Two Byzantine Molybdobullae in Giresun and Tokat Museums

Abstract

In this study, two unpublished lead seals from the inventories of Giresun and Tokat Museums are introduced. These 11th century seals belong to Abou Sahl Senachereim, one of the sons of Ioannes Senacherim Artzrouni / Arcrouni, the last ruler of the Vaspurakan Armenian Kingdom and one of the rulers of the Theme of Sebasteia. Abou Sahl appears as kouropalates on the Giresun seal and as nobelissimos on the Tokat seal. The narration of Byzantine and Armenian historians such as Ioannes Skylitzes and Matthew of Edessa makes us to think that the relationship between the Armenian princes such as Abou Sahl and the Byzantine rule, which had a fluctuating course, came to a breaking point due to the tense events occurred in the reign of Constantine X Doucas and even Romanos IV Diogenes. Whereas the kouropalates seal dated to the period of Constantine X Doukas or Michael VII Doukas, and the nobelissimos seal dated to the reign of Nikephoros III Botaneiates or Alexios I Komnenos prove that the Byzantine emperors did not eliminated Abou Sahl, but rather honoured him with higher titles, contrary to the portrait presented by written sources. This sigillographic material is also a solid witness of the fact that Byzantine administration attributed great importance to the Armenian princes, as rulers of the Sebasteia, in order to control the Armenian people, famously for their indiscipline, and to consolidate its sovereignty over the region towards the unavoidable Turkish advance.

Keywords

• Giresun Museum
• About Sahl Senachereim
• Kingdom of Vaspourakan
• Theme of Vaasprakania
• Kouropalates
• Protonobelissimos
• Byzantine Lead Seals

Giresun ve Tokat Müzelerinden İki Bizans Kurşun Mührü

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Giresun ile Tokat Müzeleri envanterinde yer alan yayınlanmamış iki adet kurşun mühür tanıtılmaktadır. 11. yüzyıla ait bu mühürler, Vaspourakan Ermeni Krallığı’nın son hükümdarı Senachereim Artzrouni/Arkrouni’nin oğullarından ve Sebasteia Theması’nın idarecilerinden Aposahles Senachereim’e (Ermenice Սենեքերիմ, Σεναχηρείμ) aittir. Aposachles, Giresun mühründe kouropalates onursal unvanıyla, Tokat mühründe ise daha yüksek nobelissimos unvanıyla karşımıza çıkmaktadır. İoannes Skylitzes ve Urfalı Mateos gibi Ortaçağ tarihçilerinin kayıtları, Aposachles gibi Ermeni prenslerinin Bizans idaresiyle inişli çıkışlı bir seyir izleyen ilişkilerinin İmparator X. Konstantinos Doukas ve IV. Romanos Diogenes dönemlerinde yaşanan gerilimli olaylar yüzünden kopma noktasına geldiğini düşündürmektedir. Oysaki X. Konstantinos Doukas ya da VII. Michael Doukas dönemine tarihlenen kouropalates mührü ile III. Nikephoros Botaneiates ya da I. Aleksios Komnenos dönemine tarihlenen nobelissimos mührü, yazılı kaynakların iddia ettiklerinin tersine Bizans imparatorlarının Aposahles’i saf dışı bırakmayıp aksine onu daha yüksek unvanlarla onurlandırarak terfi ettirdiklerini kanıtlamaktadır. Bunun yanı sıra, Bizans idaresinin Sebasteia’nın idarecileri Ermeni prenslerine disiplinsizliğiyle ünlü Ermeni ahaliyi zapt u rapt altına alma ve önlenemeyen Türk ilerleyişi karşısında bölge üzerindeki egemenliğini sağlamlaştırma konusunda ne kadar büyük bir önem atfettiğini gösteren sağlam tanıklardır.

Keywords

• Giresun Müzesi
• Tokat Müzesi
• Aposachles Senachereim
• Sebasteia Theması

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