Araştırma Görevlilerinin Örgütsel Destek Algıları ve Örgütsel Bağlılıkları Arasındaki İlişkide Lider-Üye Etkileşiminin Aracılık Etkisi
Year 2020,
Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 309 - 330, 01.04.2020
Ertan Dinç
,
Nihan Birincioğlu
Abstract
Örgütsel bağlılığın, araştırma görevlilerinin verimliliği, performansı ve iş tatmini gibi iş çıktıları üzerinde önemli etkilere sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir Bu sebeple çalışmanın amacı, araştırma görevlilerinin örgütsel destek algıları ve örgütsel bağlılık düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki ve bu iki kavram arasındaki ilişkide araştırma görev-lileri ve danışmanları arasındaki iletişimin aracılık etkisini incelemektir. Böyle bir ilişkinin test edilmesi için Baron ve Kenny’ nin aracılık (mediation) analiz modeli kullanıl-mıştır. Örneklem olarak devlet üniversitesinde ki 225 araştırma görevlisi seçilmiştir. Veri toplama aracı olarak ise anket yöntemi seçilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın analizin bulguları ise, araştırma görevlilerinin örgütsel bağlılıkları ile örgütsel destek algıları arasında anlamlı ve pozitif bir ilişkinin olduğunu, lider-üye etkileşiminin bu ilişkide kısmi aracılık etkisi gösterdiğini ortaya koymuştur.
References
- Allen, Myria W. (1995), “Communication Concepts Related to Perceived Organizational Support”, Western Journal of Communication, 59(4), 326-347.Allen, Natalie J. ve Meyer, John P. (1990), “The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organisation”, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 19‐31.Ansari, Mahfooz ve diğerleri (2007), “Leader-Member Exchange and Subordinate Outcomes: Test Of A Mediation Model”, Academy of Management Proceedings, 1-6.Armeli, Stephen ve diğerleri (1998), “Perceived Organizational Support and Police Performance: The Moderating Influence of Socioemotional Needs”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 288-297.Balay, Refik (2000), Yönetici ve Öğretmenlerde Örgütsel Bağlılık, Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Baron, Reuben M. ve David A. Kenny (1986), “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6),1173-1182.Bass, Bernard (1990), Sogdill”s Hanbook Of Leadership: A Survey Of Theory And Research, 3. Baskı: Free Press.Becker, Howard S. (1960), “Notes on the Concept of Commitment” , American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-40.Bishop, James W. ve diğerleri (2005), “A Construct Validity Study Of Commitment And Perceived Support Variables: A Multifoci Approach Across Different Team Environments”, Group and Organization Management, 30(2), 153-180.Bozkurt, Fatma (2007), Denizcilik Sektöründe Çalışan Gemiadamlarının Demografik Özellikleri ile Örgütsel Bağlılık, Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı ve Algılanan Örgütsel Destek Düzeyi Arasındaki İlişkiyi İncelemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Manisa, Celâl Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.Bridge, Kennan ve Baxter, Leslie A. (1992), “Blended Relationships: Friends as Work Associates”, Western Journal of Communications, 56(3), 200-225.Buchanan, Bruce (1974), “Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(1), 533-546.Can, Hilal (1997), Organizasyon ve Yönetim, 4.Basım, Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi. Casimir, Gian ve diğerleri (2014), “The Relationships Amongst Leader-Member Exchange, Perceived Organizational Support, Affective Commitment, And In-Role Performance A Social-Exchange Perspective”, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 35(5), 366-385.Chen, Zehn Xiong ve Francesco, Anne Marie (2003), “The Relationship Between The Three Components Of Commitment and Employee Performance in China”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(3), 490-516. Chen, Zhen Xion ve diğerleri (2005), “Test of A Mediation Model of Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 457-70.Cropanzano, Russell ve Mitchell, Marie S. (2005), “Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review” Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900.Drath, Wilfred H. ve Palus Charles J. (1994), Making Cammon Sense: Leadership As Meaning- Making in A Community Of Practise, Greensboro: Center