Research Article
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The relationality of individual and cultural trauma history

Year 2022, Issue: 10, 95 - 106, 31.12.2022

Abstract

In everyday use, trauma used as medical or psychological. It is possible to trace
the historical trace of this usage back to the nineteenth century. Railway accidents
emerged and had catastrophic results that were not seen in previous periods with
the acceleration of industrial development in the nineteenth century. When the
outbreak of these accidents, the concept of trauma began to be discussed together
with hysteria, one of the leading diseases of the nineteenth century. The symptoms
peresented by the railway survivors brought along various discussions. These
symptoms, which developed independently of the physical effect of the accident,
have opened up discussion of the possibility of these effects being psychological.
The lawsuits filed by the survivors and the inconclusive results of these lawsuits
caused the trauma discussions to disappear until the First World War. The trauma
discussions reopened again and bullet shock, a more specific form of war neurosis,
came to the fore with the war neurosis observed in the soldiers in the First World
War. The bullet shock, which affected millions of soldiers, caused trauma to no
longer be the subject of only individual psychology and to evolve into a cultural
dimension as a form of collective trauma that affects the masses. The war
experiences of the twentieth century have led to a new field of research called
cultural trauma. In this study, it has been tried to understand the common
principles between the cultural trauma theory, which claims that trauma is not a
direct result of the event, but a phenomenon constructed by discourse and narrative
developed after experience, and the psychological trauma understanding that
center on trauma to the psyche. Within this framework indications that trauma can
be read in a sociocultural context are presented.

References

  • Alexander, J. (2004). Towards a theory of cultural trauma. (J. Alexander, R. Eyerman, B. Giesen, N. S. Smelser, P. Sztompka , Ed.) Cultural trauma and collective identity (s.1-30) içinde. California: University of California Press.
  • Alexander, J. (2012). Trauma: a social theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bond, L. (2015). Frames of memory after 9/11 culture, criticism, politics and law. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bond, L., Craps, S. (2020). Trauma. Routledge.
  • Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia (14 Mart 2021a) "How many people died during World War I? ". Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/question/Howmany-people-died-during-World-War-I. Erişim Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2022.
  • Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia (15 Mayıs 2021b) "How many people died during World War II?". Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/question/Howmany-people-died-during-World-War-II. Erişim Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2022.
  • Brown, P., Macmillan, M. B., Meares, R. ve Van der Hart, O. (1996). Janet and Freud: revealing the roots of dynamic psychiatry. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30(4), 480–491.
  • Demertzis, N. & Eyerman, R. (2020). Covid-19 as cultural trauma. American Journal of Cultural Sociology,8, 428-450.
  • Erikson, K. (1991). Notes on trauma and community. American Imago. The John Hopkins University Press, 48(4), 455-472.
  • Eyerman, R. (2011). The cultural sociology of political assasination: From MLK to RFK to fortuyn and Van Gogh. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Eyerman, R. & Sciortino, G. (2020). The cultural trauma of decolonization: Colonial returnees in the national imagination. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Freud, S. (2011). Bir yanılsamanın geleceği. (A. Yardımlı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Freud, S. (2012a). Kalıtım ve nevrozların etiyolojisi. Cogito Dergisi,9, 13-20.
  • Freud, S. (2012b). Psikanalizin yararı. Cogito Dergisi,9, 33-49.
  • Gomes, M. D. M. (2019). “Hermann Oppenheim, a pioneer of modern German neurology”. Revista Brasileira de Neurologia. 55(2), 36-40.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (2012). Kısa 20. yüzyıl: 1914-1991 aşırılıklar çağı. (Y. Alogan, Çev.). İstanbul: Everest Yayınları.
  • Holdorff, B. & Dening, T. (2011). “The fight for ‘traumatic neurosis’ 1889-1916: Hermann Oppenheim and his oppenents in Berlin” History of Psychiatry, 22(4), 465-76.
  • Jaccard, R. (2016). Freud (I. Ergüden, Çev.). Ankara: Dost Yayınları.
  • Laplanche, J. (1990). Life and Death in Psychoanalysis. (J. Mehlman, Transl.). The John Hopkins University.
  • Leys, R. (2000). Trauma: a geneology. United States of America: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Loughran, T. (2009). Shell-shock and psychological medicine in first world war Britain. Social History of Medicine, 22 (1),79-95.
  • López, M.A. (2022). Is It Time to Give Up the Concept of Collective Trauma? On the Need for New (Old) Lexicons to Frame Social Suffering. Quaderns de Filosofia, 9(1), 121-45.
  • Marcuse, H. (1998). Eros ve uygarlık: Freud üzerine felsefi bir inceleme. (A. Yardımlı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Micale, M. S. & Lerner, P. (2001). Jean-Martin Charcot and les neuroses,traumatiques: from mediane to culture in French trauma theory of the late nineteenth century. Mark S. Micale and Paul Lerner (Ed.) Traumatic Pasts: History, Psychiatry and Trauma in ModernAage, 1870-1930 (s. 115-39) içinde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mott, F.W. (1917). The microscopic examination of the brains of two men dead of commotio cerebri (shell shock) without external injury. British Medical Journal, 2, 612–615.
  • Pedersen, C. (2017). The immanence of traumatic rupture: from extra/ordinary to originary (Doktora tezi). Faculty of Education and Arts/Federation University. Australia.
  • Quinodoz, J.M. (2020). Freud’u okumak (Bahar Kolbay, Özge Soysal, Çev). İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Schievelbusch, W. (2014). The railway journey: the industrialization of time and space in the nineteenth century. California: University of California Press.
  • Smelser, N. J. (2004). Psychological trauma and cultural trauma. J.
  • Alexander (Ed.). Cultural trauma and collective identity. (s.31-59) içinde. California: University of California Press.
  • Smith, G.E. & Pear, T.H. (1917). Shell Shock and its lessons. (2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester at the University Press. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/shellshockitsles00smitiala/page/22/mode/2up?view=theater.
  • Van der Kolk, B. A., Van der Hart, O., & Weisaeth, L. (2007). History of trauma in psychiatry. van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C. ve Weisaeth, L. (Ed.). Traumatic stress: the effects of overwhelming experience of mind, body and society (s.47-77) içinde. NewYork: The Guiilford Press

