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The Syriac Codex of the Chronicle of Mikhael Rabo, Dating to 1598: A Codological and Historical Evaluation

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 251 - 272, 26.06.2025

Mihayel Akyüz

https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1667589

Abstract

This article evaluates the codicological and historical aspects of the 1598 Syriac manuscript of the Chronicle written by Mikhael Rabo, a 12th-century Syriac Orthodox Patriarch and historian. The Chronicle, structured in a three-column arrangement, is one of the few Syriac sources to deal with church history, political developments and natural phenomena together. This comprehensive narrative, dating from Genesis to the late 12th century, reflects the intellectual authority of Mikhael Rabo and his influence on Syriac historiography. The chronicle also indirectly sheds light on the political, sectarian and theological conflicts of the period. The earliest surviving Syriac codex of the chronicle, dating to 1598 (The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex), was transcribed by a monk named Mikhael bar Barsawmo. The main source Bar Barsawmo uses is the copy of Moushe Savroyo, which is reportedly based on the author’s text. The manuscript not only preserves the text, but also provides important insights into late Syriac copying traditions. Codicological observations on its physical characteristics, writing style, and marginal notes illuminate the context of its production and use. The Armenian and Arabic-Garshuni versions of the work and modern French, Arabic and English translations show that the Chronicle found a wide intellectual audience. The study focuses on the manuscript’s structural features and historiographical methodology; it also discusses the discovery of the manuscript in the late 19th century and the process by which it was brought into the academic world through the contributions of the Syriac Catholic bishop Ephrem Rahmani and the French orientalist Jean-Baptiste Chabot.

Keywords

Mikhael Rabo The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex Mikhael bar Barsawmo Ephrem Rahmani Jean-Baptiste Chabot Syriac historiography.

References

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  • Hage, Wolfgang. “Michael der Syrer (1126/27–1199)”. Theologische Realenzyklopädie, 22:710-12, 1992.
  • Hatch, William Hanry Paine. An Album of Dated Syriac Manuscripts. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1946.
  • Ibrahim, Gregorios Yuhanna. “Preface”. The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex of the Chronicle of Michael the Great, ix-xii, Texts and Translations of the Chronicle Michael the Great 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2009.
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  • Kutsal Kitap (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil), İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2014.
  • Mazzola, Marianna. “A ‘Woven-Texture’ Narration: On the Compilation Method of the Syriac Renaissance Chronicles (Twelfth-Thirteenth Centuries)”. Sacris Erudiri: Journal of Late Antique and Medieval Christianity 56 (2017): 445-63.
  • Mikhael Rabo. Chronique de Michel le Grand: Patriarche des Syriens Jacobites, traduite pour la première fois sur la version Arménienne du prêtre Ischôk. Çeviren Victor Langlois. Venice: Typographie de l’Académie de Saint-Lazare, 1868.
  • ———. Chronique de Michel le Syrien: Patriarche Jacobite d’Antioche (1166–1199). Çeviren J.-B. Chabot. C. I-IV Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1899-1905.
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  • ———. Suryanî Patrik Mihailin Vakainamesi: İkinci Kısım (1042-1195). Çeviren Hrant D. Andreasyan. Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi (Basılmamış Nüsha), 1944.
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  • ———. “Notice sur un manuscrit de l’Histoire de Michel le Grand, patriarche d’Antioche (1126-1199)”. Journal Asiatique IX, 8 (1896): 523-27.
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Mikhael Rabo Kroniği’nin 1598 Tarihli Süryanice Nüshası: Kodikolojik ve Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 251 - 272, 26.06.2025

