Research Article
Abdülhamit Zehravi ve Düşüncesini Yeniden Düşünmek: Bir Arap Milliyetçisinin Osmanlı Siyasetçisi Olarak Entelektüel Portresi
Abstract
Bir Osmanlı-Arap milletvekili olan Abdülhamid Zehravi, genellikle yalnızca
Arap milliyetçiliği bakış açısından araştırılmıştır. Ancak Zehravi Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun getirdiği emperyal yapıyı takdir ediyor ve Batı istilasına karşı durabilmenin
yegane yolunun ‘güç olmak’tan geçtiğini düşünüyordu. Zehravi bireye değil milletlere dayanan Osmanlı politik birliğini (ittihad-ı anasır) destekledi. Bu arzulanan politik birlik hedefine ulaşmak için etnik-dini çatışmalara yol açmadan politika eğitimine olan ihtiyaca dikkat çekmiştir.
Zehravi’nin elitist mentalitesi gerektiğinde disiplinizasyon yöntemlerini kullanmaya ve “cahil” halklar ya da “barbar” Arap göçmenlerini aydınlatmaya itmiştir. Teorik
alanda Zehravi’nin her ne kadar katkısı varsa da siyaset alanında pek de gerçekçi
ve pragmatik bir çözüm sunamamıştır; cemaatlerden oluşan Osmanlı milleti düşüncesi, birey üzerine kurulmuş olan o zamanki Osmanlı anayasacılık sistemiyle
uyuşmamaktadır. Osmanlı entelektüel tarihi açısından bakıldığında Zehravi ile döneminin Arap olmayan diğer Osmanlı entelektüelleri arasında pek çok ortak yön
bulunmaktadır
References
- Bibliography Periodicals Meclis-i Mebusan Zabıt Ceridesi (MMZC). Sabah. Servet-i Fünun. Takvim-i Vekayi. Tanin. Yeni Gazete. Published Works Akarlı, Engin D.: “ ‘Abdülhamid II’s Attempt to Integrate Arabs into the Ottoman System,” David Kushner (ed.), Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1986, pp. 74-89. Akşin, Sina: Jön Türkler ve İttihat ve Terakki, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 1998. Arai, Masami: Turkish Nationalism in the Young Turk Era, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1992. Arai, Masami: “Citizen, Liberty and Equality in Late Ottoman Discourse,” Nathalie Clayer and Erdal Kaynar (eds.), Penser, agir et vivre dans l’Empire ottoman et en Turquie: Études réunies pour François Georgeon, Paris: Peeters, 2013, pp. 3-13. ‘ABD AL-ĢAMD AL-ZAHRĀW 260 Atatürk’ün Bütün Eserleri, Cilt. 15 (23 Ocak 1923 - 30 Haziran 1923), İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2005. Ayalon, Ami: Language and Change in the Arab Middle East: the Evolution of Modern Arabic Political Discourse, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Birinci, Ali: Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası: II. Meşrutiyet Devrinde İttihat ve Terakki’ye Karşı Çıkanlar, İstanbul: Dergah, 1990. Blake, Corinne Lee: Training Arab-Ottoman Bureaucrats: Syrian Graduates of the Mülkiye Mektebi, 1890-1920, (Ph.D. dissertation) Princeton University, 1991. Boura, Catherine: “The Greek Millet in Turkish Politics: Greeks in the Ottoman Parliament (1908-1918),” Dimitri Gondicas and Charles Issawi (eds.), Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism, Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1999, pp. 193-206. Campos, Michelle U.: Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early TwentiethCentury Palestine, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011. Commins, David Dean: Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Dakhli, Leyla: Une génération d’intellectuels arabes: Syrie et Liban (1908-1940), Paris: Karthala, 2009. Dawn, C. Ernest: From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973. Dawn, C. Ernest: “The Origins of Arab Nationalism,” Rashid Khalidi et al. (eds.), The Origins of Arab Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991, pp. 3-30. Deringil, Selim: “ ‘They Lived in a State of Nomadism and Savagery’: The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 45(2) (2003), pp. 311-42. Duri, Abd al-Aziz: The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation: A