited by Bradley Jay Strawser, Lisa Hajjar, Steven Levine, Feisal H. Naqvi, and John Fabian Witt, Palgrave MacMillan, 2014.
  • NBC News, “Justice Department Memo Reveals Legal Case for Drone Strikes on Americans”, Feb. 4, 2013, http://investigations.nbcnews.com/_news/2013/02/04/16843014-justice-department-memo-reveals-legal- case-for-drone-strikes-on-americans?lite.
  • Nicaragua Case, Dissenting Opinion of Judge Schwebel.
  • Nichols, Michelle. “Russia Voices Concern About U.N. Sanctions, Spy Drones in South Sudan.” Reuters, Oct. 9, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/us-southsudan-security-un-idUSKCN0S32EG20151009.
  • O’Connell, Mary Ellen. “Remarks: The Resort to Drones Under International Law.” Denver Journal of International
  • Law & Policy, Vol. 39, 2011, pp. 585-600.
  • O’Connell, Mary Ellen. “The True Meaning of Force”, AJIL Unbound, Vol. 108, 2014, pp. 141-144.
  • O'Connell, Mary. Drones Under International Law, Washington University Law Whitney R. Harris World Law Institute International Debate Series, 2010, https://law.washu.edu/wp-
  • content/uploads/2018/10/OConnellFullRemarksNov23.pdf.
  • Obama’s letter to the Congress, Letter from the President on the War Powers Resolution, June 15, 2011, https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2011/06/15/letter-president-war-powers-resolution.
  • Office of the Historian. The League of Nations 1920, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/league.
  • Oil Platforms (Iran v. U.S.), Judgment, 2003 I.C.J. Rep. 161 (Nov. 6).
  • Paust, Jordan J. “Operationalizing Use of Drones Against Non-State Terrorists Under the International Law of
  • Self-Defense”, Albany Government Law Review, Vol. 8, 2015, pp. 166-203.
  • Paust, Jordan J. “Remotely Piloted Warfare as a Challenge to the Jus ad Bellum.” The Oxford Handbook of the
  • Use of Force in International Law, edited by Mark Weller, Alexia Solomou, and Jake William Rylatt, Oxford University Press, 2015.
  • Permanent Rep. of Georgia to the U.N., Annex to the letter dated 10 August 2009 from the Permanent
  • Representative of Georgia to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-General: Report by the
  • Government of Georgia on the aggression by the Russian Federation against Georgia August 2009, Aug. 27, 2009, U.N. Doc. A/63/953.
  • Permanent Rep. of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the U.N., Letter dated 7 September 2015 from the Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
  • Ireland to the United Nations addressed to the President of the Security Council, Sep. 8, 2015, U.N. Doc. S/2015/688.
  • Permanent Rep. of the United States of America to the U.N., Letter dated 23 September 2014 from the Permanent Representative of the United States of America to the United Nations addressed to the Secretary-
  • General, Sep. 23, 2014, U.N. Doc. S/2014/695.
  • Philip Alston (Special Rapporteur on Extrajudicial, Summary or Arbitrary Executions), Study on Targeted
  • Killings, para 35, May 28, 2010, U.N. Doc. A/HRC/14/24/Add.6.
  • Plaw, Avery, Fricker, Matthew S. and Colon, Carlos. The Drone Debate: A Primer on the US Use of Unmanned
  • Aircraft Outside Conventional Battlefields, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2016.
  • Popper, Ben. “What Exactly Is an Underwater Drone?” Dec. 16, 2016,
  • https://www.theverge.com/2016/12/16/13984666/what-is-underwater-drone-china-us-navy.
  • Project on National Security Reform, Strategic Studies Institute, Sheila R. Ronis ed., 2010,
  • http://indianstrategicknowledgeonline.com/web/VISION%20WORKING%20GROUP%20REPORT.pdf,
  • Pubby, Manu. “India All Set to Get Missile Armed Drones from Israel”, The Economic Times, April 3, 2017, http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/india-all-set-to-get-missile-armed-drones-from- israel/articleshow/57980098.cms..
