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Çalışan perspektifinden sosyal sürdürülebilirlik: Uluslararasılaşma bir fark yaratıyor mu?

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: ISRIS 2025, 139 - 173, 31.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1731241

Abstract

Bu çalışma, işletmelerin uluslararasılaşma düzeylerinin, beyaz yakalı çalışanların algıladığı sosyal sürdürülebilirlik uygulamaları üzerindeki etkisini Marmara Bölgesi’nde incelemektedir. Araştırma, sosyal sürdürülebilirliği çalışan perspektifinden değerlendirmesi, gelişmekte olan bir ülkede sektör farklılıklarını dikkate alarak analiz etmesi ve sosyal sürdürülebilirliğin alt boyutlarını Türkiye koşullarına uygun şekilde dört faktörlü bir yapı (İş Güvenliği ve Eşitlik, İş Etiği, Tedarik Zincirinde İnsan Hakları ve İşçi Refahı, Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk) altında yeniden tanımlaması bakımından literatüre özgün katkılar sunmaktadır. Marmara Bölgesi’ndeki işletmelerde çalışan beyaz yakalılardan elde edilen nicel veriler ışığında yapılan analizler, sosyal sürdürülebilirlik uygulamalarının daha çok yasal zorunluluklarla sınırlı kaldığını göstermektedir. Bu durum, işletmelerin sosyal sorumluluğa gönüllülükten çok yaptırımlardan kaçınma motivasyonuyla yaklaştığını ve bu bağlamda Bilişsel Ahlak Gelişimi Kuramı açısından gelenek öncesi ya da geleneksel düzeyde konumlandığını düşündürmektedir. Araştırmada, imalat ve hizmet sektörleri arasında sosyal sürdürülebilirlik algısı açısından anlamlı bir fark bulunmazken, işletmenin uluslararasılaşma düzeyinin algılanan sosyal sürdürülebilirlik üzerinde anlamlı bir etkisi olduğu saptanmıştır. Küresel firmalarda çalışanlar, diğer işletmelere kıyasla daha yüksek sosyal sürdürülebilirlik algısına sahiptir. Ancak kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk boyutunda bu fark gözlenmemektedir. Ayrıca, bazı sosyal sürdürülebilirlik boyutlarında ulusal işletmelerin, uluslararası işletmelere kıyasla daha olumlu algılandığı fakat küresel firmaların gerisinde kaldığı görülmüştür. Bu bulgular, uluslararasılaşma ile sosyal sürdürülebilirlik arasındaki ilişkinin doğrusal değil, U şeklinde seyrettiğini ortaya koymaktadır.

Ethical Statement

Sakarya Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Etik Kurulunun 13.03.2025 tarihli ve 82 sayılı toplantısında alınan "08" numaralı karar ile araştırmanın etik açıdan uygunluğu onaylanmıştır.

Supporting Institution

-

Thanks

Yazar veri toplama sürecindeki desteklerinden dolayı yazar, Prof. Dr. Hakan Tunahan’a ve Arş. Gör. Tuğçe Bal’a teşekkürlerini sunar.

References

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Social sustainability perceptions of employees: Does internationalization make a difference?

Year 2025, Volume: 15 Issue: ISRIS 2025, 139 - 173, 31.07.2025
https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1731241

Abstract

This study examines the impact of firms’ level of internationalization on perceived social sustainability practices from the perspective of white-collar employees in Marmara Region. The research offers original contributions to the literature by evaluating social sustainability based on employee perceptions, analyzing the relationship within a developing country context with sectoral distinctions, and restructuring the concept into four contextually relevant dimensions: Occupational Safety and Equality, Business Ethics, Human Rights and Labor Welfare in the Supply Chain, and Corporate Social Responsibility. Quantitative data collected from white-collar employees indicate that social sustainability practices are perceived more strongly in dimensions regulated by legal obligations. This suggests that firms are primarily motivated by compliance rather than voluntary engagement, aligning with the conventional stage of Kohlberg’s Cognitive Moral Development Theory. While no significant difference was found between the manufacturing and service sectors in terms of perceived social sustainability, the level of internationalization was found to significantly affect employee perceptions. Employees in global firms reported higher perceptions of social sustainability compared to those in national and international firms. However, no significant difference was observed in the corporate social responsibility dimension. Interestingly, national firms performed better than international firms in certain aspects, such as labor welfare and human rights in the supply chain, though they still lagged behind global firms. These findings reveal a non-linear, U-shaped relationship between internationalization and social sustainability, shaped by resource constraints in early stages and legitimacy-seeking behaviors in later stages.