Bireysel ve kültürel travma tarihinin ilişkiselliği

Year 2022, Issue: 10, 95 - 106, 31.12.2022

Abstract

Gündelik kullanımda travma, tıbbi ya da psikolojik olana gönderme yapmaktadır.
Bu kullanımın tarihsel izini on dokuzuncu yüzyıla kadar sürmek mümkündür. On
dokuzuncu yüzyılda endüstriyel gelişimin ivme kazanmasıyla demiryolu kazaları
patlak vermiş ve daha önceki dönemlerde rastlanmayan trajik sonuçlar
doğurmuştur. Bu kazaların patlak verişiyle travma kavramı, on dokuzuncu
yüzyılın önde gelen hastalıklarından olan histeri ile birarada tartışılmaya
başlanmıştır. Demiryolu kazazedelerin gelişen semptomlar çeşitli tartışmaları da
beraberinde getirmiştir. Kazanın fiziksel etkisinden bağımsız gelişen bu
semptomlar, bu etkilerin psikolojik olma ihtimalini tartışmaya açmıştır.
Kazazedelerin açtıkları tazminat davaları ve bu davaların sonuçsuz kalması,
travma tartışmalarının Birinci Dünya Savaşı’na kadar sönümlenmesine yol
açmıştır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı’nda askerlerde gözlenen savaş nevrozlarıyla,
travma tartışmaları yeniden alevlenmiş ve savaş nevrozunun daha spesifik bir
formu olan mermi şoku ön plana çıkmıştır. Milyonlarca askeri etkileyen mermi
şoku, travmanın artık salt bireysel psikolojinin konusu olmaktan çıkmasına ve
kitleleri etkileyen kolektif travma biçimi olarak kültürel boyuta evrilmesine neden
olmuştur. Yirminci yüzyılın savaş deneyimleri kültürel travma olarak adlandırılan
yeni bir araştırma alanını doğurmuştur. Bu çalışmada travmanın, meydana gelen
olayın doğrudan sonucu olmadığını, deneyim sonrası geliştirilen söylem ve
anlatıyla inşa edilen bir olgu olduğunu iddia eden kültürel travma teorisi ile
travmayı psişeye yerleştiren psikolojik travma anlayışı arasında arasında ortak
ilkeler anlaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu kapsamda, travmanın sosyokültürel bağlamda
okunabileceğinin emareleri sunulmaktadır.