For Creative Leadership.Eisenberger, Robert ve diğerleri (1986), “Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507.Eisenberger, Robert ve diğerleri (1990), “Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 51-59.Eisenberger, Robert ve diğerleri (2001), “Reciprocation of Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 42-51.Frazier P.A., Barron K.E., ve Tix A.P. (2004). “Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research“, Journal of Counselling Psychology, 51(1): 115–134.Gakovic, Anika ve Lois E. Tetrick (2003), “Perceived Organizational Support and Work Status: A Comparison of The Employment Relationships of Part-Time and Full-Time Employees Attending University Classes”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 649-666.Gakovic, Anika ve Lois E. Tetrick (2003), “Perceived Organizational Support and Work Status: A Comparison of The Employment Relationships of Part-Time and Full-Time Employees Attending University Classes”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 649-666.Gouldner, Alvin W. (1960), “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement”, American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.Graen, George B. ve Uhl-Bien, Mary (1995), “Relationship-Based Approach To Leadership: Development of Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership Over 25 Years: Applying A Multi-Level Multidomain Perspective”, Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219–247.Güçlü, Hatice (2006), Turizm Sektöründe Durumsal Faktörlerin Örgütsel Bağlılık Üzerindeki Etkisi, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.Hackett, Rick ve diğerleri (1994), “Further Assessments of Meyer and Allen’s (1991) Three-Component Model of Organizational Commitment”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(1), 15-23. Homans, George C. (1958), “Social Behavior as Exchange”, American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597-606.Kaplan, Metin ve Öğüt, Adem (2012), “Algılanan Örgütsel Destek ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Uygulama”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 387–401.Ketchland, Alice, (1998), “The Existence of Multiple Measures of Organizational Commitment and Experience-Related Differences in a Public Accounting Setting”, Behavioral Research in Accounting, 10, 112-115. Kraimer, Maria L. ve Wayne, Sandy J. (2004), “An Examination Of Perceived Organizational Support As A Multidimensional Construct in The Context of An Expatriate Assignment”, Journal of Management, 30(2), 209-237.LaMastro, Valerie (1999), “Commitment and Perceived Organizational Support” National Forum of Applied Educational Research Journal, 12(3), 1-13.Leow, Kah L. ve Khong, Kok W. (2009), ‘‘Organizational Commitmen: The Study Of Organizational Justice and Leader Member Exchange (LMX) Among Auditors in Malasia’’, International Journal of Business and Information, 4(2), 161- 198.Liden, Robert ve Graen, George B. (1980), “Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership”, Academy of Management Journal, 23, 451-465.Loi, Raymond ve diğerleri (2006), “Linking Employees’ Justice Perceptions To Organizational Commitment And Intention To Leave: The Mediating Role Of Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(1), 101-120. Lunenburg, Fred C. (2010), “Leader-Member Exchange Theory: Another Perspective on the Leadership Process”, International Journal of Management, Business and Administration, 13 (1), 1-5.Masterson, Suzanne S. ve diğerleri (2000). “Integrating Justice and Social Exchange: The Differing Effects of Fair Procedures and Treatment On Work Relationships”, Academy of Management Journal, 43, 738-748.Mathıeu, J.E. and Taylor, S.R. (2006), “Clarifying Conditions and Decision Points for Mediational Type Inferences in Organizational Behavior”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27: 1031 – 1056.Meyer, John P. ve Allen, Natalie J. (1984), “Testing the ‘side-bet theory’ of Organizational Commitment: Some Methodological Considerations”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 372-378. Meyer, John P. ve Allen, Natalie J. (1991), “A Three Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment”, Human Resources Management Review, 1, 61-89. Meyer, John