Study in Identity and Consciousness, trans. Lawrence I. Conrad, London: Croom Helm, 1987. Ende, W.: “al-Zahrāwī,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, XI (Leiden: Brill, 2002), pp. 397-98. Ergut, Ferdan: “Policing the Poor in the Late Ottoman Empire,” Middle Eastern Studies, 38(2) (2002), pp. 149-64. Fujinami, Nobuyoshi: The Ottomans and Constitutionalism: Politics, Religion, and Communities in the Young Turk Revolution (Nagoya: The University of Nagoya Press, 2011) (in Japanese). Fujinami, Nobuyoshi: “The Ideas of Babanzade İsmail Hakkı Regarding the Ottoman Constitution: Sovereignty, Jurisprudence, and the Caliphate,” Shigaku-Zasshi, 124(8) (2015), pp. 1-38 (in Japanese). NOBUYOSHI FUJINAMI 261 Fujinami, Nobuyoshi: “Privileged but Equal: The Privilege Question in the Context of Ottoman Constitutionalism,” Dimitris Stamatopoulos (ed.), Balkan Nationalism(s) and the Ottoman Empire, Vol. III: The Young Turk Revolution and Ethnic Groups, İstanbul: Isis, 2015, pp. 33-59. Fujinami, Nobuyoshi: “Hellenizing the Empire through Historiography: Pavlos Karolidis and the Greek Historical Writing in the Late Ottoman Empire,” Dimitris Stamatopoulos (ed.), Balkan Empires: Imperial Imagined Communities in Southeastern Europe (19th -20th c.), Budapest: Central European University Press (forthcoming). Göçek, Fatma Müge: “The Decline of the Ottoman Empire and the Emergence of Greek, Armenian, Turkish, and Arab Nationalisms,” Fatma Müge Göçek (ed.), Social Constructions of Nationalism in the Middle East, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002, pp. 15-83. Haddad, Mahmoud: “The Rise of Arab Nationalism Reconsidered,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26(2) (1994), pp. 201-22. Hagen, Gottfried: “The Order of Knowledge, the Knowledge of Order: Intellectual Life,” Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet (eds.), The Cambridge History of Turkey, Volume 2: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453-1603, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 407-56. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü: Bir Siyasal Düşünür Olarak Doktor Abdullah Cevdet ve Dönemi, İstanbul: Üçdal Neşriyat, 1981. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü: “The Young Turks and Arabs before the Revolution of 1908,” Rashid Khalidi et al. (eds.), The Origins of Arab Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991, pp. 31-49. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü: The Young Turks in Opposition, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü: “Turkish Nationalism and the Young Turks, 1889-1908,” Fatma Müge Göçek (ed.), Social Constructions of Nationalism in the Middle East, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002, pp. 85-97. Hanssen, Jens: “ ‘Malhamé-Malfamé’: Levantine Elites and Transimperial Networks on the Eve of the Young Turk Revolution,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 43(1) (2011), pp. 25-48. Herzog, Christoph: ‘Abd al-Ģamīd az-Zahrāwī und das Problem des Osmanismus, 1908- 1916, (Magisterarbeit zur Erlangung der Würde des Magister Artium des Philosophischen Fakultäten der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität zu Freiburg i.Br.) n.d. Hourani, Albert: “Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables,” William R. Polk and Richard L. Chambers (eds.), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968, pp. 41-68. ‘ABD AL-ĢAMD AL-ZAHRĀW 262 İbrahim Hakkı: Hukuk-ı İdare, Cild-i Evvel, ikinci tabı, İstanbul: Karabet Matbaası, 1312r [1897]. Kayalı, Hasan: Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. Kechriotis, Vangelis: “Greek-Orthodox, Ottoman Greeks or just Greeks? Theories of Coexistence in the Aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution,” Études Balkaniques 41(1) (2005), pp. 