The Effect of Transactional Leadership Approach on Nurses' Turnover Intention: A Field Study in Private Hospitals in Bursa Province

Abstract

In this study, it was aimed to measure the effect of the transactional leadership behaviors  (and its dimensions) of the health managers on nurses’ turnover intention in private hospitals. Also it is tested how turnover intention differs according to some demographic factors. The data collected from Bursa (N=241)  were analyzed by using Structural Equation Model. As a result, it was determined that the turnover intention of the nurses showed significant differences according to their profession and their seniority at the institution they worked and it was found that the model was suitable for the research and the hypothesis (the interactional leadership behaviours (and its dimensions) of the managers negatively affects the turnover intention of nurses’) was supported according to the obtained p and t values.

Keywords

• Interactional Leadership,Turnover Intention,Nurses,Structural Equation Model,Private Hospitals

Etkileşimci Liderlik Yaklaşımının Hemşirelerin İşten Ayrılma Niyetlerine Etkisi: Bursa İlinde Özel Hastanelerde Bir Alan Araştırması

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, özel hastanelerde, ilk kademe sağlık yöneticilerinin sergiledikleri etkileşimci liderlik davranışlarının, kendilerine bağlı çalışan hemşirelerin işten ayrılma niyetlerini ne yönde ve ne kadar etkilediğinin ölçülmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bununla birlikte, hemşirelerin işten ayrılma niyetlerinin birtakım demografik faktörlere göre ne şekilde farklılık gösterdiği de ayrıca T testi ve ANOVA testleri kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Toplanan veriler (N=241)  Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli kullanılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında ortaya konan hipotez;  yöneticilerin sergiledikleri etkileşimci liderlik tarzının, hemşirelerin işten ayrılma niyetlerini negatif yönde etkilediğidir. Araştırma sonucunda hemşirelerin işten ayrılma niyetlerinin hem meslekteki hem de çalıştıkları kurumdaki kıdemlerine göre anlamlı farklılıklar gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Ayrıca yapısal modelin test edilmesi sonucunda; modelin araştırma için uygun olduğu ve elde edilen p ve t değerlerine göre de hipotezin desteklendiği görülmüştür.

Keywords

• Etkileşimci Liderlik,İşten Ayrılma Niyeti,Hemşireler,Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli,Özel Hastaneler

References

1. Aish, Anne-Marie; Jöreskog, Karl G. (1990), “A panel model for political efficacy and responsiveness: An app-lication of LISREL 7 with weighted least squares”, Quality & Quantity, Vol. 24, No. 4: 405-426.
2. Avolio, Bruce J.; Bass, Bernard (2002), Developing Potential Across a Full Range of Leadership: Cases on Transactional and Transformational Leadership, Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
3. Avolio, Bruce J.; Bass, Bernard; Jung, Dong I. (1999), “Re-Examining the components of transformational and transactional leadership using the multifactor leadership questionnaire”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 72: 441-462.
4. Babakuş, Emin; Yavaş, Uğur (2011), “Customer orientation as a buffer against job burnout”, The Service Industries Journal, Vol. 12: 5-16.
5. Baltaş, Acar (2010), Türk Kültüründe Yönetmek, İstanbul: Remzi Yayınevi.
6. Bass, Bernard (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, New York: Free Press.
7. Baykal, Ülkü; Serezli S. (1999), “Hemşirelerin iş doyum düzeylerinin araştırılması”, VII. Ulusal Hemşirelik Kongresi Bildirileri, Atatürk Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu, 22–24 Haziran, Erzurum.
8. Bayram, Nuran (2013), Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş Amos Uygulamaları, 2. bs., Bursa: Ezgi Kitabevi.