P. ve diğerlerive diğerleri (1993), “Commitment to Organizations and Occupations: Extension and Test of A Three-Component Conceptualization”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538-551.Meyer, John P. ve Allen, Natalie (1997), Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Reseach and Application, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.Meyer, John P. ve diğerleri (2002), “Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment To The Organization: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52.Mowday, Richard T. (1998), “Reflections on the Study and Relevance of Organizational Commitment”, Human Resources Management Review, 8(4), 387-401. Mowday, Richard T. ve diğerleri (1982), Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover, New York: Academic Press. Mowday, Richard ve diğerleri (1979), “The Measurement of Organizational Commitment”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14 (2), 224-247. Naumann, Earl (1993), “Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction and Commitment among Expatriate Managers”, Group and Organization Management, 18(2), 153-187.Nystrom, Paul C. (1990), “Vertical Exchanges and Organizational Commitments of American Business Managers”, Group and Organization Studies, 15(3), 296-312.O’Driscoll, Michael P. ve Donna M. Randall (1999), “Perceived Organizational Support, Satisfaction with Rewards, and Employee Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48(2), 197-209.O’Reilly, Charles A. ve Chatman, Jennifer (1986), “Organizational Commitment and Psychological Attachment: The Effects of Compliance, Identification and Internalization on Prosocial Behaviour”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 492-499.Oliver, Nick 1990, “Work Rewards, Work Values and Organizational Commitment in an Employee- Owned Firm: Evidence From U.K” Human Relations, 43, 513-526. Özcaner, Burcu (2003), “Başarının Sırrı, İnsana Değer Vermekte”, İnsan Kaynakları Yönetim Dergisi, 3,49-50.Özdevecioğlu, Mahmut (2003), “Algılanan Örgütsel Destek ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişkilerin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, D.E.Ü.İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 18(2), 113-130.Pan, J. Zhou ve diğerleri (2010), “The Role Of Leadership Between The Employees And The Organization: A Bridge Or A Ravine? An Empirical Study From China”, Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 5(1), 1-14.Panaccio, Alexandra ve Christian Vandenberghe (2009), “Perceived Organizational Support, Organizational Commitment and Psychological Well-being: A Longitudinal Study”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 224-236.Porter, Lyman W. ve diğerleri (1974), “Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and trunover Among Psychiatric Techinicians”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609.Rhoades, Linda ve diğerleri (2001), “Affective Commitment to the Organization: The Contribution of Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (5), 825-836.Rhoades, Linda ve Eisenberger, Robert (2002), “Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (4), 698-714.Richard, M. Dienesch ve Robert, C. Liden (1986), “Leader-Member Exchange Model Of Leadership: A Critique And Further Development”, Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618-634.Robert C. Liden ve Maslyn, John M. (1998), “Multidimensionality of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment Through Scale Development”, Journal of Management, 24(1), 43-72.Rousseau, Denise M. (1989), ‘‘Psychological and Implied Contracts In Organizations”, Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, 2, 121-139.Sandy, J. Wayne ve Shawn, A. Green (1993), “The Effects Of Leader-Member Exchange on Employee Citizenship and Impression Management Behavior”, Human Relations, 46(12), 1431- 1440.Settoon, Randall P. ve diğerleri (1996), “Social Exchange in Organizations: Perceived Organizational Support, Leader-Member Exchange, and Employee Reciprocity” Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 219–227.Shore, Lynn M. ve diğerleri (2006), “Social and Economic Exchange: Construct Development and Validation”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(4), 