Research Article

Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova)

Volume: 8 Number: 1 June 26, 2025
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Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova)

Abstract

This study investigates the reliability of using patella bone measurements for estimating sex in human skeletal remains. A total of 123 adult individuals (49 females and 74 males) from the Havuzdere (Yalova-Türkiye) population, dating back to the Middle Ages, were examined. Three key measurements were taken from the patella bone: maximum height, width, and thickness, resulting in 346 measurements. The data were analyzed using statistical tests in SPSS 23, including the t-test, Wilks’ Lambda test, F-test, and Discriminant Function Analysis. The analysis demonstrated that patella measurements provide reliable accuracy for determining sex. Maximum patella height had the highest accuracy rate at 85.6% (82.2% females and 87.9% males), followed by maximum patella width at 81.4% (78.3% females and 83.6% males). The lowest accuracy was found in maximum patella thickness at 77.9% (83.7% females and 74.0% males). Sex estimation accuracy was higher for females in one measurement and for males in two measurements. When all measurements were evaluated together, the accuracy of correctly distinguishing sex increased. These findings highlight that metric measurements of the patella bone are a reliable method for sex estimation in anthropological, bioarchaeological, and forensic contexts. The study underscores the value of using patella measurements in cases where sex determination from skeletal remains is necessary, contributing to both academic research and practical applications in forensic investigations.

Keywords

Supporting Institution

Turkish Historical Society

Thanks

The study presented in this article was produced from my doctoral thesis and was supported by a scholarship provided by the Turkish Historical Society. I thank you for this valuable support.

References

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  2. Bidmos, Mubarak A., Oladiran I. Olateju, Sabiha Latiff, Tawsifur Rahman and Muhammad E. H. Chowdhury. “Machine Learning and Discriminant Function Analysis in the Formulation of Generic Models for Sex Prediction Using Patella Measurements”, International Journal of Legal Medicine, 137(2), (2023): 471–485. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00414-022-02899-7
  3. Dayal, Manisha Ramanlal and Mubarak Ariyo Bidmos. “Discriminating Sex in South African Blacks Using Patella Dimensions”, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 50(6), (2005): 1294–1297.
  4. Gülhan Öznur. “Pelvis’ten Radyolojik Yöntemler ile Cinsiyet Taiyini: Türkiye Örneklemi”, Antropoloji, 36, (2018): 53-69. https://doi.org/10.1501/antro_0000000358
  5. Güleç Erksin, Mehmet Sağır and İsmail Özer. “İnsan İskeletlerinde Foramen Magnumdan Cinsiyet Tayini.” Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih Coğrafya Fakültesi Dergisi, 43, S.2 (2003): 1-9.
  6. Indra, Lara, Werner Vach, Jocelyne Desideri, Marie Besse, “Testing the Validity of Population-Specific Sex Estimation Equations: An Evaluation Based on Talus and Patella Measurements”, Science & Justice, 61(5), (2021): 555–563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scijus.2021.06.011
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Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Archaeology (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Early Pub Date

June 25, 2025

Publication Date

June 26, 2025

Submission Date

September 30, 2024

Acceptance Date

June 12, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 8 Number: 1

APA
İlbey İren, S., & Özer, İ. (2025). Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova). Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 374-385. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1558284
AMA
1.İlbey İren S, Özer İ. Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova). OAD. 2025;8(1):374-385. doi:10.48120/oad.1558284
Chicago
İlbey İren, Selcen, and İsmail Özer. 2025. “Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova)”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 (1): 374-85. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1558284.
EndNote
İlbey İren S, Özer İ (June 1, 2025) Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova). Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 1 374–385.
IEEE
[1]S. İlbey İren and İ. Özer, “Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova)”, OAD, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 374–385, June 2025, doi: 10.48120/oad.1558284.
ISNAD
İlbey İren, Selcen - Özer, İsmail. “Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova)”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/1 (June 1, 2025): 374-385. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1558284.
JAMA
1.İlbey İren S, Özer İ. Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova). OAD. 2025;8:374–385.
MLA
İlbey İren, Selcen, and İsmail Özer. “Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova)”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, June 2025, pp. 374-85, doi:10.48120/oad.1558284.
Vancouver
1.Selcen İlbey İren, İsmail Özer. Sex Estimation Using Metric Analysis of the Patella Bone in the Medieval Population of Havuzdere (Yalova). OAD. 2025 Jun. 1;8(1):374-85. doi:10.48120/oad.1558284

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