  • Purkiss, Jessica, and Jack Serle. “Obama’s Covert Drone War in Numbers: Ten Times More Strikes Than Bush.” The Bureau of Investigative Journalism, Jan. 17, 2017, https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2017-01-
  • 17/obamas-covert-drone-war-in-numbers-ten-times-more-strikes-than-bush
  • Ramsden, Michael. “Targeted Killings and International Human Rights Law: The Case of Anwar Al-Awlaki.”
  • Journal of Conflict & Security Law, Vol. 16, 2011, pp. 385–406.
  • Rawnsley, Adam. “Meet China’s Killer Drones”, Foreign Policy, January 14, 2016,
  • http://foreignpolicy.com/2016/01/14/meet-chinas-killer-drones/.
  • Resolution on the Use of Armed Drones, EUR. PARL. DOC. 2014/2567(RSP).
  • Reuters. Italy, France, Germany Sign European Drone Project, May 18, 2015, http://www.reuters.com/article/eu- drones-idUSL5N0Y928920150518.
  • Rinehart, Christine Sixta. “Sharing Security in an Era of International Cooperation: Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
  • and the United States' Air Force.” Defense and Security Analysis, Vol. 33, 2017, pp. 45-56.
  • Rise of the Drones: Unmanned Systems and the Future of War: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on National Security and Foreign Affairs, 111th Cong. 2 (2010) (written statement of Kenneth Anderson), available at
  • http://digitalcommons.wcl.american.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1002&context=pub_disc_cong.
  • Saletan, William. “Koh is My God Pilot.” Slate, June 30, 2011,
  • http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/human_nature/2011/06/koh_is_my_god_pilot.html.
  • Samuel B Washburne, Willingness to Intervene: A Study on Drones, Public Opinion and the Use of Lethal Action,
  • Bilkent University, Master Thesis, Apr. 2015, (unpublished master thesis, Bilkent University) (on file with the Turkish Council of Higher Education Thesis Center).
  • Saura, Jaume. “On the Implications of the Use of Drones in International Law.” Journal of International Law
  • and International Relations, Vol. 12, 2016.
  • SC Res 1973, Mar. 17, 2011.
  • SC Res 2098, Mar. 28, 2013.
  • Schmitt, Michael N. “Drone Attacks under the Jus ad Bellum and Jus in Bello: Clearing the 'Fog of Law'.” Yearbook of International Humanitarian Law, Vol. 13, 2010, pp. 311-326.
  • Schulzke, Marcus. The Morality of Drone Warfare and the Politics of Regulation, Palgrave Macmillan, 2017.
  • Schwing, Richard P. Unmanned Aerial Vehicles – Revolutionary Tools in War and Peace, U.S. Army War College, 2007, http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA469608.
  • Shah, Sikander Ahmed. International Law and Drone Strikes in Pakistan: The Legal and Socio-Political Aspects,
  • Routledge, 2015. Shanker, Thom. “Obama Sends Armed Drones to Help NATO in Libya War.” The New York Times, Apr. 21, 2011,
  • http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/22/world/africa/22military.html.
  • Singer, Peter Warren. The Global Swarm, Foreign Policy, March 11, 2011, http://foreignpolicy.com/2013/03/11/the-
  • global-swarm/.
  • Singer, Peter Warren. Wired for War: The Robotics Revolution and Conflict in the 21st Century, Penguin
  • Publishing Group, 2009.
  • Somerville, Keith. “US Drones Take Combat Role.” BBC, Nov. 5, 2002, http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/2404425.stm.
  • Sonnenberg, Stephan. “Why Drones Are Different?.” Preventive Force: Drones, Targeted Killing, and the Transformation of Contemporary Warfare, edited by Kerstin Fisk and Jennifer M. Ramos, New York University
  • Press, 2016.