837-67.Shore, Lynn M. ve Sandy J. Wayne (1993), “Commitment and Employee Behavior: Comparison of Affective Commitment and Continuance Commitment with Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), 774-780.Shore, Lynn M. ve Tetrick, Lois E. (1991), “A Construct Validity Study of The Survey of Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(5), 637-43.Silbert, Lisa Terry (2005), “The Effect of Tangible Rewards on Perceived Organizational Support”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Waterloo, Canada.Stephen, G. Green ve Talya, N. Bauer(1996), “Development of Leader-Member Exchange: A Longitudinal Test”, The Academy of Management Journal, 19(6), 1538-1567.Strassen, Marjorie Armstrong ve Ursel, Nancy D. (2009), “Perceived Organizational Support, Career Satisfaction, and The Retention of Older Workers”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 201-220.Wayne, Sandy J. ve diğerleri (1997), “Perceived Organizational Support and Leader- Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective”, The Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111.Wayne, Sandy J. ve diğerleri (2002), “The Role of Fair Treatment And Rewards in Perceptions Of Organizational Support and Leader-Member Exchange”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 590-598. Woo, Boyun ve Chelladurai, Packianathan (2012), “Dynamics Of Perceived Support And Work Attitudes: The Case Of Fitness Club Employees Perceıved Organızatıonal Support And Organizational Commitment: A Study Of Medıum Enterprises In Malaysia” Human Resource Management Research, 2(1), 6-18. Yamaguchi, Ikushi (2001), “Perceived Organizational Support For Satisfying Autonomy Needs of Japanese White-Collar Workers: A Comparsion Between Japanese and US-Affiliated Companies”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(6), 434-448.Zagenczyk, Thomas J. (2001), “A Social Influence Analysis of Perceived Organizational Support“, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, The Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh.
Mediating Effect of Leader-Member Exchange in Relationship between Research Assistants' Organizational Support Perceptions and Organizational Commitments
Year 2020,
Volume: 15 Issue: 1, 309 - 330, 01.04.2020
Ertan Dinç
,
Nihan Birincioğlu
Abstract
Organizational commitment is thought to have important impacts on the work outcomes of research assistants such as efficiency, performance and job satisfaction. Therefore, the aim of the study is to investigate the relationship between research assistants' organizational support perceptions and organizational commitment levels and the relationship between research assistants and consultants in the relationship between these two concepts. The mediation analysis model of Baron and Kenny was used to test such a relationship. As a sample, 225 research assistants at the state university were selected. The survey method was chosen as a data collection tool. The findings of this study show that there is a significant and positive relationship between the organizational commitment of the research assistants and their perceptions of organizational support, and the interaction between leader and member shows a partial mediating effect in this relationship.
References
- Allen, Myria W. (1995), “Communication Concepts Related to Perceived Organizational Support”, Western Journal of Communication, 59(4), 326-347.Allen, Natalie J. ve Meyer, John P. (1990), “The Measurement and Antecedents of Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment to the Organisation”, Journal of Occupational Psychology, 63, 19‐31.Ansari, Mahfooz ve diğerleri (2007), “Leader-Member Exchange and Subordinate Outcomes: Test Of A Mediation Model”, Academy of Management Proceedings, 1-6.Armeli, Stephen ve diğerleri (1998), “Perceived Organizational Support and Police Performance: The Moderating Influence of Socioemotional Needs”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 83(2), 288-297.Balay, Refik (2000), Yönetici ve Öğretmenlerde Örgütsel Bağlılık, Ankara, Nobel Yayın Dağıtım. Baron, Reuben M. ve David A. Kenny (1986), “The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations”, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6),1173-1182.Bass, Bernard (1990), Sogdill”s Hanbook Of Leadership: A Survey Of Theory And Research, 3. Baskı: Free Press.Becker, Howard S. (1960), “Notes on the Concept of Commitment” , American Journal of Sociology, 66, 32-40.Bishop, James W. ve diğerleri (2005), “A Construct Validity Study Of Commitment And Perceived Support Variables: A Multifoci Approach Across Different Team Environments”, Group and Organization Management, 30(2), 153-180.Bozkurt, Fatma (2007), Denizcilik Sektöründe Çalışan Gemiadamlarının Demografik Özellikleri ile Örgütsel Bağlılık, Örgütsel Vatandaşlık Davranışı ve Algılanan Örgütsel Destek Düzeyi Arasındaki İlişkiyi İncelemeye Yönelik Bir Araştırma, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Manisa, Celâl Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.Bridge, Kennan ve Baxter, Leslie A. (1992), “Blended Relationships: Friends as Work Associates”, Western Journal of Communications, 56(3), 200-225.Buchanan, Bruce (1974), “Building Organizational Commitment: The Socialization of Managers in Work Organizations”, Administrative Science Quarterly, 19(1), 533-546.Can, Hilal (1997), Organizasyon ve Yönetim, 4.Basım, Ankara: Siyasal Kitabevi. Casimir, Gian ve diğerleri (2014), “The Relationships Amongst Leader-Member Exchange, Perceived Organizational Support, Affective Commitment, And In-Role Performance A Social-Exchange Perspective”, Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 35(5), 366-385.Chen, Zehn Xiong ve Francesco, Anne Marie (2003), “The Relationship Between The Three Components Of Commitment and Employee Performance in China”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 62(3), 490-516. Chen, Zhen Xion ve diğerleri (2005), “Test of A Mediation Model of Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66, 457-70.Cropanzano, Russell ve Mitchell, Marie S. (2005), “Social Exchange Theory: An Interdisciplinary Review” Journal of Management, 31(6), 874-900.Drath, Wilfred H. ve Palus Charles J. (1994), Making Cammon Sense: Leadership As Meaning- Making in A Community Of Practise, Greensboro: Center For Creative Leadership.Eisenberger, Robert ve diğerleri (1986), “Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71(3), 500-507.Eisenberger, Robert ve diğerleri (1990), “Perceived Organizational Support and Employee Diligence, Commitment, and Innovation”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 75(1), 51-59.Eisenberger, Robert ve diğerleri (2001), “Reciprocation of Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 85(1), 42-51.Frazier P.A., Barron K.E., ve Tix A.P. (2004). “Testing Moderator and Mediator Effects in Counseling Psychology Research“, Journal of Counselling Psychology, 51(1): 115–134.Gakovic, Anika ve Lois E. Tetrick (2003), “Perceived Organizational Support and Work Status: A Comparison of The Employment Relationships of Part-Time and Full-Time Employees Attending University Classes”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 649-666.Gakovic, Anika ve Lois E. Tetrick (2003), “Perceived Organizational Support and Work Status: A Comparison of The Employment Relationships of Part-Time and Full-Time Employees Attending University Classes”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 24, 649-666.Gouldner, Alvin W. (1960), “The Norm of Reciprocity: A Preliminary Statement”, American Sociological Review, 25, 161-178.Graen, George B. ve Uhl-Bien, Mary (1995), “Relationship-Based Approach To Leadership: Development of Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Theory of Leadership Over 25 Years: Applying A Multi-Level Multidomain Perspective”, Leadership Quarterly, 6, 219–247.Güçlü, Hatice (2006), Turizm Sektöründe Durumsal Faktörlerin Örgütsel Bağlılık Üzerindeki Etkisi, Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.Hackett, Rick ve diğerleri (1994), “Further Assessments of Meyer and Allen’s (1991) Three-Component Model of Organizational Commitment”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(1), 15-23. Homans, George C. (1958), “Social Behavior as Exchange”, American Journal of Sociology, 63(6), 597-606.Kaplan, Metin ve Öğüt, Adem (2012), “Algılanan Örgütsel Destek ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişkinin Analizi: Otel İşletmelerinde Bir Uygulama”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 