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The political construction of artificial intelligence: A brief evaluation from the perspective of biopolitics and governmentality

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: ISRIS 2025, 673 - 700, 31.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1731132

Abstract

Artificial intelligence technologies are rapidly developing and playing an active role in almost every aspect of social life. These technologies are usually evaluated in ethical, legal, technical or professional contexts; therefore, their political effects are often left in the background. However, artificial intelligence is not only a technical tool but also a technique of governance that functions within the framework of certain political rationalities. In this context, the study addresses the politicization process of artificial intelligence as a contemporary extension of classical power relations and evaluates it through Michel Foucault's concepts of biopolitics and governmentality.
The main claim of the study is that the dangerousness or usefulness of artificial intelligence technologies is shaped by the political context in which they are situated, rather than their technical qualities. Therefore, whether or not a technology is a tool of domination does not stem from its nature, but from the strategies of power within which it functions. Artificial intelligence is used to monitor, predict and direct the behavior of individuals, creating a space where classical techniques of power are reproduced in more rational and invisible forms. In this study, this transformation is analyzed through how individuals are subjectivized within the framework of governmentality and how the population is reduced to a manageable category. As a result, while artificial intelligence reduces the visibility of power, it emerges as a new and effective technique of political power through algorithmic decision mechanisms that operate in line with knowledge-based norms.

References

  • Ajunwa, I. (2020). The paradox of automation as anti-bias intervention. Cardozo Law Review, 41 (4), 1671–1741.
  • Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., & Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine bias. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing
  • Apple Inc. (2025). Apple Health. https://www.apple.com/health/
  • Arsezen, P., & Babacan Mutlu, S. (2024). Case analysis as a method. In: Destructive and constructive workplace deviance behaviors: Case studies. Günce Yayınları.
  • Binns, R., Veale, M., Van Kleek, M., & Shadbolt, N. (2018). "‘It’s reducing a human being to a percentage’: Perceptions of justice in algorithmic decisions." CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
  • BlueDot. (2025). Pandemic intelligence for a healthier tomorrow. https://bluedot.global
  • Brown, T. B., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J., Dhariwal, P., ... & Amodei, D. (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025). COVID-NET: COVID-19-associated hospitalization surveillance network. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/php/covid-net/index.html
  • Dastin, J. (2018). Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight-idUSKCN1MK08G
  • Dean, M. (2010). Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. eMed. (2025). eMed UK. https://emed.com/uk
  • Elmas, Ç. (2010). Artificial intelligence applications. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Foucault, M. (1990). The history of sexuality, Vol. 1: An introduction (R. Hurley, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Orijinal çalışma 1976)
  • Foucault, M. (1993). The history of sexuality, Vol. 1: An introduction (H. Tufan, Trans.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Orijinal çalışma 1975)
  • Foucault, M. (2000a). History of madness (M. A. Kılıçbay, Trans.). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Foucault, M. (2000b). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (M. A. Kılıçbay, Trans.). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Foucault, M. (2002). The eye of power (I. Ergüden, Trans.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Foucault, M. (2003). Society must be defended (D. Macey, Trans.). Picador.
  • Foucault, M. (2007). Security, territory, population (M. Senellart, Ed.; G. Burchell, Trans.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Foucault, M. (2013). Security, territory, population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977-1978 (M. Keskin, Trans.). Heretik Yayıncılık.
  • Foucault, M. (2014). The subject and power: Selected writings 2 (F. Keskin, Ed.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Foucault, M. (2015). The birth of biopolitics (A. Tayla, Trans.). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Google DeepMind. (2025). AlphaGenome: AI for better understanding the genome. https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/alphagenome-ai-for-better-understanding-the-genome/
  • HealthMap. (2025). Disease surveillance and outbreak detection. https://www.healthmap.org/en/
  • Kubilay, R. (2020). Exploring of artificial intelligence in the context of biopolitics and governmentality [Master thesis, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University]. YÖK Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539
  • Lemke, T. (2011). Biopolitics (U. Özmakas, Trans.). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Lemke, T. (2015). Foucault’s biopolitics (T. Oflazoğlu, Trans.). Notabene Yayınları
  • Lemke, T. (2016). Critique of political reason: Foucault's analysis of modern governmentality (Ö. Karlık, Trans.). Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (2006). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, August 31, 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12.
  • McPherson, S. S. (2018). Artificial intelligence: Building smarter machines. Twenty-First Century Books.
  • Musk, E. (2019). An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels. bioRxiv, 703801. https://doi.org/10.1101/703801
  • Nabiyev, V. V. (2012). Artificial intelligence. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Nilsson, N. J. (1998). Artificial intelligence: A new synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
  • Norvig, P., & Russell, S. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3rd ed.). Pearson Education
  • Özdil, B. (2016). M. Foucault's conception of power and governmentality. Felsefe Dünyası, (64), 259–270.
  • Perry, W. L., Hollywood, J. S., & McCall, B. W. (2013). Predictive policing: The role of crime forecasting in law enforcement operations. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR233.html
  • Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3. bs.). Pearson Education.
  • Synbio-Tech. (2025). CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA library design and screening. https://synbio-tech.com/crispr-cas9-sgrna-library-design-and-screening
  • Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
  • Upturn. (2025). Predictive Policing. https://teamupturn.gitbooks.io/predictive-policing/content/
  • Veyne, P. (2014). Foucault: His thought and personality (İ. Ergüden, Trans.). Alfa Yayınları.
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. PublicAffairs.