References

  • Aguilera-Caracuel, J., Guerrero-Villegas, J., & García-Sánchez, E. (2017). Corporate reputation of multinational companies: Corporate social responsibility and internationalization. European Journal of Management and Business Economics, 26(3), 329–346. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJMBE-10-2017-019
  • Ağlargöz, O., & Akgül, A. Y. (2019). Kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk performansı ve uluslararasılaşma düzeyi: Fortune 100 Türkiye işletmeleri kapsamında bir araştırma. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(2), 63–81. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/anadoluibfd/issue/49099/626811
  • Ajmal, M. M., Khan, M., Hussain, M., & Helo, P. (2017). Conceptualizing and incorporating social sustainability in the business world. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Ecology, 25(4), 327–339. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504509.2017.1408714
  • Bektaş, O., & Yücel, E. (2022). Entegre raporlamada sosyal sürdürülebilirlik: Türkiye’de yayınlanan entegre raporların içerik analizi. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, (96), 59–84. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.1177991
  • Birleşmiş Milletler. (1987). Our common future: Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/5987our-common-future.pdf
  • Black, A. W. (2004). The quest for sustainable, healthy communities. Australian Journal of Environmental Education, 20(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0814062600002287
  • Bozkurt, Ö. (2023). Investigation of sustainability awareness of blue collar employees working in green jobs. The Journal of Yeni Fikir, 15(30), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.57205/yenifikirjournal.1309232
  • Bu, X., & Chen, L. (2023). From efficiency to legitimacy: the changing logic of internal CSR in emerging market multinationals during internationalization. Asian Business & Management, 22, 1418–1453. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41291 022 00213 2
  • Cachon-Rodríguez, G., Blanco-González, A., Prado-Román, C., & Del-Castillo-Feito, C. (2022). How sustainable human resources management helps in the evaluation and planning of employee loyalty and retention: Can social capital make a difference? Evaluation and Program Planning, 95, 102171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102171
  • Cingöz, A., & Akdoğan, A. A. (2012). İşletmelerin kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk faaliyetleri: Kayseri İli’nde bir uygulama. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 16(3), 331-349. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/32357
  • Coldwell, D., Venter, R., Joosub, T., & Duh, H. (2022). The tension between SMEs’ growth and sustainability in emerging and developed countries’ internationalization: Towards a conceptual model. Sustainability, 14(8), 4418. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14084418
  • Cuesta, J., Madrigal, L., & Pecorari, N. (2022). Social sustainability, poverty, and income: An empirical exploration. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper, 10085. https://doi.org/10.1596/1813-9450-10085
  • Damert, M., Koep, L., Guenther, E., & Morris, J. (2021). Stakeholders and socially responsible supply chain management: The moderating role of internationalization. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 12(4), 667–694. https://doi.org/10.1108/SAMPJ-03-2019-0092
  • Durao, N., Pereira, C. S., Lobo, C., & Moreira, F. (2024). Digitalization, sustainability, and internationalization nexus: Insights from Portuguese entrepreneurs. Sustainability, 16, 4786. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16114786
  • Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Pitman.
  • Gençoğlu, Ü. G., & Aytaç, A. (2016). Kurumsal sürdürülebilirlik açısından entegre raporlamanın önemi ve BIST uygulamaları. Muhasebe ve Finansman Dergisi, 72, 51–66. https://doi.org/10.25095/mufad.396719
  • Gupta, S. D., & Choudhry, N. K. (1997). Globalization, growth and sustainability: An introduction. In Globalization, growth and sustainability (pp. 1–13). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-6203-0_1
  • Hörisch, J., Burritt, R. L., Christ, K. L., & Schaltegger, S. (2017). Legal systems, internationalization and corporate sustainability. An empirical analysis of the influence of national and international authorities. The International Journal of Business in Society, 17(5), 861–875. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-03-2016-0065
