Orta Doğu Barış Yapımı Süreçlerine Kadınların Katılımı

Öz

Kadınların barış anlaşmalarının müzakerelerinden ve uygulayıcı organlardan dışlanması, birçok barış anlaşmasının sıklıkla başarısız olmasının ve tarafların çatışmaya geri dönmesinin temel nedenlerinden biridir. BM Güvenlik Konseyi'nin 1325 sayılı Kadın, Barış ve Güvenlik Gündemi ve bunu izleyen dokuz Karar, devletlere çatışma yönetimi ve çözümü, barış müzakereleri ve barış operasyonları dahil olmak üzere tüm karar alma düzeylerinde kadınların katılımını teşvik etmeleri için küresel bir çerçeve sağlamıştır. Uzun süren çatışmalar ve savaşlarla boğuşan bir bölge olarak, Orta Doğu'da çatışma çözümü ve barış nadir görülen olaylardır. Bu çalışma, Orta Doğu'da sürdürülebilir barışta kadınların potansiyel rolünü ve BM'nin Kadın, Barış ve Güvenlik (KBG) Gündemi'nin katkısını tartışacaktır. Bu bağlamda, Orta Doğu barış süreçlerinin (İsrail-Filistin ve Yemen) incelenmesine dayanarak kadınların barış süreçlerine katılımıyla ilgili beklentiler ve sorunlar tartışılacaktır. Bunu yapmak için, Filistin ve Yemen'in Ulusal Eylem Planlarının (UEP) içeriği, UEP'leri geliştirmek için kullanılan süreç ve KBG gündemini uygulamak için yapılan taahhütler incelenmektedir. KBG gündeminin "katılım" ayağına özellikle dikkat edilmektedir. UEP'lerin ve iki barış sürecinin incelenmesinden elde edilen bulgular, bölgede sürdürülebilir barışı teşvik etmeye dair fikir vermektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Orta Doğu
• BMGK 1325
• Kadın Barış Güvenlik Gündemi

Women’s Participation in the Middle East Peace Processes

Abstract

The exclusion of women from the negotiation of peace agreements and implementing bodies is one of the key reasons why so many peace agreements often fail and parties return to conflict. UNSCR 1325 on Women, Peace and Security Agenda and nine subsequent Resolutions provided a global framework for states to encourage women's participation at all decision-making levels, including management and resolution of conflict, peace negotiations, and peace operations. As a region overwhelmed with protracted conflicts, conflict resolution and peace are rare occurrences in the Middle East. This study will discuss women’s potential role in peace processes in the Middle East and the contribution of the UN’s Women, Peace & Security (WPS) Agenda. In this context, the prospects and problems regarding women’s participation in peace processes are discussed based on the review of the Middle East peace processes with the WPS agenda (Israel-Palestine & Yemen). To do this, the content of Palestine and Yemen’s National Action Plans (NAPs), the process used to develop the NAPs, and the commitments made to implement the WPS agenda are examined. Particular attention is given to the “participation” pillar of the WPS agenda. The findings from the review of the NAPs and two peace processes give insights to promote peace in the region.

Keywords

• UNSCR 1325
• Women
• Peace and Security Agenda
• Peace process
• Middle East

References

1. Ahram, A. I. (2024). In Search of a Middle East and North Africa Peace System, Contemporary Review of the Middle East, 11, 168-191.
2. al-Gawfi, I., B. Zabara, S. P. Yadav. (27 February 2020). The Role of Women in Peacebuilding in Yemen, Carpo Brief no.14. https://idrc.su.edu.ye/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/carpo_gdrsc-brief-14_en.pdf
3. Biddolph, C., L.J. Shepherd. (2024). WPS National Action Plans: Content Analysis and Data Visualisation, The University of Sydney. https://www.wpsnaps.org/
4. Chugtai, S., P. Scott. (11 December 2015). Our Country, Our Peace: Why women must be included in Yemen’s peace process, Oxfam International. https://www.oxfam.org/en/research/our-country-our-peace-why-women-must-be-included-yemens-peace-process
5. Council for Foreign Relations (CFR). (2019a). Women’s Participation in Peace Processes. https://www.cfr.org/womens-participation-in-peace-processes/
6. Council for Foreign Relations (CFR). (2019b). Women’s Participation in Peace Processes: Israel and the Palestinian Territories Case Study. https://www.cfr.org/womens-participation-in-peace-processes/israel-and-palestinian-territories
7. Council for Foreign Relations (CFR). (2019c). Women’s Participation in Peace Processes: Libya Case Study. https://www.cfr.org/womens-participation-in-peace-processes/libya-4
8. Council for Foreign Relations (CFR). (2019d). Women’s Participation in Peace Processes: Syria Case Study: Current Peace Effort. https://www.cfr.org/womens-participation-in-peace-processes/syria