Yapay zekânın siyasal inşası: Biyopolitika ve yönetimsellik açısından kısa bir değerlendirme

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: ISRIS 2025, 673 - 700, 31.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1731132

Abstract

Yapay zekâ teknolojileri günümüzde hızla gelişmekte ve toplumsal yaşamın hemen her alanında etkin bir rol üstlenmektedir. Bu teknolojiler genellikle etik, hukuki, teknik ya da mesleki bağlamlarda değerlendirilmekte; dolayısıyla siyasal etkileri çoğu zaman geri planda kalmaktadır. Oysa yapay zekâ, yalnızca teknik bir araç değil, aynı zamanda belirli siyasal rasyonaliteler çerçevesinde işlev gören bir yönetim tekniğine dönüşmektedir. Bu bağlamda çalışma, yapay zekânın siyasallaşma sürecini, klasik iktidar ilişkilerinin çağdaş bir uzantısı olarak ele almakta ve Michel Foucault’nun biyopolitika ve yönetimsellik kavramları üzerinden değerlendirmektedir.
Çalışmanın temel iddiası, yapay zekâ teknolojilerinin tehlikeli veya yararlı hale gelişinin teknik niteliklerinden çok, yerleştikleri siyasal bağlama göre biçimlendiğidir. Bu nedenle, bir teknolojinin tahakküm aracı olup olmaması onun doğasından değil, hangi iktidar stratejileri içinde işlev kazandığından kaynaklanır. Yapay zekâ, bireylerin davranışlarının izlenmesi, öngörülmesi ve yönlendirilmesinde kullanılarak klasik iktidar tekniklerinin daha rasyonel ve görünmez biçimlerde yeniden üretildiği bir alan yaratmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, söz konusu dönüşüm, yönetimsellik çerçevesinde bireylerin nasıl özneleştirildiği ve nüfusun nasıl yönetilebilir bir kategoriye indirgendikleri üzerinden analiz edilmektedir. Sonuç olarak yapay zekâ, iktidarın görünürlüğünü azaltırken, bilgiye dayalı normlar doğrultusunda işleyen algoritmik karar mekanizmaları aracılığıyla yeni ve etkili bir siyasal iktidar tekniği olarak belirmektedir.

