The Main Reasons of the Orthodoxy and Heresy Controversy Between Church and Christian Mystics in the Middle Ages

Year 2022, Volume: 5 Issue: 1, 73 - 83, 26.06.2022

Halil Temiztürk

https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1076258

Abstract

Christianity spread to different geographies with the mission travels of Paul and was subjected to pressure by the Roman State, the Jews and other pagans in the early period. Christianity was seen as a secret public movement in this period, then the Roman State accepted Christianity as the official religion in 381 and thus the Church became stronger institutionally. The Church pressured the opponents and regarded them as heretics because they undermined the church authority and adopted different religious understandings. This pressure was directed against the Gnostics, the Waldensians, the Bogomils, the Cathars, and finally the reformist Protestants. Another religious group, affected by the hunting of heretics, is the Christian mystics. In this study, it is revealed in what ways Christian mystics are seen as heretical by the church and conflicts between the Catholic Church and mystics. In this historical research on the struggle between the Church and the Christian mystics has been chosen the period between the 12th and 15th centuries because it has more samples.

Keywords

History of Religions, Christianity, Church, Mysticism, Middle Age.

Orta Çağ’da Kilise ve Hıristiyan Mistikler Arasındaki Ortodoksi ve Heresi Tartışmasının Temel Nedenleri

Abstract

Pavlus’un misyon seyahatleri ile farklı coğrafyalara yayılan Hıristiyanlık, erken dönemde Roma Devleti, Yahudiler ve diğer paganlar tarafından çeşitli baskılara maruz kalmıştır. Gizli bir halk hareketi olarak devam eden bu dönemin ardından 381 yılında Roma Devleti’nin Hıristiyanlığı resmi din olarak kabul etmesiyle kilise kurumu güçlenmiştir. Kilise bundan sonra muhalif olarak gördüğü gruplara karşı baskı uygulamış ve kilise otoritesine engel olduğu düşünülen veya farklı din anlayışlarını benimseyen bu gruplar heretik sayılmıştır. Bu baskı Gnostiklerden Valdensiyenlara, Bogomillerden, Katharlara ve nihayetinde reform yanlısı Protestanlara yönelik olmuştur. Farklı zümreleri kapsayan bu heretik suçlamasından etkilenen bir diğer dinî grup da Hristiyan mistiklerdir. Bu çalışmada Katolik Kilisesi’nin egemenlik mücadelesi içerisine girdiği Hıristiyan mistikleri hangi açılardan heretik gördüğü araştırılmıştır. Ortodoksi ve heresi arasındaki sınırların ele alındığı bu araştırmada, mistiklerin durumuna dair örnekler seçilmiş ve tarihsel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır. Kilise ve Hıristiyan mistikler arasındaki mücadeleye dair bu tarihsel değerlendirme için daha fazla örneklem içermesi bakımından 12. ve 15. yüzyıl arasındaki dönem seçilmiştir.