17(1), 387–401.Ketchland, Alice, (1998), “The Existence of Multiple Measures of Organizational Commitment and Experience-Related Differences in a Public Accounting Setting”, Behavioral Research in Accounting, 10, 112-115. Kraimer, Maria L. ve Wayne, Sandy J. (2004), “An Examination Of Perceived Organizational Support As A Multidimensional Construct in The Context of An Expatriate Assignment”, Journal of Management, 30(2), 209-237.LaMastro, Valerie (1999), “Commitment and Perceived Organizational Support” National Forum of Applied Educational Research Journal, 12(3), 1-13.Leow, Kah L. ve Khong, Kok W. (2009), ‘‘Organizational Commitmen: The Study Of Organizational Justice and Leader Member Exchange (LMX) Among Auditors in Malasia’’, International Journal of Business and Information, 4(2), 161- 198.Liden, Robert ve Graen, George B. (1980), “Generalizability of the vertical dyad linkage model of leadership”, Academy of Management Journal, 23, 451-465.Loi, Raymond ve diğerleri (2006), “Linking Employees’ Justice Perceptions To Organizational Commitment And Intention To Leave: The Mediating Role Of Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 79(1), 101-120. Lunenburg, Fred C. (2010), “Leader-Member Exchange Theory: Another Perspective on the Leadership Process”, International Journal of Management, Business and Administration, 13 (1), 1-5.Masterson, Suzanne S. ve diğerleri (2000). “Integrating Justice and Social Exchange: The Differing Effects of Fair Procedures and Treatment On Work Relationships”, Academy of Management Journal, 43, 738-748.Mathıeu, J.E. and Taylor, S.R. (2006), “Clarifying Conditions and Decision Points for Mediational Type Inferences in Organizational Behavior”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 27: 1031 – 1056.Meyer, John P. ve Allen, Natalie J. (1984), “Testing the ‘side-bet theory’ of Organizational Commitment: Some Methodological Considerations”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 69, 372-378. Meyer, John P. ve Allen, Natalie J. (1991), “A Three Component Conceptualization of Organizational Commitment”, Human Resources Management Review, 1, 61-89. Meyer, John P. ve diğerlerive diğerleri (1993), “Commitment to Organizations and Occupations: Extension and Test of A Three-Component Conceptualization”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538-551.Meyer, John P. ve Allen, Natalie (1997), Commitment in the Workplace: Theory, Reseach and Application, California: SAGE Publications, Inc.Meyer, John P. ve diğerleri (2002), “Affective, Continuance, and Normative Commitment To The Organization: A Meta-Analysis of Antecedents, Correlates, and Consequences”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61(1), 20-52.Mowday, Richard T. (1998), “Reflections on the Study and Relevance of Organizational Commitment”, Human Resources Management Review, 8(4), 387-401. Mowday, Richard T. ve diğerleri (1982), Employee-Organization Linkages: The Psychology of Commitment, Absenteeism and Turnover, New York: Academic Press. Mowday, Richard ve diğerleri (1979), “The Measurement of Organizational Commitment”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 14 (2), 224-247. Naumann, Earl (1993), “Antecedents and Consequences of Satisfaction and Commitment among Expatriate Managers”, Group and Organization Management, 18(2), 153-187.Nystrom, Paul C. (1990), “Vertical Exchanges and Organizational Commitments of American Business Managers”, Group and Organization Studies, 15(3), 296-312.O’Driscoll, Michael P. ve Donna M. Randall (1999), “Perceived Organizational Support, Satisfaction with Rewards, and Employee Job Involvement and Organizational Commitment”, Applied Psychology: An International Review, 48(2), 197-209.O’Reilly, Charles A. ve Chatman, Jennifer (1986), “Organizational Commitment and Psychological Attachment: The Effects of Compliance, Identification and Internalization on Prosocial Behaviour”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 71, 492-499.Oliver, Nick 1990, “Work Rewards, Work Values and Organizational Commitment in an Employee- Owned Firm: Evidence From U.K” Human Relations, 43, 513-526. Özcaner, Burcu (2003), “Başarının Sırrı, İnsana Değer Vermekte”, İnsan Kaynakları Yönetim Dergisi, 3,49-50.