References

  • Ajunwa, I. (2020). The paradox of automation as anti-bias intervention. Cardozo Law Review, 41 (4), 1671–1741.
  • Angwin, J., Larson, J., Mattu, S., & Kirchner, L. (2016). Machine bias. ProPublica. https://www.propublica.org/article/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing
  • Apple Inc. (2025). Apple Health. https://www.apple.com/health/
  • Arsezen, P., & Babacan Mutlu, S. (2024). Case analysis as a method. In: Destructive and constructive workplace deviance behaviors: Case studies. Günce Yayınları.
  • Binns, R., Veale, M., Van Kleek, M., & Shadbolt, N. (2018). "‘It’s reducing a human being to a percentage’: Perceptions of justice in algorithmic decisions." CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems.
  • BlueDot. (2025). Pandemic intelligence for a healthier tomorrow. https://bluedot.global
  • Brown, T. B., Mann, B., Ryder, N., Subbiah, M., Kaplan, J., Dhariwal, P., ... & Amodei, D. (2020). Language models are few-shot learners. arXiv preprint arXiv:2005.14165.
  • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2025). COVID-NET: COVID-19-associated hospitalization surveillance network. U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/covid/php/covid-net/index.html
  • Dastin, J. (2018). Amazon scraps secret AI recruiting tool that showed bias against women. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-jobs-automation-insight-idUSKCN1MK08G
  • Dean, M. (2010). Governmentality: Power and rule in modern society (2nd ed.). SAGE Publications. eMed. (2025). eMed UK. https://emed.com/uk
  • Elmas, Ç. (2010). Artificial intelligence applications. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Eubanks, V. (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. St. Martin’s Press.
  • Foucault, M. (1990). The history of sexuality, Vol. 1: An introduction (R. Hurley, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Orijinal çalışma 1976)
  • Foucault, M. (1993). The history of sexuality, Vol. 1: An introduction (H. Tufan, Trans.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Foucault, M. (1995). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (A. Sheridan, Trans.). Vintage Books. (Orijinal çalışma 1975)
  • Foucault, M. (2000a). History of madness (M. A. Kılıçbay, Trans.). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Foucault, M. (2000b). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison (M. A. Kılıçbay, Trans.). İmge Kitabevi.
  • Foucault, M. (2002). The eye of power (I. Ergüden, Trans.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Foucault, M. (2003). Society must be defended (D. Macey, Trans.). Picador.
  • Foucault, M. (2007). Security, territory, population (M. Senellart, Ed.; G. Burchell, Trans.). Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Foucault, M. (2013). Security, territory, population: Lectures at the Collège de France 1977-1978 (M. Keskin, Trans.). Heretik Yayıncılık.
  • Foucault, M. (2014). The subject and power: Selected writings 2 (F. Keskin, Ed.). Ayrıntı Yayınları.
  • Foucault, M. (2015). The birth of biopolitics (A. Tayla, Trans.). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları.
  • Google DeepMind. (2025). AlphaGenome: AI for better understanding the genome. https://deepmind.google/discover/blog/alphagenome-ai-for-better-understanding-the-genome/
  • HealthMap. (2025). Disease surveillance and outbreak detection. https://www.healthmap.org/en/
  • Kubilay, R. (2020). Exploring of artificial intelligence in the context of biopolitics and governmentality [Master thesis, Bolu Abant İzzet Baysal University]. YÖK Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/tezSorguSonucYeni.jsp
  • LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436–444. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature14539
  • Lemke, T. (2011). Biopolitics (U. Özmakas, Trans.). İletişim Yayınları.
  • Lemke, T. (2015). Foucault’s biopolitics (T. Oflazoğlu, Trans.). Notabene Yayınları
  • Lemke, T. (2016). Critique of political reason: Foucault's analysis of modern governmentality (Ö. Karlık, Trans.). Phoenix Yayınevi.
  • McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (2006). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence, August 31, 1955. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12.
  • McPherson, S. S. (2018). Artificial intelligence: Building smarter machines. Twenty-First Century Books.
  • Musk, E. (2019). An integrated brain-machine interface platform with thousands of channels. bioRxiv, 703801. https://doi.org/10.1101/703801
  • Nabiyev, V. V. (2012). Artificial intelligence. Seçkin Yayıncılık.
  • Nilsson, N. J. (1998). Artificial intelligence: A new synthesis. Morgan Kaufmann Publishers.
  • Norvig, P., & Russell, S. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3rd ed.). Pearson Education
  • Özdil, B. (2016). M. Foucault's conception of power and governmentality. Felsefe Dünyası, (64), 259–270.
  • Perry, W. L., Hollywood, J. S., & McCall, B. W. (2013). Predictive policing: The role of crime forecasting in law enforcement operations. RAND Corporation. https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR233.html
  • Russell, S., & Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: A modern approach (3. bs.). Pearson Education.
  • Synbio-Tech. (2025). CRISPR-Cas9 sgRNA library design and screening. https://synbio-tech.com/crispr-cas9-sgrna-library-design-and-screening
  • Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59(236), 433–460. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LIX.236.433
  • Upturn. (2025). Predictive Policing. https://teamupturn.gitbooks.io/predictive-policing/content/
  • Veyne, P. (2014). Foucault: His thought and personality (İ. Ergüden, Trans.). Alfa Yayınları.
  • Zuboff, S. (2019). The age of surveillance capitalism: The fight for a human future at the new frontier of power. PublicAffairs.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education (Other), Public Administration
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ramazan Kubilay 0000-0002-9675-5680

Publication Date July 31, 2025
Submission Date June 30, 2025
Acceptance Date July 26, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: ISRIS 2025

Cite

APA Kubilay, R. (2025). The political construction of artificial intelligence: A brief evaluation from the perspective of biopolitics and governmentality. Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(ISRIS 2025), 673-700. https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1731132

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