Mihayel Akyüz

https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1667589

Abstract

Bu makale, 12. yüzyıl Süryani Ortodoks Patriği ve tarihçisi Mikhael Rabo’nun kaleme aldığı Kronik adlı eserin 1598 tarihli Süryanice elyazmasını kodikolojik ve tarihsel açıdan değerlendirmektedir. Üç sütunlu bir düzenle yapılandırılmış olan Kronik, kilise tarihi, siyasi gelişmeler ve doğa olaylarını bir arada ele alan nadir Süryani kaynaklarından biridir. Yaratılıştan 12. yüzyıl sonlarına kadar uzanan bu kapsamlı anlatı, Mikhael Rabo’nun entelektüel otoritesini ve Süryani tarihçiliği üzerindeki etkisini yansıtmaktadır. Kronik, aynı zamanda dönemin siyasal, mezhepsel ve teolojik çatışmalarına da dolaylı biçimde ışık tutar. Kroniğin günümüze ulaşan en eski Süryanice nüshası olan 1598 tarihli bu elyazması (Urfa-Halep Süryanice Kodeksi), Mikhael bar Barsavmo adlı bir rahip tarafından istinsah edilmiştir. Bar Barsavmo’nun kullandığı ana kaynak, bizzat müellifin metnine dayandığı bildirilen Muşe Savroyo nüshasıdır. Elyazması, yalnızca metni korumakla kalmaz, aynı zamanda geç dönem Süryani istinsah geleneklerine dair önemli bilgiler sunar. Fiziksel özellikleri, yazım tarzı ve kenar notlarına ilişkin kodikolojik gözlemler, metnin üretim ve kullanım bağlamını aydınlatmaktadır. Eserin Ermenice ve Arapça-Garşuni versiyonları ile Fransızca, Arapça ve İngilizce modern çevirileri, Kronik’in geniş bir entelektüel çevrede karşılık bulduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma, elyazmasının yapısal özellikleri ve tarih yazımı yöntemine odaklanmakta; ayrıca 19. yüzyıl sonlarında nüshanın keşfi ve Süryani Katolik episkoposu Efrem Rahmani ile Fransız oryantalist Jean-Baptiste Chabot’nun katkılarıyla bilim dünyasına kazandırılma sürecini de ele almaktadır.

Keywords

Mikhael Rabo Urfa-Halep Süryanice Kodeksi Mikhael bar Barsavmo Efrem Rahmani Jean-Baptiste Chabot Süryani tarihçiliği.

