AZINLIK KİMLİKLERİ İÇİN SOYUT, SOMUT VE MELEZ ANAYASAL TANIMA: AVRUPA ANAYASALARI ÜZERİNE NORMATİF BİR ÇALIŞMA

Yıl 2021, , 373 - 418, 30.12.2021

Hakan Kolçak

https://doi.org/10.51562/nkuhukuk.2021223

Öz

Azınlık kimliklerine dair anayasal tanıma biçimlerine ilişkin olarak anayasa hukuku literatüründe bir eksiklik mevcut bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışma, söz konusu eksikliği gidermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmamızda yirmi beş Avrupa anayasası sistematik analizlere tabi tutulmakta ve siyasi teşkilatlanma yapısı yönünden mühim çıkarımlara ulaşılmaktadır. Azınlık kimliklerinin anayasal düzlemde tanınmasına yönelik toplumsal tabanı bulunan anayasal tartışmaları sürdüren devletlerin faydalanabileceği çalışmamıza göre; devletler, azınlık kimliklerini üç ayrı biçimden istifade ederek tanıyabilmektedir: 1) somut tanıma, 2) soyut tanıma ve 3) melez tanıma. Araştırmamız kapsamında incelenen devletlerin çoğunda soyut tanıma tercih edilmektedir. Soyut tanıma, üniter devletler arasında da ön plana çıkmaktadır. Somut ve melez tanımaya yönelen üniter devlet sayısı aynıdır. Soyut tanımanın baskınlığı federasyonlar özelinde daha da belirginleşmektedir. Araştırmamız dâhilinde incelenen federasyonların dörtte üçü soyut tanıma biçimini pratiğe dökmektedir. Söz konusu federasyonların dörtte birlik kısmı ise melez tanımaya yönelmektedir. Benzeri bir oran, melez tanımayı uygulayan üniter devletler için gözlemlenmektedir. Üniter devletlerin yaklaşık olarak dörtte biri tarafından tercih edilen somut tanıma, araştırmamız içeriğinde incelenen hiçbir federasyonda işlevsel kılınmamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Anayasal tanıma, Avrupa anayasaları, Azınlıklar, Çokkültürlülük, Etno-kültürel çeşitlilik

ABSTRACT, CONCRETE AND HYBRID CONSTITUTIONAL RECOGNITION FOR MINORITY IDENTITIES: A NORMATIVE STUDY ON EUROPEAN CONSTITUTIONS

Öz

In the literature of constitutional law, there is a research gap on the forms of constitutional recognition for minority identities. This study seeks to fill the academic gap. It analyses twenty-five European constitutions in a systematic manner, paving the way for the creation of significant general arguments. It is argued that those states dealing with ongoing constitutional debates on how to recognise minority identities would benefit from the findings of this study. According to the study, there are three main forms of recognition that constitutions would take into account when recognising minority identities. These forms are listed as follows: 1) abstract recognition, 2) concrete recognition and 3) hybrid recognition. The study underscores that abstract recognition is the most preferred form among those states examined in this article. This form of recognition is popular among those unitary states analysed in the article. The number of unitary states utilising the form of concrete recognition is the same as that drawing on the form of hybrid recognition. It is underlined that the form of abstract recognition is more popular among those federations scrutinised in the article. Three-fourths of the federations benefit from this form whilst the rest (one-fourth) use its hybrid counterpart. A similar scenario is realised for those unitary states analysed in the article. To clarify, almost one-fourth of the unitary states draw on the form of hybrid recognition. It is also worth noting that almost one-fourth of the unitary states use the form of concrete recognition. This form is not embraced by any federations examined in the article.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Constitutional recognition, European constitutions, Minorities, Multiculturalism, Ethno-cultural diversity

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