9. Council for Foreign Relations (CFR). (2019e). Women’s Participation in Peace Processes: Yemen Case Study: Current Peace Effort. https://www.cfr.org/womens-participation-in-peace-processes/yemen Davis, I., Armed Conflict and Peace Processes in the Middle East and North Africa, in SIPRI Yearbook 2022 Armaments, Disarmaments, International Security, (Oxford University Press, Oxford 2023), 157-191.
10. Freer, C. (March 2022). MENA Regional Organisations in Peacemaking and Peacebuilding: The League of Arab States, Gulf Cooperation Council and Organization of Islamic Cooperation, LSE Middle East Centre Paper Series no. 59. https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/114560/3/Regional_Organisations_in_Peacemaking_3_.pdf
11. Georgetown Institute for Women, Peace and Security (GIWPS). (2023). https://giwps.georgetown.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/WPS-Index-executive-summary.pdf
12. Gonzalez Fernandez, B. W. (2022). Lebanon, or the Impossible Revolution. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 1-17.
13. Hamilton C., N. Naam, L.J. Shepherd. (2020). Twenty Years of Women, Peace and Security National Action Plans: Analysis and Lessons Learned, The University of Sydney, https://www.wpsnaps.org/app/uploads/2020/03/Twenty-Years-of-Women-Peace-and-Security-National-Action-Plans_Report_Final_Web.pdf
14. International Crisis Group. (18 March 2021). The Case for More Inclusive – and More Effective – Peacemaking in Yemen, Middle East Report no. 221, https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/yemen/case-more-inclusive-and-more-effective
15. Kaya, T. Ö., & Sarıkamış Kaya, A. (2024). Arap-İsrail Uyuşmazlığında Avrupa Birliği’nin Söylemsel Gücünün Analizi. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 190-201.
16. Krause, J., W. Krause, W., P. Branfors. (2018). Women’s Participation in Peace Negotiations and the Durability of Peace, International Interactions, 44, 985-1016.
17. The Palestinian Initiative for the Promotion of Global Dialogue and Democracy (MIFTAH). (2017). A Vision for Palestinian Women’s Rights Organizations based on the Global Study on the Implementation of United Nations UNSCR (UNSCR) 1325. http://www.miftah.org/Publications/Books/A_Vision_for_Palestinian_Women_on_the_International_Review_En.pdf
18. O’Reilly, M., A.O. Suilleabhain, T. Paffenholz. (2015). Reimagining Peacemaking: Women’s Roles in Peace Processes, International Peace Institute, https://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/IPI-E-pub-Reimagining-Peacemaking.pdf
19. Rustad, S.A., A. M. Obermeier, E. Ortiz. (2023). Women in Proximity to Conflict: A new indicator in the Women, Peace and Security Index 2023/24, PRIO Policy Brief, 7. Oslo: PRIO.
20. Palestinian Authority Ministry of Women Affairs (MoWA). (2017). The National Action Plan for the Implementation of UNSCR 1325 Women, Peace and Security Palestine 2017-2019. https://1325naps.peacewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/palestine-revised-nap.pdf
21. Palestinian Authority Ministry of Women Affairs (MoWA). (2020). The Second National Action Plan on Women, Peace and Security for the Implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 and Subsequent Resolutions 2020 - 2024. https://1325naps.peacewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/08/Palestine-2020-2024.pdf
22. Pfeifer, C.C., van der Lijn, J. (2024). Multilateral peace operations in 2023: Developments and trends, Stockholm Peace Research Institute (SIPRI). https://www.sipri.org/commentary/topical-backgrounder/2024/multilateral-peace-operations-2023-developments-and-trends#:~:text=In%202023%2C%2063%20multilateral%20peace,conducted%20by%20the%20United%20Nations
23. Sayın, Y., & Aksoy, E. (2023). Türkiye-Irak Dış Politika İlişkileri Üzerine Bir İnceleme. Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 5(2), 186-204.
24. Swindle, M.K. (2021). Lack of Female Representation in Peace Processes in the MENA Region, Ballard Brief. https://ballardbrief.byu.edu/issue-briefs/lack-of-female-representation-in-peace-processes-in-the-mena-region#:~:text=Restrictive%20Views%20on%20Gender,for%20women%20in%20the%20world
25. Tabbara, T., G. Rubin, (2018). Women on the Frontlines of Conflict Resolution and Negotiation: Community Voices from Syria, Iraq, and Yemen – A Discussion Paper, UN Women. http://arabstates.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2018/8/women-on-the-frontlines-of-conflict-resolution
26. The Republic of Yemen Ministry of Social Affairs and Labor.(2020). National plan to implement Security Council Resolution 1325 Women, Security and Peace 2020 – 2022. https://1325naps.peacewomen.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Yemen-NAP-English.pdf
27. United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA). (2024). Country Profile: Yemen. https://www.unfpa.org/yemen
28. United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (2009). United Nations Security Council Resolution 1889 (S/RES/1889). https://www.un.org/shestandsforpeace/sites/www.un.org.shestandsforpeace/files/unscr_1889_2009_on_wps_-english.pdf
29. United Nations Security Council (UNSC). (2000). Women, Peace and Security Agenda (S/RES/1325), https://documents.un.org/doc/undoc/gen/n00/720/18/pdf/n0072018.pdf
30. van Lelyveld, W., W. Al Kafarna. (March 2018). Women’s participation in the reconciliation process: perspectives from Gaza, This Week in Palestine, no. 239. https://palestine.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field%20Office%20Palestine/Attachments/Publications/2018/03/239-1.pdf