References

  • Akalın, Kutlu, ve Zafer Duygu, ed. Süryanî Literatürü. Mardin: Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2017.
  • Anonim 1234. The Syriac World History: Secular and Ecclesiastical. Editör Archbishop Julius Y. Çiçek. Looser: Bar Hebraeus Verlag, 2004.
  • Assemanus, Joseph Simonius. “Michael Magnus Patriarcha”. Bibliotheca Orientalis: Clementino-Vaticana, II:154-56. Tomus Secundus: De Scriptoribus Syris Monophysitis. Roma: Typis Sacrae Congregationis de Propaganda Fide, 1721.
  • Barhebraei, Gregorii. ܟܬܒܐ ܕܐܩܠܣܝܣܛܝܩܝ ܕܣܝܡ ܠܡܪܝ ܓܪܝܓܘܪܝܘܣ ܡܦܪܝܢܐ ܕܡܕܢܚܐ܆ ܕܗܘ ܐܒܘ ܐܠܦܪܓ Chronicon Ecclesiasticum. Çeviren Joannes Baptista Abbelos ve Thomas Josephus Lamy. C. II. Paris - Leuven: Excedebat Car. Peeters, 1874.
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  • Brock, Sebastian P., ve George A. Kiraz. “Raḥmani, Ignatius Ephrem II (1848–1929) [Syr. Cath.]”. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, editör Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron M. Butts, George A. Kiraz, ve Lucas Van Rompay, 350. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2011.
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  • Debié, Muriel. L’écriture de l’histoire en syriaque. Transmissions interculturelles et constructions identitaires entre hellénisme et islam. Late Antique History and Religion 12. Leuven-Paris-Bristol: Peeters, 2015.
  • Dobschütz, Ernst von. “Die Chronik Michael des Syrers (Nachtrag zu Nr. XV, S. 364–392)”. Zeitschrift für wissenschaftliche Theologie 41 (1898): 456-59.
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  • ———. “Extrait de la Chronique de Michel le Syrien, comprenant l’histoire des temps écoulés depuis l´année VIIIe du régne de l’empereur Justin II, jusqu’à la seconde année du règne de Léon III, l’Isaurien (573- 717), traduit de l’armenien”. Journal asiatique IV, sy 13 (1849): 315-76.
  • Duygu, Zafer. “Süryani Historiyografisinde Teosentrik Paradigma”. Süryaniler: Kimlik, Din, Literatür, editör Zafer Duygu, Kutlu Akalın ve Umut Var, 135-57. İstanbul: Selenge Yayınları, 2023.
  • ———. Süryani Tarih Yazıcılığında Geç Antikçağ: Hıristiyanlık, İslam, Siyasi Tarih. İstanbul: Divan Kitap, 2016.
  • ———. Süryanilerde Tarih Yazıcılığı. Mardin: Mardin Artuklu Üniversitesi Yayınları, 2019.
  • Ginkel, Jan J. van. “Michael the Syrian and His Sources: Reflections on the Methodology of Michael the Great as a Historiographer and Its Implications for Modern Historians”. Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies 6 (2006): 53-60.
  • Gregory, Timothy E. “Messalianism”. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, editör Alexander P. Kazhdan, Alice-Mary Talbot, Anthony Cutler, Timothy E. Gregory ve Nancy P. Ševčenko, 2:1349-50. New York - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
  • Guidi, Ignazio. “Note miscellanee: La Cronica siriaca di Michele I”. Giornale della Società Asiatica Italiana 3 (1889): 167-69.
  • Hage, Wolfgang. “Michael der Syrer (1126/27–1199)”. Theologische Realenzyklopädie, 22:710-12, 1992.
  • Hatch, William Hanry Paine. An Album of Dated Syriac Manuscripts. Boston: The American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1946.
  • Ibrahim, Gregorios Yuhanna. “Preface”. The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex of the Chronicle of Michael the Great, ix-xii, Texts and Translations of the Chronicle Michael the Great 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2009.
  • Kiraz, George A. “Yuḥanon XIV bar Shayullāh Gregorios Yuḥanon (ca. 1705[?]–1783) [Syr. Orth.]”. Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, editör Sebastian P. Brock, Aaron M. Butts, George A. Kiraz, ve Lucas Van Rompay, 444. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2011.
  • Kutsal Kitap (Tevrat, Zebur, İncil), İstanbul: Kitabı Mukaddes Şirketi, 2014.
  • Mazzola, Marianna. “A ‘Woven-Texture’ Narration: On the Compilation Method of the Syriac Renaissance Chronicles (Twelfth-Thirteenth Centuries)”. Sacris Erudiri: Journal of Late Antique and Medieval Christianity 56 (2017): 445-63.
  • Mikhael Rabo. Chronique de Michel le Grand: Patriarche des Syriens Jacobites, traduite pour la première fois sur la version Arménienne du prêtre Ischôk. Çeviren Victor Langlois. Venice: Typographie de l’Académie de Saint-Lazare, 1868.
  • ———. Chronique de Michel le Syrien: Patriarche Jacobite d’Antioche (1166–1199). Çeviren J.-B. Chabot. C. I-IV Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1899-1905.
  • ———. Suryanî Patrik Mihailin Vakainamesi: Birinci Kısım (632-1042). Çeviren Hrant D. Andreasyan. Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi (Basılmamış Nüsha), 1944.
  • ———. Suryanî Patrik Mihailin Vakainamesi: İkinci Kısım (1042-1195). Çeviren Hrant D. Andreasyan. Türk Tarih Kurumu Kütüphanesi (Basılmamış Nüsha), 1944.
  • ———. The Armenian Epitome of the Chronicle of Michael the Great VERSION I-II. Editör Tigran Sawalaneants. Texts and Translations of the Chronicle Michael the Great 8-9. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2011.
  • ———. The Chronicle of Michael The Great, Patriarch of the Syrians. Çeviren Robert Bedrosian. Sources of the Armenian Tradition. N.J.: Long Branch, 2013.
  • ———. The Chronicle of Michael the Great (The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex): Books XV-XI From the Year 1050 to 1195 AD. Çeviren Amir Harrak. Gorgias Chronicles of Late Antiquity 3. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2019.
  • ———. The Edessa-Aleppo Syriac Codex of the Chronicle of Michael the Great. Editör Gregorios Yuhanna Ibrahim. Texts and Translations of the Chronicle Michael the Great 1. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press, 2009.
  • ———. ܡܟܬܒܢܘܬ ܙܒ̈ܢܐ ܠܡܪܝ ܡܝܟܐܝܠ ܪܒܐ The General Chronicale of Michael the Syrian, Patriarch of Antioch. Çeviren Mar Gregorios Saliba Shamoun. Syriac Patrimony 14-16. Damascus: Sidawi Printing House, 1996.
  • ———. The Syriac Chronicle of Michael Rabo (the Great): A Universal History from the Creation. Çeviren Matti Moosa. Teaneck, New Jersey: Beth Antioch Press, 2014.
  • Nau, François. “Lettre de S.B. Mgr Rahmani au sujet de la publication de la Chronique de Michel”. Revue de l’Orient chrétien 10 (1905): 435-38.
  • ———. “Notice sur un manuscrit de l’Histoire de Michel le Grand, patriarche d’Antioche (1126-1199)”. Journal Asiatique IX, 8 (1896): 523-27.
  • “Nouvelles Et Mélanges. Séance Du 12 Janvier 1894.” Journal Asiatique III, 9 (1894): 135-37.
  • Obolensky, Dimitri. “Cathars”. The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, editör Alexander P. Kazhdan, Alice-Mary Talbot, Anthony Cutler, Timothy E. Gregory ve Nancy P. Ševčenko, 1:391-92. New York - Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.
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There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Medieval Literature, History of The Byzantine, History of Seljuk, Medieval History (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Mihayel Akyüz 0000-0001-8216-0101