9. Black, J. Stewart; Porter, Lyman W. (2000), Management: Meeting New Challenges, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall.
10. Büyüköztürk, Şener (2003), Sosyal Bilimler İçin Veri Analizi El Kitabı, Ankara: Pegem Yayıncılık.
11. Byrne, Barbara M. (2013), Structural Equation Modeling with AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming. (2. bs.), New York: Routledge.
12. Chou, Shu-Chiung, Boldy, Duncan P.; Lee, YH. (2002), “Measuring Job Satisfaction in Residential Aged Care”, International Journal For Quality in Health Care, Vol. 14, No. 1: 49-54.
13. Çokluk, Ömay; Şekercioğlu, Güçlü; Büyüköztürk, Şener (2016), Sosyal Bilimler İçin Çok Değişkenli İstatistik SPSS ve LISREL Uygulamaları, 4. bs., Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
14. Çoroğlu, Coşkun (2003), İş Dünyasında Geleceğin Yönetimi, İstanbul: Alfa Basım
15. Den Hartog, Deanne N., Van Muijen, Jaap J.; Koopman, Paul L. (1997), “Transactional versus transformational leadership: An analysis of the MLQ”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 70: 19-34.
16. Duffield C.; Roche M.; O’Brien-Pallas L.; Catling-Paull C.; King M. (2009) Staff satisfaction and retention and the role of the nursing unit manager. Collegian, 16: 11-17.
17. Duygulu, Sergül; Abaan, Süheyla (2007), “Örgütsel bağlılık: çalışanların kurumda kalma ya da kurumdan ayrılma kararının bir belirleyicisi”, Hacettepe Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, C. 14, S. 2: 61-73.
18. El Akremi, Assaad; Colaianni, Gabriele; Portoghese, Igor; Galletta, Maura; Battistelli, Adalgisa (2014), “How Organizational Support Impacts Affective Commitment and Turnover among Italian Nurses: A Multilevel Mediation Model”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 25, No. 9: 1185-1207.
19. El-Jardali, Fadi; Dimassi, Hani; Dumit, Nuhad; Jamal, Diana; Mouro, Gladys (2009), “National cross-sectional study on nurses’ intent to leave and job satisfaction in Leabanon: implications for policy and practice”, BMC Nursing, Vol. 8, No. 3: 1-13.
20. Farling, Myra L.; Stone, A. Gregory; Winston, Bruce E. (1999), “Servant leadership: Setting the stage for empirical research”, Journal of Leadership&Organizational Studies, Vol. 6, No. 1/2: 49-72.
21. Fornell, Claes; Larcker, David F. (1981), “Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error”, Journal of Marketing Research, Vol. 18: 39-50.
22. Gregory Deborah M.; Way Christine Y.; LeFort, Sandra; Barrett, Brendan J.; Parfrey, Patrick S. (2007), Predictors of registered nurses’ organizational commitment and intent to stay. Health Care Manage Review, 32 (2): 119-127.
23. Gül, Hasan; Oktay, Ercan; Gökçe, Hakan (2008), “İş tatmini, stres, örgütsel bağlılık, işten ayrılma niyeti ve performans arasındaki ilişkiler: sağlık sektöründe bir uygulama”, Akademik Bakış, Vol. 15: 1-15.
24. Hair Jr., Joseph F.; Black, William C.; Babin, Barry J.; Anderson, Rolph E. (2010), Multivariate Data Analysis, 7th Edition, Prentice Hall.
25. Hayes Lauren J.; Pallas Linda B.; Duffield, Christine; Shamian, Judith; Buchan, James; Hughes, Franches; Laschinger, Heather K.S.; North, Nicola; Stone, Patricia W. (2006), “Nurse turnover: a literature review”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol. 43: 237-263.
26. http://bursaism.saglik.gov.tr, (Erişim 24.02.2019).
27. http://shgm.saglik.gov.tr, (Erişim 24.02.2019).
28. Irvine Diane M.; Evans, Martin (1995), “Job satisfaction and turnover among nurses: integrating research findings across studies”, Nursing Research, Vol. 44: 246-253.
29. İleri, Serap G. (2007), Yeni mezun hemşirelerin profesyonel rollerine geçiş süreci algısı ve etkileyen etmenlerin incelenmesi, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
30. Jones, Cheryl B. (2004), “The costs of nurse turnover: Part 1: An Economic Perspective”, Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol. 34, No. 12: 562–570.