Keywords

Dinler Tarihi, Hıristiyanlık, Kilise, Mistisizm, Orta Çağ

References

• Albayrak, Kadir; “İznik Konsili Öncesinde ve Sonrasında Heretik Hıristiyan Akımları”, Uluslararası İznik Sempozyumu (5-7 Eylül 2005), İznik Belediyesi, İznik, 2005.
• Alison, Weber; “Gender”, The Cambridge Companion to Christian Mysticism, (Ed. Amy Hollywood- Patricia Z. Beckman), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012. ss. 315-328,
• Baş, Bilal; “Monoteist bir Hıristiyanlık yorumu: Aryüsçülük Mezhebi”, Divan, Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi, 2000, ss. 167-200.
• Batuk, Cengiz; Assisili Francis ve Hıristiyan Mistisizmi, İz Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2012.
• Bauer, Walter; Orthodoxy and Heresy in Earliest Christianity, (Ed. Robert A. Kraft- Gerhard Krodel), Sigler Press, Mifflintown, 1996.
• Biller, Peter; The Waldenses, 1170-1530 , Between a Religious Order and a Church, Aldershot, Ashgate/Variorum, 2001.
• “The Oxford Companion to English Literature”, Autobiyography, (Ed. Dinah Birch), Oxford University, Oxford, Press, 2009.
• Cohn-Sherbok, Dan - Cohn-Sherbok Lavinia; Jewish & Christian Mysticism, An Introduction, Continuum Publishing Company, New York, 1994.
• Colver, Randy; Heroes and Heretics in the Early Church, Colver Publishing, Fairburne, 2009.
• Cosman, Madeleine Pelner - Jones, Linda Gale; Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, I. cilt, Infobase Publishing, New York, 2009.
• Çift, Salih - Takyettin Karakaya (Ed.), Tarihten Günümüze Sufi-Siyaset İlişkileri, Ensar Neşriyat, İstanbul, 2020.
• Daye, Necmeddin-i; Sufi Diliyle Siyaset, çev. Kasım b. Mahmud Karahisari, Klasik Yayınları, İstanbul, 2010.
• Eckhart, Meister; Meister Eckhart, Teacher and Preacher, (Ed. Bernard McGinn), Paulist Press, New York, 1st edition, 1986.
• Edwards, M. J; Catholicity and Heresy in the Early Church, Ashgate, Farnham, 2009.
• Elliott, Dyan; “Raptus/Rapture”, The Cambridge Companion to Christian Mysticism, (Ed. Amy Hollywood - Patricia Z. Beckman), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012, ss. 189-200.
• Ellwood, Robert S. - Gregory D. Alles (Ed.); The Encyclopedia of World Religions, Facts on File, Revised edition, New York, 2006.
• Ewing, Greville; A Greek and English Lexicon, Originally a Scripture Lexicon; and Now Adapted to the Greek Classics; with a Greek Grammar Prefixed,. J. Duncan, 1827.
• Flinn, Frank; Encyclopedia of Catholicism, Facts On File, New York, 2007.
• Foligno, Angela of; Complete Works, çev. Paul Lachance, Paulist Press, New York, 1993.
• Frohlich, Mary; “Authority”, The Cambridge Companion to Christian Mysticism, (Ed. Amy Hollywood - Patricia Z. Beckman), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012, ss. 305-315.
• Genç, Özlem; “Orta Çağ Avrupasında Kadın”, Orta Çağ’da Kadın, (Ed. Altan Çetin), Lotus Yayınevi, Ankara, 2011. Grübel, Nils; “Heresy”, The Brill Dictionary of Religion, Brill, Leiden&Boston, 2006, c.1, ss. 845-847.
• Gündüz, Şinasi; “Dinlerde Ayrılık ve Çatışma: Ortodoksi-Heresi Kavgası”, Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Theology, 2012, ss. 1-19.
• Hadewijch; Hadewijch: The Complete Works, çev. Mother Columba Hart, Paulist Press, New York, Revised edition., 1980.
• Harrington, Joel F; Dangerous Mystic: Meister Eckhart’s Path to the God Within, Penguin, New York, 2018.
• Hartog, Paul A; Orthodoxy and Heresy in Early Christian Contexts: Reconsidering the Bauer Thesis, Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2015.
• Haug, Walter; Vernacular Literary Theory in the Middle Ages: The German Tradition, 800-1300, in Its European Context, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1997.
• Henderson, John B; The Construction of Orthodoxy and Heresy: Neo-Confucian, Islamic, Jewish, and Early Christian Patterns, State University of New York Press, New York, 1998.
• Hollywood, Amy M; The Soul as Virgin Wife: Mechthild of Magdeburg, Marguerite Porete, and Meister Eckhart, University of Notre Dame Press, Notre Dame, 1995.
