Orta Bizans Dönemi'nde Başkent Konstantinopolis'ten Taşraya Aktarılan Mimari Anlayış: Panagia Ton Khalkeon Kilisesi Örneği

Year 2020, Volume: 3 Issue: 1, 193 - 215, 25.06.2020

İlkgül Zenbilci

Abstract

Thessaloniki (Selanik), Byzantium ile batı arasındaki bağlantıyı sağlayan iki ana karayolundan birinin üzerinde, jeopolitik açıdan önemli bir konumda bulunuyordu. Kent, başkent Konstantinopolis'ten sonra, Bizans İmparatorluğunun "symvasilevousa" olarak adlandırılan en önemli ikinci kentiydi. Bizans döneminde kentte, çoğu Konstantinopolis'in (İstanbul) metropolitan yapılarının plan şeması ve dış tasarım özelliklerini yansıtan, özellikle yapı malzemesi olarak tuğlanın ağırlıklı olarak kullanıldığı kiliseler inşa edilmişti. Günümüzde bu yapılardan erken evreye ait beş yapı, karanlık dönemden ve Orta Bizans Döneminden birer yapı, geç dönemden ise sekiz yapı olmak üzere, toplam on beş tanesi ulaşmıştır. Bu yapılardan en önemlisi, kentin uzun süre katholikon'u da olan, Hagia Sophia Kilisesi'dir.
Bu çalışma Bizans İmparatorluğu'nun başkenti Konstantinopolis'in mimari anlayışının taşra yapılarına aktarımı bağlamında Thessaloniki'deki Panagia ton Khalkeon Kilisesi'nin mimari özelliklerine odaklanmaktadır. Panagia ton Khalkeon Kilisesi imparatorluğun ikinci önemli kentinde Orta Bizans Dönemine (843-1204), bir başka söylemle 'Makedonyalı Rönesansı' olarak adlandırılan döneme ait tek ve en önemli yapıdır. Kilise, biri batı girişindeki mermer lentonun ön yüzünde, diğeri ise naostaki bir beşik tonozun kemeri üzerinde yer alan iki kitabeye göre, Thessaloniki, Bulgaria ve Longobardia katepano'su, epi tou koitonos ve protospatharios unvanlı Khristophoros, eşi Maria ve çocukları Nikephoros, Anna ve Katakali tarafından finanse edilerek 1028'de inşa edilmiş ve Meryem'e adanmıştır. Yapı, Bizans dönemi kent surlarının içinde, MS geç 2.-erken 3. yüzyıl dolaylarında şekillenmiş Roma agora'sının batısında, Bizans dönemi kentinin aşağı kesimindeki merkezî bir noktada bulunmaktaydı. Kilisenin Bizans dönemindeki adı bilinmemekle birlikte, Panagia ton Khalkeon (Bakırcıların Meryem'i) adının kilisenin etrafındaki bakır zanaat atölyeleri ile ilişkili olarak Türkçe bir söylemle 'Kazancılar' ya da 'Bakırcılar'dan kaynaklandığı düşünülmektedir. Dahası, yapı muhtemelen Konstantinopolis'teki Panagia ton Khalkoprateia Kilisesi gibi, aynı adla anılmıştı.
Panagia ton Khalkeon Kilisesi plan şeması açısından kubbeli-kapalı Yunan haçı planlı bir örnektir. Yapının çekirdek planının şematik olarak benzerlerinin çoğu Orta Bizans Dönemine ait yapılardır. Yapının dış görünüşü, pilasterler, nişler, kemerli pencereler, pencereleri çevreleyen kademeli kemerler, çokgen ve yüksek kubbe kasnakları, testere dişi frizleri, Orta Bizans Dönemi yapılarının tuğla ağırlıklı tipik dış cephe özelliklerini yansıtır.

Keywords

Mimarlık Tarihi, Bizans Mimarisi, kapalı Yunan haçı plan, Selanik, Panagia ton Khalkeon kilisesi

The Architectural Perspective Transferred from Constantinople to a Province in the Middle Byzantine Period: The Case of Panagia Ton Chalkeon Church

Abstract

Thessaloniki was in a geopolitically substantial position on one of the two main road connecting the Byzantium to the west. The city earned the title of "symvasilevousa" as a co-reigning city of the Byzantine Empire besides the capital Constantinople. During the Byzantine period, some churches were built in the city. In terms of plan type, design of outer walls and specifically brickwork, the churches would seem to be a provincial representative of the metropolitan style of Constantinople. Fifteen buildings have survived in city until today: five monuments from early period, one church from the Dark period and another one from the middle Byzantine period and eight churches from the late Byzantine period. One of the most significant Byzantine buildings in the city was Hagia Sophia church as served a catholicon for a long time.

This study focuses on transfer of Constantinopolitan architectural style to a building of Byzantine province exemplifying Panagia ton Chalkeon Church in Thessaloniki. The monument is registered among the most prominent and well preserved buildings of the middle Byzantine period in Thessaloniki; in other words, the most important religious building of the so-called 'Macedonian Renaissance' in the second substantial city of the empire. The building is identified by two dedicatory inscriptions, one on the marbel lintel over the western entrance and the other on arch of a barrel-vault of the monument. It was built in 1028 by Christophoros, katepano of Thessaloniki, Bulgaria and -soon- Longobardia, epi tou konos and royal protospatharios, his wife Maria, and their children Nikephoros, Anna, and Katakali and was dedicated to Mother of God. The church is located in Byzantine city-walls, on the west of Roman agora shaped in late 2nd-early 3rd century, and on a central area of the lower part of old Byzantine city.
The Byzantine name of the Panagia ton Chalkeon is not known. This name echoes the Turkish designation 'Kazancilar' or 'Bakircilar', deriving from the fact that from the Byzantine period until present day there have been copper-smith's workshops around the building. Furthermore, the church at Byzantine period was probably called Panagia ton Chalkoprateion, like the church of that name in Constantinople.
Panagia ton Chalkeon Church is an example of domed and inscribed-cross with a single narthex. Most of the buildings with similar plan of core plan of our example are dated to the middle Byzantine period. The outer walls, pilasters, niches, arched windows, stepped arches surrounding the windows, multilateral clerestory ring, sawtooths of Panagia ton Chalkeon Church reflect facades of typical brick dominated monuments of the middle Byzantine period.

Keywords

Architectural History, Byzantine Architecture, cross-in-square, Thessaloniki, Church of Panagia ton Chalkeon

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