31. Jöreskog, Karl G.; Sörbom, Dag (1993), LISREL 8: Stru¬ctural equation modeling with the SIMPLIS com¬mand language, Scientific Software International. Mooresville, IL.
32. Juhdi, Nurita; Pa'wan, Fatimah; Hansaram, Ram M. K. (2013), “HR Practices and Turnover intention: The mediating roles of organizational commitment and organizational engagement in a selected region in Malaysia”, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 24, No. 15: 3002-3019.
33. Karsh B.; Booske BC.; Sainfort F. (2005), “Job and organizational determinants of nursing home employee commitment, job satisfaction and intent to turnover”, Ergonomics, Vol. 48, No. 10: 1260-1281.
34. Kline, Rex B. (2015), Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, 4.Bs., New York: Guilford Publications.
35. Lu, Kuei-Yun; Lin, Pi-Li; Wu, Chiung-Man; Hsieh, Ya-Lung; Chang, Yong-Yuan (2002), “The relationship among turnover intentions, professional commitment, and job satisfaction of hospital nurses”, Journal of Professional Nursing, Vol. 18, No. 4: 214-219.
36. Lynn, Mary R.; Redman, Richard W. (2005), “Faces of the nursing shortage”, The Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol. 35, No. 5: 264-270.
37. Mafini, Chengedzai; Dubihlela, Job (2013), “Determinants of Military Turnover of Technical Airforce Specialists: An Empirical Case Analysis”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol. 4, No. 3: 523-534.
38. Martin, Michael J. (2011), Influlence of Human Resource Practices on Employee Intention to Quit, Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Blacksburg, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
39. Mbah, Emeka S.; Ikemefuna, C. O. (2012), “Job Satisfaction and Employees’ Turnover Intentions in Total Nigeria plc. in Lagos State”, International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, Vol. 2, No. 14: 275-287.
40. McClarey, Mary (1998), “Implementing clinical effectiveness”, Nursing Management, Vol. 5, No. 3: 16–19.
41. Mobley, William H.; Griffeth, Rodger; Hand, Herbert H.; Meglino, Bruce M. (1979), “Review and Conceptual Analysis of the Employee Turnover Process”, Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 86, No. 3: 493-522.
42. Okumuş, Fevzi; Avcı, Umut; Kılınç, İzzet (2005), “Öğrenen Örgütlerin Oluşturulmasında Üst Kademe Yöneticilerinin Rolü”, Selçuk Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, C. 7, S. 13: 31-50.
43. Ongori, Henry (2007), “A Review of the Literature on Employee Turnover”, African Journal of Business Management, Vol. 1, No. 3: 49-54.Park, Jae S.; Kim, Tae H. (2009), “Do types of organizational culture matter in nurse job satisfaction and turnover intention?”, Leadership in Health Services, Vol. 22, No. 1: 20-38.
44. Perez, Mylene (2008), Turnover Intent, Basılmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, University of Zurich, Human Resource Management.
45. Raholm, Maj-Britt (2009), “Evidence and leadership”, Nursing Adminstration Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 2: 168-173.
46. Rittschof, Kerri R. (2013), The Influence of Transformational Leadership and Job Burnout on Child Protective Services Case Managers' Commitment and Intent to Quit, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Walden University, Minnesota.
47. Robbins, Stephen P. (2000), Managing Today, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
48. Saruhan, Şadi C.; Özdemirci, Ata (2013), Bilim, Felsefe ve Metodoloji, 3. bs., İstanbul: Beta Basım Yayım.
49. Schwepker, Charles H. (2001), “Ethical Climate's Relationship to Job Satisfaction, Organizational Commitment, and Turnover Intention in the Salesforce”, Journal of Business Research, Vol. 54, No. 1: 39-52.