51-71. Khalidi, Rashid: “Ottomanism and Arabism in Syria Before 1914: A Reassessment,” Rashid Khalidi et al. (eds.), The Origins of Arab Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991, pp. 50-69. Khalidi, Rashid: Palestinian Identity: the Construction of Modern National Consciousness, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Khoury, Philip S.: Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860- 1920, London: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Kuehn, Thomas: Empire, Islam, and Politics of Difference: Ottoman Rule in Yemen, 1849- 1919, Leiden: Brill, 2011. Lewis, Bernard: The Political Language of Islam, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991. Makdisi, Ussama: “Ottoman Orientalism,” American Historical Review, 107(2) (2002), pp. 768-96. Mardin, Şerif: Jön Türklerin Siyasî Fikirleri 1895-1908, Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 1964. Muslih, Muhammad Y.: The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. Özbek, Nadir: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Sosyal Devlet: Siyaset, İktidar ve Meşruiyet (1876-1914), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2002. Prätor, Sabine: Der arabische Faktor in der jungtürkischen Politik: Eine Studie zum osmanischen Parlament der II. Konstitution (1908-1918), Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 1993. Somel, Selçuk Akşin: “Osmanlı Reform Çağında Osmanlıcılık Düşüncesi (1839- 1913),” Mehmet Ö. Alkan (ed.), Cumhuriyet’e Devreden Düşünce Mirası: Tanzimat ve Meşrutiyet’in Birikimi, Modern Türkiye’de Siyasî Düşünce, c. 1, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001, pp. 88-116. Stamatopoulos, Dimitrios A.: ∆ημήτριος Α. Σταματόπουλος, Το Βυζάντιο μετά το έθνος: Το πρόβλημα της συνέχειας στις βαλκανικές ιστοριογραφίες, Αθήνα: Αλεξάνδρεια, 2009. NOBUYOSHI FUJINAMI 263 Strauss, Johann: “The Millets and the Ottoman Language: The Contribution of Ottoman Greeks to Ottoman Letters (19th -20th Centuries),” Die Welt des Islams 35(2) (1995), pp. 189-249. Strauss, Johann: «Ottomanisme et activité littéraire chez les non-musulmans à Istanbul après la révolution jeune-turque», Nathalie Clayer and Erdal Kaynar (eds.), Penser, agir et vivre dans l’Empire ottoman et en Turquie: Études réunies pour François Georgeon, Paris: Peeters, 2013, pp. 171-97. eş-Şevâbike, Ahmed Fahd Bereket: “Abdülhamîd ez-Zehrâvî,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), 1988, pp. 226-27. Tamari, Salim: “Muhammad Kurd Ali and the Syrian-Palestinian Intelligentsia in the Ottoman Campaign against Arab Separatism,” in Talha Çiçek (ed.), Syria in World War I: Politics, Economy, and Society, London: Routledge, 2016, pp. 37-60. Tarabein, Ahmed: “ ‘Abd al-Hamid al-Zahrawi: The Career and Thought of an Arab Nationalist,” Rashid Khalidi et al. (eds.), The Origins of Arab Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991, pp. 97-119. Tunaya, Tarık Zafer: Türkiye’de Siyasal Partiler, c. 1, İstanbul: Hürriyet Vakfı Yayınları, 1984. al-Zahrāwī, ‘Abd al-Ģamīd: Al-A‘māl al-Kāmila, vols. 1-5, Dimashq: Manshūrāt Wizāra al-Thaqāfa, 1995-97. Zohrab, Krikor: Siyasi Nutuklar, Dersaadet, 1324r [1908].
‘Abd al-Ģamīd al-Zahrāwī and His Thought Reconsidered: An Intellectual Portrait of the Arab Nationalist as an Ottoman Politician
Abstract
Abd al-Ģamīd al-Zahrāwī, an Ottoman-Arab MP, has been studied exclusively from the perspective of Arab nationalism. In fact, he highly evaluated the imperial
framework and deduced that the only possible way of resisting the Western invasion
was by means of power. Zahrāwī espoused the political unity of Ottomans, based on
communities and not individuals. He advocated the need for political education in order to realize this desirable political unity, without inviting the ethno-religious conflicts.