• Hornbeck, J. Patrick; “Heresy”. The Wiley-Blackwell Companion to Christian Mysticism, (Ed. Julia A. Lamm). Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, 2013, ss. 89-103.
• Howells, Edward; “Early Modern Reformations”. The Cambridge Companion to Christian Mysticism, (Ed. Amy Hollywood - Patricia Z. Beckman), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2012. ss. 114-137.
• Jr, Barclay M. Newman; Greek-English Dictionary of the New Testament, Revised Edition, German Bible Society, Stuttgart, 2010.
• Kitab-ı Mukaddes Eski ve Yeni Ahit : Tevrat, Zebur (Mezmurlar) ve İncil, Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, İstanbul, 2001.
• Lambert, Malcolm; Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from the Gregorian Reform to the Reformation, Forgotten Books, Oxford, UK ; Malden, MA, 2002.
• Lerner, Robert E; The Heresy of the Free Spirit in the Later Middle Ages, University of California Press, Berkeley, 1972.
• Lüdemann, Gerd; Heretics: The Other Side of Early Christianity, Westminster John Knox Press, Louisville, 1996.
• Martin, Sean; The Cathars, Pocket Essentials, Harpenden, 2005.
• McGinn, Bernard (Ed.), Meister Eckhart and the Beguine Mystics: Hadewijch of Brabant, Mechthild of Magdeburg, and Marguerite Porete, Continuum, New York, 1997.
• McGinn, Bernard; The Mystical Thought of Meister Eckhart: The Man from Whom God Hid Nothing, Herder & Herder, New York, 2003.
• McNamara, Jo Ann; “The Need to Give: Suffering and Female Sanctity in the Middle Ages”, Images of Sainthood in Medieval Europe, (Ed. Renate Blumenfeld-Kosinski - Timea Szell), Cornell University Press, Ithaca, 1991.
• Newman, John Henry; The Arians of the Fourth Century, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, Carolina, 2017.
• Öztürk, Özkan; Siyaset ve Tasavvuf : Osmanlı Siyasi Düşüncesinde Tasavvufun Tezahürleri, Dergah Yayınları, İstanbul, 2015.
• Pangle, Hayley; “Christian Mysticism as a Threat to Papal Traditions”, Grand Valley Journal of History, 2012, ss. 1-7.
• Porete, Marguerite; The Mirror of Simple Souls, çev. Robert E. Lerner, Paulist Press, New York, 1993.
• Ruether, Rosemary; Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History, University of California Press, California, 2006.
• Scholem, Gershom, “Mysticism and Society”. Diogenes, 1967, ss. 1-24.
• Shedd, William Greenough Thayer; Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy: A Miscellany, Charles Scribner, New York, 1893.
• Shklar, Ruth; “Cobham’s Daughter: The Book of Margery Kempe and the Power of Heterodox Thinking”, Modern Language Quarterly, 1995, ss. 277-304.
• Simons, Walter; Cities of Ladies: Beguine Communities in the Medieval Low Countries, 1200-1565, University of Pennsylvania Press, Pennsylvania, 2010.
• Simons, Walter; “Staining the Speech of Things Divine’: The Uses of Literacy in Medieval Beguine Communities”, The Voice of Silence: Women’s Literacy in a Men’s Church, (Ed. Thérèse de Hemptinne - María Eugenia Góngora), Brepols, Turnhout, 2004. ss. 85-110.
• Svensson, Johanna; “Exploring the Borderlands”, Dynamics of Neo-Latin and the Vernacular: Language and Poetics, Translation and Transfer, (Ed. Tom Deneire), Brill, Leiden; Boston, 2014, ss. 86-108.
• Şinasi Gündüz; Dinsel Şiddet: Sevgi Söyleminden Şiddet Realitesine Hıristiyanlık, Etüt Yayınları, Samsun, 2002.
• Tanner, Norman P; Decrees of the Ecumenical Councils, Georgetown University Press, Washington, 1990.
• Tarakçı, Muhammet; St. Thomas Aquinas, İz Yayıncılık, İstanbul, 2006.
• Temiztürk, Halil; Hıristiyan Mistisizmine Giriş, Eski Yeni Yayınları, Ankara, 2021.
• Uzunoğlu, Feyza; Ortaçağ Avrupası'nda Bir Düalist Heretik Hareket Olarak "Katarlar", Marmara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, İstanbul, 2010.
• Visconti, Joseph; The Waldensian Way to God, Xulon Press, Maitland, 2003.
• Watt, Diana; “Margery Kempe”, Encyclopedia of Life Writing: Autobiographical and Biographical Forms, (Ed. Margaretta Jolly), Routledge, London, 2001, c. 1, ss. 523-524.