  • Javadi, S., Hashemy, S. M., Mohammadi, K., Howard, K. W. F., & Neshat, A. (2017). Classification of aquifer vulnerability using K-means cluster analysis. Journal of Hydrology, 549, 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.03.036
  • Kaiser, H. F. (1974). An index of factorial simplicity. Psychometrika, 39(1), 31–36. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/bf02291575
  • Kalfaoğlu, S. (2023). Social sustainability indicators from employees’ perspective: A qualitative study on whether social sustainability in businesses is perceived as a necessity, preference, or dream. Sustainability, 15, 7954. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15107954
  • Kallmuenzer, A., Kraus, S., Bouncken, R., & Reinwald, D. (2023). Ecological and social sustainable change through corporate social responsibility: The enabling role of employees. Strategic Change, 32(4–5), 153–166. https://doi.org/10.1002/jsc.2551 Karakoç, M. (2022). İhracat yapan işletmelerin rekabet stratejileri ve sürdürülebilirliğin firma ihracat performansına etkisi (Yüksek lisans tezi, KTO Karatay Üniversitesi). YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Keyvan, S. (2022). Sosyal sürdürülebilirlik perspektifinden toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliği ve kurumsal sosyal sorumluluk (Yüksek lisans tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi). YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezi. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/
  • Kim, E. W., Choe, S., & Kwak, J. (2019). Multinational companies and the corporate social responsibility at home: The stakeholder approach. Management Decision, 57(9), 2383–2400. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2017-0920
  • Kohlberg, L. (1975). The cognitive-developmental approach to moral education. The Phi Delta Kappan, 56(10), 670–677. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20298084
  • Kumbalı, H. Ç., İncekara, M., & Sarıkaya, M. (2022). KOBİ’lerde çevresel ve sosyal sürdürülebilirlik: Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri ve Türkiye karşılaştırması. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(26), 789–823. https://doi.org/10.36543/kauiibfd.2022.033
  • Küçükoğlu, M. T. (2019). Sürdürülebilirlik yolculuğunun neresindeyiz? Farklı sektörlerden örnek işletmeler üzerinden keşfedici bir araştırma. Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 5(1), 46–59. https://doi.org/10.30855/gjeb.2019.5.1.004
  • Lehtonen, M. (2004). the environmental–social ınterface of sustainable development: capabilities, social capital, ınstitutions. Ecological Economics, 49(2), 199-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2004.03.019
  • Magis, K., & Shinn, C. (2009). Emergent themes of social sustainability. In J. Dillard, V. Dujon, & M. C. King (Eds.), Understanding the social aspect of sustainability (pp. 15–44). Routledge.
  • Mani, V., Agarwal, R., Gunasekaran, A., Papadopoulos, T., Dubey, R., & Childe, S. J. (2016). Social sustainability in the supply chain: Construct development and measurement validation. Ecological Indicators, 71, 270–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.07.007
  • McKenzie, S. (2004). Social sustainability: towards some definitions. Hawke Research Institute Working Paper Series, 27. Retrieved From: https://apo.org.au/node/565
  • Najjar, M., Small, M. H., & Yasin, M. (2020). Social sustainability strategy across the supply chain: A conceptual approach from the organisational perspective. Sustainability, 12(24), 10438. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410438
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There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education (Other), Sustainable Development
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Ayşegül Karataş 0000-0002-8587-5994

Publication Date July 31, 2025
Submission Date June 30, 2025
Acceptance Date July 4, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 15 Issue: ISRIS 2025

Cite

APA Karataş, A. (2025). Social sustainability perceptions of employees: Does internationalization make a difference? Ordu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 15(ISRIS 2025), 139-173. https://doi.org/10.48146/odusobiad.1731241

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