His elitist mentality led him to rely on, if necessary, disciplinary coercion and educate
the “ignorant” masses and the “barbarous” nomads. His theoretical contributions notwithstanding, Zahrāwī could not persuasively introduce a pragmatic alternative to realize his ideas in the context of Ottoman constitutional politics. His preference of communitarian over individual egalitarianism contradicted the legal as well as institutional
reality of Ottoman constitutionalism. From the viewpoint of Ottoman intellectual
history, Zahrāwī had much in common with his non-Arab colleagues.
References
- Bibliography Periodicals Meclis-i Mebusan Zabıt Ceridesi (MMZC). Sabah. Servet-i Fünun. Takvim-i Vekayi. Tanin. Yeni Gazete. Published Works Akarlı, Engin D.: “ ‘Abdülhamid II’s Attempt to Integrate Arabs into the Ottoman System,” David Kushner (ed.), Palestine in the Late Ottoman Period, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1986, pp. 74-89. Akşin, Sina: Jön Türkler ve İttihat ve Terakki, Ankara: İmge Kitabevi, 1998. Arai, Masami: Turkish Nationalism in the Young Turk Era, Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1992. Arai, Masami: “Citizen, Liberty and Equality in Late Ottoman Discourse,” Nathalie Clayer and Erdal Kaynar (eds.), Penser, agir et vivre dans l’Empire ottoman et en Turquie: Études réunies pour François Georgeon, Paris: Peeters, 2013, pp. 3-13. ‘ABD AL-ĢAMD AL-ZAHRĀW 260 Atatürk’ün Bütün Eserleri, Cilt. 15 (23 Ocak 1923 - 30 Haziran 1923), İstanbul: Kaynak Yayınları, 2005. Ayalon, Ami: Language and Change in the Arab Middle East: the Evolution of Modern Arabic Political Discourse, New York: Oxford University Press, 1987. Birinci, Ali: Hürriyet ve İtilâf Fırkası: II. Meşrutiyet Devrinde İttihat ve Terakki’ye Karşı Çıkanlar, İstanbul: Dergah, 1990. Blake, Corinne Lee: Training Arab-Ottoman Bureaucrats: Syrian Graduates of the Mülkiye Mektebi, 1890-1920, (Ph.D. dissertation) Princeton University, 1991. Boura, Catherine: “The Greek Millet in Turkish Politics: Greeks in the Ottoman Parliament (1908-1918),” Dimitri Gondicas and Charles Issawi (eds.), Ottoman Greeks in the Age of Nationalism, Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1999, pp. 193-206. Campos, Michelle U.: Ottoman Brothers: Muslims, Christians, and Jews in Early TwentiethCentury Palestine, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011. Commins, David Dean: Islamic Reform: Politics and Social Change in Late Ottoman Syria, New York: Oxford University Press, 1990. Dakhli, Leyla: Une génération d’intellectuels arabes: Syrie et Liban (1908-1940), Paris: Karthala, 2009. Dawn, C. Ernest: From Ottomanism to Arabism: Essays on the Origins of Arab Nationalism, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1973. Dawn, C. Ernest: “The Origins of Arab Nationalism,” Rashid Khalidi et al. (eds.), The Origins of Arab Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991, pp. 3-30. Deringil, Selim: “ ‘They Lived in a State of Nomadism and Savagery’: The Late Ottoman Empire and the Post-Colonial Debate,” Comparative Studies in Society and History, 45(2) (2003), pp. 311-42. Duri, Abd al-Aziz: The Historical Formation of the Arab Nation: A Study in Identity and Consciousness, trans. Lawrence I. Conrad, London: Croom Helm, 1987. Ende, W.: “al-Zahrāwī,” Encyclopaedia of Islam, New Edition, XI (Leiden: Brill, 2002), pp. 397-98. Ergut, Ferdan: “Policing the Poor in the Late Ottoman Empire,” Middle Eastern Studies, 38(2) (2002), pp. 149-64. Fujinami, Nobuyoshi: The Ottomans and Constitutionalism: Politics, Religion, and Communities in the Young Turk Revolution (Nagoya: The University of Nagoya Press, 2011) (in Japanese). Fujinami, Nobuyoshi: “The Ideas of Babanzade İsmail Hakkı Regarding the Ottoman Constitution: Sovereignty, Jurisprudence, and the Caliphate,” Shigaku-Zasshi, 124(8) (2015), pp. 1-38 (in Japanese). NOBUYOSHI FUJINAMI 261 Fujinami, Nobuyoshi: “Privileged but Equal: The Privilege Question in the Context of Ottoman Constitutionalism,” Dimitris Stamatopoulos (ed.), Balkan Nationalism(s) and the Ottoman Empire, Vol. III: The Young Turk Revolution and Ethnic Groups, İstanbul: Isis, 2015, pp. 33-59. Fujinami, Nobuyoshi: “Hellenizing the Empire through Historiography: Pavlos Karolidis and the Greek Historical Writing in the Late Ottoman Empire,” Dimitris Stamatopoulos (ed.), Balkan Empires: Imperial Imagined Communities in Southeastern Europe (19th -20th c.), Budapest: Central European University Press (forthcoming). Göçek, Fatma Müge: “The Decline of the Ottoman Empire and the Emergence of Greek, Armenian, Turkish, and Arab Nationalisms,” Fatma Müge Göçek (ed.), Social Constructions of Nationalism in the Middle East, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002, pp. 15-83. Haddad, Mahmoud: “The Rise of Arab Nationalism Reconsidered,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 26(2) (1994), pp. 201-22. Hagen, Gottfried: “The Order of Knowledge, the Knowledge of Order: Intellectual Life,” Suraiya N. Faroqhi and Kate Fleet (eds.), The Cambridge History of Turkey, Volume 2: The Ottoman Empire as a World Power, 1453-1603, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013, pp. 407-56. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü: Bir Siyasal Düşünür Olarak Doktor Abdullah Cevdet ve Dönemi, İstanbul: Üçdal Neşriyat, 1981. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü: “The Young Turks and Arabs before the Revolution of 1908,” Rashid Khalidi et al. (eds.), The Origins of Arab Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991, pp. 31-49. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü: The Young Turks in Opposition, New York: Oxford University Press, 1995. Hanioğlu, M. Şükrü: “Turkish Nationalism and the Young Turks, 1889-1908,” Fatma Müge Göçek (ed.), Social Constructions of Nationalism in the Middle East, Albany: State University of New York Press, 2002, pp. 85-97. Hanssen, Jens: “ ‘Malhamé-Malfamé’: Levantine Elites and Transimperial Networks on the Eve of the Young Turk Revolution,” International Journal of Middle East Studies 43(1) (2011), pp. 25-48. Herzog, Christoph: ‘Abd al-Ģamīd az-Zahrāwī und das Problem des Osmanismus, 1908- 1916, (Magisterarbeit zur Erlangung der Würde des Magister Artium des Philosophischen Fakultäten der Albert-Ludwigs-Universität zu Freiburg i.Br.) n.d. Hourani, Albert: “Ottoman Reform and the Politics of Notables,” William R. Polk and Richard L. Chambers (eds.), Beginnings of Modernization in the Middle East: The Nineteenth Century, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1968, pp. 41-68. ‘ABD AL-ĢAMD AL-ZAHRĀW 262 İbrahim Hakkı: Hukuk-ı İdare, Cild-i Evvel, ikinci tabı, İstanbul: Karabet Matbaası, 1312r [1897]. Kayalı, Hasan: Arabs and Young Turks: Ottomanism, Arabism and Islamism in the Ottoman Empire, 1908-1918, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1997. Kechriotis, Vangelis: “Greek-Orthodox, Ottoman Greeks or just Greeks? Theories of Coexistence in the Aftermath of the Young Turk