References

  • Alexander, J. (2004). Towards a theory of cultural trauma. (J. Alexander, R. Eyerman, B. Giesen, N. S. Smelser, P. Sztompka , Ed.) Cultural trauma and collective identity (s.1-30) içinde. California: University of California Press.
  • Alexander, J. (2012). Trauma: a social theory. Cambridge: Polity Press.
  • Bond, L. (2015). Frames of memory after 9/11 culture, criticism, politics and law. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Bond, L., Craps, S. (2020). Trauma. Routledge.
  • Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia (14 Mart 2021a) "How many people died during World War I? ". Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/question/Howmany-people-died-during-World-War-I. Erişim Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2022.
  • Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia (15 Mayıs 2021b) "How many people died during World War II?". Encyclopedia Britannica, https://www.britannica.com/question/Howmany-people-died-during-World-War-II. Erişim Tarihi 17 Temmuz 2022.
  • Brown, P., Macmillan, M. B., Meares, R. ve Van der Hart, O. (1996). Janet and Freud: revealing the roots of dynamic psychiatry. The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 30(4), 480–491.
  • Demertzis, N. & Eyerman, R. (2020). Covid-19 as cultural trauma. American Journal of Cultural Sociology,8, 428-450.
  • Erikson, K. (1991). Notes on trauma and community. American Imago. The John Hopkins University Press, 48(4), 455-472.
  • Eyerman, R. (2011). The cultural sociology of political assasination: From MLK to RFK to fortuyn and Van Gogh. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Eyerman, R. & Sciortino, G. (2020). The cultural trauma of decolonization: Colonial returnees in the national imagination. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Freud, S. (2011). Bir yanılsamanın geleceği. (A. Yardımlı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Freud, S. (2012a). Kalıtım ve nevrozların etiyolojisi. Cogito Dergisi,9, 13-20.
  • Freud, S. (2012b). Psikanalizin yararı. Cogito Dergisi,9, 33-49.
  • Gomes, M. D. M. (2019). “Hermann Oppenheim, a pioneer of modern German neurology”. Revista Brasileira de Neurologia. 55(2), 36-40.
  • Hobsbawm, E. (2012). Kısa 20. yüzyıl: 1914-1991 aşırılıklar çağı. (Y. Alogan, Çev.). İstanbul: Everest Yayınları.
  • Holdorff, B. & Dening, T. (2011). “The fight for ‘traumatic neurosis’ 1889-1916: Hermann Oppenheim and his oppenents in Berlin” History of Psychiatry, 22(4), 465-76.
  • Jaccard, R. (2016). Freud (I. Ergüden, Çev.). Ankara: Dost Yayınları.
  • Laplanche, J. (1990). Life and Death in Psychoanalysis. (J. Mehlman, Transl.). The John Hopkins University.
  • Leys, R. (2000). Trauma: a geneology. United States of America: The University of Chicago Press.
  • Loughran, T. (2009). Shell-shock and psychological medicine in first world war Britain. Social History of Medicine, 22 (1),79-95.
  • López, M.A. (2022). Is It Time to Give Up the Concept of Collective Trauma? On the Need for New (Old) Lexicons to Frame Social Suffering. Quaderns de Filosofia, 9(1), 121-45.
  • Marcuse, H. (1998). Eros ve uygarlık: Freud üzerine felsefi bir inceleme. (A. Yardımlı, Çev.). İstanbul: İdea Yayınları.
  • Micale, M. S. & Lerner, P. (2001). Jean-Martin Charcot and les neuroses,traumatiques: from mediane to culture in French trauma theory of the late nineteenth century. Mark S. Micale and Paul Lerner (Ed.) Traumatic Pasts: History, Psychiatry and Trauma in ModernAage, 1870-1930 (s. 115-39) içinde. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Mott, F.W. (1917). The microscopic examination of the brains of two men dead of commotio cerebri (shell shock) without external injury. British Medical Journal, 2, 612–615.
  • Pedersen, C. (2017). The immanence of traumatic rupture: from extra/ordinary to originary (Doktora tezi). Faculty of Education and Arts/Federation University. Australia.
  • Quinodoz, J.M. (2020). Freud’u okumak (Bahar Kolbay, Özge Soysal, Çev). İstanbul: Bağlam Yayıncılık.
  • Schievelbusch, W. (2014). The railway journey: the industrialization of time and space in the nineteenth century. California: University of California Press.
  • Smelser, N. J. (2004). Psychological trauma and cultural trauma. J.
  • Alexander (Ed.). Cultural trauma and collective identity. (s.31-59) içinde. California: University of California Press.
  • Smith, G.E. & Pear, T.H. (1917). Shell Shock and its lessons. (2nd ed.). Manchester: Manchester at the University Press. Retrieved from: https://archive.org/details/shellshockitsles00smitiala/page/22/mode/2up?view=theater.
  • Van der Kolk, B. A., Van der Hart, O., & Weisaeth, L. (2007). History of trauma in psychiatry. van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C. ve Weisaeth, L. (Ed.). Traumatic stress: the effects of overwhelming experience of mind, body and society (s.47-77) içinde. NewYork: The Guiilford Press
There are 32 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Sociology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ayşe Burcu Tunca Kömürcü 0000-0003-0204-5379

Publication Date December 31, 2022
Submission Date October 12, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Issue: 10

Cite

APA Tunca Kömürcü, A. B. (2022). Bireysel ve kültürel travma tarihinin ilişkiselliği. NOSYON: Uluslararası Toplum Ve Kültür Çalışmaları Dergisi(10), 95-106.

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