50. Shields, Michael A.; Ward, Melanie. (2001), “Improving nurse retention in the national health service in England: the impact of job satisfaction on intentions to quit”, Journal of Health Economics, Vol. 20: 677-701.
51. Simpson, Michelle R. (2009), “Predictors of work engagement among medical-surgical registered nurses”, Western Journal of Nursing Research, Vol. 31: 44-65.
52. Steel, Robert P.; Griffeth, Rodger W.; Hom, Peter W.; Lyons, Daniel M. (2002), “Practical Retention Policy for the Practical Manager”, The Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 16, No. 2: 149-162.
53. Şimşek, M. Şerif (2001), Yönetim ve Organizasyon, Konya: Günay Ofset.
54. Şimşek, Ö. Faruk (2007), Yapısal Eşitlik Modellemesine Giriş - Temel İlkeler ve LISREL Uygulamaları, İstanbul: Ekinoks Eğitim Danışmanlık Hiz.
55. Tai, TeresaW.C.; Bame Sherry I.; Robinson, Chester D. (1998), “Review of nursing turnover research, 1977-1996”, Social Science & Medicine, Vol. 47, No. 12: 1905-1924.
56. Takase, Miyuki; Yamashita, Noriko; Oba, Keiko (2007), “Nurses’ leaving intentions: antecedents and mediating factors”, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 62, No. 3: 295-306.
57. Tavşancıl, Ezel (2014), Tutumların Ölçülmesi ve SPSS İle Veri Analizi, 5. bs., Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
58. Telli, Eda; Ünsar, A. Sinan; Oğuzhan, Adil (2012), “Liderlik Davranış Tarzlarının Çalışanların Örgütsel Tükenmişlik ve İşten Ayrılma Eğilimleri Üzerine Etkisi: Konuyla İlgili Bir Uygulama”, Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges, Vol. 2, No. 2: 135-150.
59. Tengilimoğlu, Dilaver (2005), “Kamu ve Özel Sektör Örgütlerinde Liderlik Davranışı Özelliklerinin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Alan Çalışması”, Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, C. 4, S. 14: 1-16.
60. Tourangeau, Ann E.; Cummings, Greta; Cranley, Lisa A.; Ferron, Era M.; Harvey, Sarah (2010), “Determinants of hospital nurse intention to remain employed: broadening our understanding”, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 66, No. 1: 22-32.
61. Twigg, Nicholas W.; Kang, Bomi (2011), “The Effect of Leadership, Perceived Support, Idealism, and Self Esteem on Burnout”, Journal of Behavioral Studies in Business, Vol. 4: 1-20.
62. Tzeng, Huey-Ming (2002), “The influence of nurses’ working motivation and job satisfaction on intention to quit: an empirical investigation in Taiwan”, International Journal of Nursing Studies, Vol. 39: 867-878.
63. Wagner, Cheryl M. (2007), “Organizational commitment as a predictor variable in nursing turnover research: literature review”, Journal of Advanced Nursing, Vol. 60, No. 3: 235-247.
64. Watson, Carol A. (2004), “Evidence-based management practices: The challenge for nursing”, The Journal of Nursing Administration, Vol. 34, No. 5: 207-209.
65. Wayne, Sandy J.; Shore, Lynn M.; Liden, Robert C. (1997), “Perceived Organizational Support and Leader Member Exchange: A Social Exchance Perspective”, Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 40: 82-111.
66. Williams, Larry J.; Hazer, John (1986), “Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction and Commitment in Turnover Models: A Reanalysis Using Latent Variable Structural Equation Methods”, Journal of Applied Psychology,Vol. 71, No. 2: 219-231.
67. Wren, J. Thomas; Hicks, Douglas A.; Price, Terry L. (2004), The International Library of Leadership: Modern Classics on Leadership, Cheltenhaum: Ervard Edgar Publishing.
68. Yaprak, Ecem (2009), Hemşirelerin işten ayrılma niyetlerini belirleyen faktörler: örgüt iklimi, sosyodemografik ve çalışma özellikleri, Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
69. Zurn, Pascal; Dolea, Carmen; Stilwell, Barbara (2005), Nurse retention and recruitment: Developing a motivated workforce, International Council of Nursing, World Health Organization, http://ners.unair.ac.id/materikuliah/Issue4Retention.pdf