Revolution,” Études Balkaniques 41(1) (2005), pp. 51-71. Khalidi, Rashid: “Ottomanism and Arabism in Syria Before 1914: A Reassessment,” Rashid Khalidi et al. (eds.), The Origins of Arab Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991, pp. 50-69. Khalidi, Rashid: Palestinian Identity: the Construction of Modern National Consciousness, New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. Khoury, Philip S.: Urban Notables and Arab Nationalism: The Politics of Damascus 1860- 1920, London: Cambridge University Press, 1983. Kuehn, Thomas: Empire, Islam, and Politics of Difference: Ottoman Rule in Yemen, 1849- 1919, Leiden: Brill, 2011. Lewis, Bernard: The Political Language of Islam, Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1991. Makdisi, Ussama: “Ottoman Orientalism,” American Historical Review, 107(2) (2002), pp. 768-96. Mardin, Şerif: Jön Türklerin Siyasî Fikirleri 1895-1908, Ankara: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, 1964. Muslih, Muhammad Y.: The Origins of Palestinian Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988. Özbek, Nadir: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Sosyal Devlet: Siyaset, İktidar ve Meşruiyet (1876-1914), İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2002. Prätor, Sabine: Der arabische Faktor in der jungtürkischen Politik: Eine Studie zum osmanischen Parlament der II. Konstitution (1908-1918), Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 1993. Somel, Selçuk Akşin: “Osmanlı Reform Çağında Osmanlıcılık Düşüncesi (1839- 1913),” Mehmet Ö. Alkan (ed.), Cumhuriyet’e Devreden Düşünce Mirası: Tanzimat ve Meşrutiyet’in Birikimi, Modern Türkiye’de Siyasî Düşünce, c. 1, İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2001, pp. 88-116. Stamatopoulos, Dimitrios A.: ∆ημήτριος Α. Σταματόπουλος, Το Βυζάντιο μετά το έθνος: Το πρόβλημα της συνέχειας στις βαλκανικές ιστοριογραφίες, Αθήνα: Αλεξάνδρεια, 2009. NOBUYOSHI FUJINAMI 263 Strauss, Johann: “The Millets and the Ottoman Language: The Contribution of Ottoman Greeks to Ottoman Letters (19th -20th Centuries),” Die Welt des Islams 35(2) (1995), pp. 189-249. Strauss, Johann: «Ottomanisme et activité littéraire chez les non-musulmans à Istanbul après la révolution jeune-turque», Nathalie Clayer and Erdal Kaynar (eds.), Penser, agir et vivre dans l’Empire ottoman et en Turquie: Études réunies pour François Georgeon, Paris: Peeters, 2013, pp. 171-97. eş-Şevâbike, Ahmed Fahd Bereket: “Abdülhamîd ez-Zehrâvî,” Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslâm Ansiklopedisi (DİA), 1988, pp. 226-27. Tamari, Salim: “Muhammad Kurd Ali and the Syrian-Palestinian Intelligentsia in the Ottoman Campaign against Arab Separatism,” in Talha Çiçek (ed.), Syria in World War I: Politics, Economy, and Society, London: Routledge, 2016, pp. 37-60. Tarabein, Ahmed: “ ‘Abd al-Hamid al-Zahrawi: The Career and Thought of an Arab Nationalist,” Rashid Khalidi et al. (eds.), The Origins of Arab Nationalism, New York: Columbia University Press, 1991, pp. 97-119. Tunaya, Tarık Zafer: Türkiye’de Siyasal Partiler, c. 1, İstanbul: Hürriyet Vakfı Yayınları, 1984. al-Zahrāwī, ‘Abd al-Ģamīd: Al-A‘māl al-Kāmila, vols. 1-5, Dimashq: Manshūrāt Wizāra al-Thaqāfa, 1995-97. Zohrab, Krikor: Siyasi Nutuklar, Dersaadet, 1324r [1908].
There are 1 citations in total.
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal Section | Articles |
| Authors | |
| Publication Date | April 20, 2018 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2018 |