  • Sparrow, Robert. “Predators or Plowshares: Arms Control for Robotic Weapons.” IEEE Technology and Society
  • Magazine, Spring, 2009.
  • Sprenger, Sebastian. “German MoD Rests Its Case on Armed Drones for Now”, Defense News, July 5, 2017,
  • http://www.defensenews.com/air/2017/07/05/german-mod-rests-its-case-on-armed-drones-for-now/.
  • Statement By President Clinton On Kosovo, Mar. 24, 1999, https://millercenter.org/the-
  • presidency/presidential-speeches/march-24-1999-statement-kosovo.
  • Sterio, Milena. “The United States’ Use of Drones in the War on Terror: The (Il)legality of Targeted Killings Under
  • International Law.” Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, Vol. 45, 2012, pp. 197-214.
  • Strawser, Bradley Jay. Reply to Critics: No Easy Answers, Eds Strawser et al, Opposing Perspectives on the Drone Debate, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Tams, Christian J., and Devaney, James G. “Jus ad Bellum: Crossing Borders to Wage War against Individuals.” in Legitimacy and Drones: Investigating the Legality, Morality and Efficacy of UCAVs, edited by
  • Steven J. Barela, Routledge, 2017.
  • TASS. “Azerbaijan’s Forces Destroy Armenian Drone Defense Ministry Says.” June 22, 2017, http://tass.com/world/952749.
  • TASS. “Azerbaijani Servicemen Down Another Armenian Drone in Karabakh Conflict Zone.” Dec. 13, 2016, http://tass.com/world/918851.
  • The Guardian, “US Embassy Cables: Pakistan Backs US Drone Attacks on Tribal Areas”, (Nov. 30, 2010), https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/167125.
  • The Guardian. “Israeli drone strike kills suspected Islamic militants in Egypt”, August 9, 2013, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/09/israeli-drone-strike-suspected-militants-egypt;
  • The Japan Times, “Japan to Shoot Down Foreign Drones That Invade its Airspace.” Oct. 20, 2013, https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2013/10/20/national/politics-diplomacy/japan-to-shoot-down-foreign- drones-that-invade-its-airspace/#.WZNzSHeZNR0.
  • The Nation, “Air Force drone hits Boko Haram’s base in Sambisa”, Feb. 3, 2016,
  • http://thenationonlineng.net/air-force-drone-hits-boko-harams-base-in-sambisa/.
  • The New York Times. “Russian-Georgian Dispute Grows Over Downing of Spy Drone.” 22 Apr. 2008, http://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/22/world/europe/22iht-georgia.4.12237532.html.
  • The Request of ACLU, Jan. 13, 2009, https://www.aclu.org/files/assets/2010-1-13-
  • PredatorDroneFOIARequest.pdf.
  • The United States Mission to the United Nations, Joint Press Statement from the Permanent Representatives to
  • the United Nations of the United States, United Kingdom, and France Following the Adoption of a Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons, July 7, 2017, https://usun.state.gov/remarks/7892.
  • The US Navy. The Navy Unmanned Undersea Vehicle (UUV) Master Plan, 2004,
  • http://www.navy.mil/navydata/technology/uuvmp.pdf.
  • The Washington Post. “United States Activities in Libya”, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp- srv/politics/documents/united-states-activities-libya.html.
  • Toprakci, Haydar. “PKK Terrorists Who Martyred Teacher Killed in Airstrike”, Anadolu Agency, July 20, 2017,
  • http://aa.com.tr/en/turkey/pkk-terrorists-who-martyred-teacher-killed-in-airstrike/865756.
  • Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, July 7, 2017, entered into force on 22 January 2021.
  • Tsagourias, Nicholas and White, Nigel D. Collective Security: Theory, Law and Practice, Cambridge University Press, 2013.
  • Turkish Directorate General of Civil Aviation. İnsansız Hava Aracı Sistemleri Talimatı [The Instruction of
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Systems] Feb. 22, 2016, http://web.shgm.gov.tr/documents/sivilhavacilik/files/mevzuat/sektorel/talimatlar/SHT-IHA_12062017.pdf.