Özdevecioğlu, Mahmut (2003), “Algılanan Örgütsel Destek ile Örgütsel Bağlılık Arasındaki İlişkilerin Belirlenmesine Yönelik Bir Araştırma”, D.E.Ü.İ.İ.B.F. Dergisi, 18(2), 113-130.Pan, J. Zhou ve diğerleri (2010), “The Role Of Leadership Between The Employees And The Organization: A Bridge Or A Ravine? An Empirical Study From China”, Journal of Management and Marketing Research, 5(1), 1-14.Panaccio, Alexandra ve Christian Vandenberghe (2009), “Perceived Organizational Support, Organizational Commitment and Psychological Well-being: A Longitudinal Study”, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 224-236.Porter, Lyman W. ve diğerleri (1974), “Organizational Commitment, Job Satisfaction and trunover Among Psychiatric Techinicians”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 59, 603-609.Rhoades, Linda ve diğerleri (2001), “Affective Commitment to the Organization: The Contribution of Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 86 (5), 825-836.Rhoades, Linda ve Eisenberger, Robert (2002), “Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87 (4), 698-714.Richard, M. Dienesch ve Robert, C. Liden (1986), “Leader-Member Exchange Model Of Leadership: A Critique And Further Development”, Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 618-634.Robert C. Liden ve Maslyn, John M. (1998), “Multidimensionality of Leader-Member Exchange: An Empirical Assessment Through Scale Development”, Journal of Management, 24(1), 43-72.Rousseau, Denise M. (1989), ‘‘Psychological and Implied Contracts In Organizations”, Employee Rights and Responsibilities Journal, 2, 121-139.Sandy, J. Wayne ve Shawn, A. Green (1993), “The Effects Of Leader-Member Exchange on Employee Citizenship and Impression Management Behavior”, Human Relations, 46(12), 1431- 1440.Settoon, Randall P. ve diğerleri (1996), “Social Exchange in Organizations: Perceived Organizational Support, Leader-Member Exchange, and Employee Reciprocity” Journal of Applied Psychology, 81, 219–227.Shore, Lynn M. ve diğerleri (2006), “Social and Economic Exchange: Construct Development and Validation”, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 36(4), 837-67.Shore, Lynn M. ve Sandy J. Wayne (1993), “Commitment and Employee Behavior: Comparison of Affective Commitment and Continuance Commitment with Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(5), 774-780.Shore, Lynn M. ve Tetrick, Lois E. (1991), “A Construct Validity Study of The Survey of Perceived Organizational Support”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 76(5), 637-43.Silbert, Lisa Terry (2005), “The Effect of Tangible Rewards on Perceived Organizational Support”, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, University of Waterloo, Canada.Stephen, G. Green ve Talya, N. Bauer(1996), “Development of Leader-Member Exchange: A Longitudinal Test”, The Academy of Management Journal, 19(6), 1538-1567.Strassen, Marjorie Armstrong ve Ursel, Nancy D. (2009), “Perceived Organizational Support, Career Satisfaction, and The Retention of Older Workers”, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 82, 201-220.Wayne, Sandy J. ve diğerleri (1997), “Perceived Organizational Support and Leader- Member Exchange: A Social Exchange Perspective”, The Academy of Management Journal, 40(1), 82-111.Wayne, Sandy J. ve diğerleri (2002), “The Role of Fair Treatment And Rewards in Perceptions Of Organizational Support and Leader-Member Exchange”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87, 590-598. Woo, Boyun ve Chelladurai, Packianathan (2012), “Dynamics Of Perceived Support And Work Attitudes: The Case Of Fitness Club Employees Perceıved Organızatıonal Support And Organizational Commitment: A Study Of Medıum Enterprises In Malaysia” Human Resource Management Research, 2(1), 6-18. Yamaguchi, Ikushi (2001), “Perceived Organizational Support For Satisfying Autonomy Needs of Japanese White-Collar Workers: A Comparsion Between Japanese and US-Affiliated Companies”, Journal of Managerial Psychology, 16(6), 434-448.Zagenczyk, Thomas J. (2001), “A Social Influence Analysis of Perceived Organizational Support“, Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi, The Katz Graduate School of Business, University of Pittsburgh.