Early Pub Date June 25, 2025
Publication Date June 26, 2025
Submission Date March 28, 2025
Acceptance Date May 20, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Akyüz, M. (2025). Mikhael Rabo Kroniği’nin 1598 Tarihli Süryanice Nüshası: Kodikolojik ve Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, 8(1), 251-272. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1667589
AMA Akyüz M. Mikhael Rabo Kroniği’nin 1598 Tarihli Süryanice Nüshası: Kodikolojik ve Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme. OAD. June 2025;8(1):251-272. doi:10.48120/oad.1667589
Chicago Akyüz, Mihayel. “Mikhael Rabo Kroniği’nin 1598 Tarihli Süryanice Nüshası: Kodikolojik Ve Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 8, no. 1 (June 2025): 251-72. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1667589.
EndNote Akyüz M (June 1, 2025) Mikhael Rabo Kroniği’nin 1598 Tarihli Süryanice Nüshası: Kodikolojik ve Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 8 1 251–272.
IEEE M. Akyüz, “Mikhael Rabo Kroniği’nin 1598 Tarihli Süryanice Nüshası: Kodikolojik ve Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme”, OAD, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 251–272, 2025, doi: 10.48120/oad.1667589.
ISNAD Akyüz, Mihayel. “Mikhael Rabo Kroniği’nin 1598 Tarihli Süryanice Nüshası: Kodikolojik Ve Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi 8/1 (June 2025), 251-272. https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1667589.
JAMA Akyüz M. Mikhael Rabo Kroniği’nin 1598 Tarihli Süryanice Nüshası: Kodikolojik ve Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme. OAD. 2025;8:251–272.
MLA Akyüz, Mihayel. “Mikhael Rabo Kroniği’nin 1598 Tarihli Süryanice Nüshası: Kodikolojik Ve Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme”. Ortaçağ Araştırmaları Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 1, 2025, pp. 251-72, doi:10.48120/oad.1667589.
Vancouver Akyüz M. Mikhael Rabo Kroniği’nin 1598 Tarihli Süryanice Nüshası: Kodikolojik ve Tarihsel Bir Değerlendirme. OAD. 2025;8(1):251-72.
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