  • U.N. Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia Georgia, Apr. 2, 2008, U.N.
  • Doc. S/2008/219.
  • U.N. Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Abkhazia, Georgia, Jan. 23, 2008, U.N. Doc. S/2008/38.
  • U.N. Secretary-General, Report of the Secretary-General pursuant to Security Council resolutions 1808 (2008),
  • 1839 (2008) and 1866 (2009), May 18, 2009, U.N. Doc. S/2009/254.
  • U.S. Air Force. The U.S. Air Force Remotely Piloted Aircraft and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Strategic Vision (2005),
  • http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=usafresearch.
  • U.S. Army UAS Center of Excellence. Eyes of the Army: U.S. Army Roadmap for Unmanned Aircraft Systems 2010-2035, https://fas.org/irp/program/collect/uas-army.pdf.
  • United States Government Accountability Office. Report to Congressional Requesters: Unmanned Aircraft Systems Federal Actions Needed to Ensure Safety and Expand Their Potential Uses Within the National Airspace System, 2008, http://www.gao.gov/new.items/d08511.pdf.
  • UNOMIG. “Report on the Incident of 20 April Involving the Downing of a Georgian Unmanned Aerial Vehicle
  • Over the Zone of Conflict.” 2008, http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C- 8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/Georgia%20UNOMIG%20Report%20on%20Drone.pdf.
  • Valavanis, K. P., and Kontitsis, M. “A Historical Perspective on Unmanned Aerial Vehicles.” In Advances in
  • Unmanned Aerial Vehicles: State of the Art and the Road to Autonomy, ed. Kimon P. Valavanis, 2007.
  • Wardrop, Murray. “Unmanned Drones Could Be Banned Says Senior Judge.” The Telegraph, July 6, 2009, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/defence/5755446/Unmanned-drones-could-be-banned-says-senior- judge.html.
  • White, Nigel D. “The Joint Committee, Drone Strikes and Self-Defence: Caught in No Man’s Land?.” Journal on
  • the Use of Force and International Law, Vol. 3, 2016, pp. 210-216.
  • Wilmshurst, Elizabeth. Principles of International Law on the Use of Force by States in Self-Defence. 2005,
  • https://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/108106.
  • Witt, John Fabian. A Duty To Capture?, Eds Bradley Jay Strawser, Lisa Hajjar, Steven Levine, Feisal H Naqvi and John Fabian Witt, Opposing Perspectives on the Drone Debate, Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
  • Yoo, John. “Embracing the Machines: Rationalist War and New Weapons Technologies.” Cal. L. Rev., Vol. 105, 2017, pp. 443-499.
  • Zenko, Micah. “10 Things You Didn’t Know About Drones.” Foreign Policy, Feb. 27, 2012,
  • http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/02/27/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-drones/.
  • Zenko, Micah. “The Great Drone Contradiction”, Foreign Policy, Feb. 19, 2015,
  • http://foreignpolicy.com/2015/02/19/the-great-drfone-contradiction-unmanned-aircraft-systems/.
  • Zeyrek, Deniz. “Kilis’e Çözüm Silahlı İHA [The Solution in Kilis is Armed UAVs]”, Hürriyet, Apr. 25, 2016, http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/insan-yapisiysa-daha-iyisini-yapariz-40093931
There are 226 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Law, Science and Technology
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammed Beheşti Aydoğan 0000-0002-3111-8242

Submission Date December 28, 2024
Acceptance Date June 27, 2025
Early Pub Date June 27, 2025
Publication Date June 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

MLA Aydoğan, Muhammed Beheşti. “Silahli Dronlarin Yaygınlaşmasi Ve Bunun Uluslararasi Hukuka Yansımaları: ABD SİHA Döneminde Kuvvet Kullanma Paradigmasina Yeni Meydan Okumalar”. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2025, pp. 327-68.