İşle İlgili Kaygı Ölçeğinin Türkçe Uyarlaması ve Dönüştürücü Liderlik ile İş Performansı Arasındaki İlişki: İş Özerkliğinin Aracı ve İşle İlgili Kaygının Düzenleyici Rolü

Year 2021, Volume: 16 Issue: 3, 821 - 841, 01.12.2021

Emre Gül , Daimi Koçak

https://doi.org/10.17153/oguiibf.973763

Cited By: 3

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı Parker ve DeCotiis (1983) tarafından geliştirilmiş olan işle ilgili kaygı ölçeğinin Türkçe uyarlamasını yapmaktır. Ayrıca dönüştürücü liderliğin iş performansı üzerindeki etkisinde iş özerkliğinin aracı ve işle ilgili kaygının düzenleyici rolü incelenmiştir. Ölçeğin uyarlamasını yapmak için hemşirelerden oluşan birinci örneklemden (n = 159), araştırma hipotezlerinin testinde ise Türkiye’ de hizmet sektöründe faaliyet gösteren özel bir şirketin çalışanlarından oluşan ikinci örneklemden (n = 237) yararlanılmıştır. Yapılan analizlerde işle ilgili kaygı ölçeğinin orijinal tek faktörlü yapısının desteklendiği tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte, dönüştürücü liderlik ile iş performansı arasındaki ilişkide iş özerkliğinin aracı ve işle ilgili kaygının düzenleyici rolünün olduğu belirlenmiştir.

Keywords

İşle İlgili Kaygı, Ölçek Uyarlama, Dönüştürücü Liderlik, İş Özerkliği, İş Performansı

Turkish Adaptation of the Job-Related Anxiety Scale and the Relationship between Transformational Leadership on Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Job Autonomy and Moderating Role of Job-Related Anxiety

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to adapt the job-related anxiety scale developed by Parker and DeCotiis (1983) into Turkish. Besides, the mediating role of job autonomy and the moderator role of job-related anxiety in the effect of transformational leadership on job performance were examined. In order to adapt the scale, the first sample (n = 159) consisting of nurses and, in testing the research hypotheses the second sample (n = 237) consisting of employees of a private company operating in the service sector in Turkey was used. In the analysis, it was determined that the original single-factor structure of the job-related anxiety scale was supported. However, it was determined that job autonomy has a mediating effect and job-related anxiety has a moderating effect on the relationship between transformational leadership and job performance.

Keywords

Job-Related Anxiety, Scale Adaptation, Transformational Leadership, Job Autonomy, Job Performance

References

• Abas, N. I.; Sawitri, H. S. R.; Puspawati, D. (2018), "Transformational Leadership, Job Performance, and Organizational Citizenship Behavior: Mediating Role of Work Engagement", Sriwijaya International Journal of Dynamic Economics and Business, Vol. 2, No. 4: 363–376.
• Aiken, L. S.; West, S. G. (1991), Multiple Regression: Testing and Interpreting Interactions, Newbury Park: CA: Sage.
• Ajzen, I. (1991), "The Theory of Planned Behavior", Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, Vol. 50, No. 2: 179–211.
• Al Khajeh, E. H. (2018), "Impact of Leadership Styles on Organizational Performance", Journal of Human Reseources Management Research, Vol. 2018, 1–10.
• Allen, D. G.; Shore, L. M.; Griffeth, R. W. (2003), "The Role of Perceived Organizational Support and Supportive Human Resource Practices in the Turnover Process", Journal of Management, Vol. 29, No. 1: 99–118.
• Alpkan, L.; Bulut, C.; Gunday, G.; Ulusoy, G.; Kilic, K. (2010), "Organizational Support for Intrapreneurship and Its Interaction with Human Capital to Enhance Innovative Performance", Management Decision, Vol. 48, No. 5: 732–755.
• Anderson, J. C.; Gerbing, D. W. (1988), "Structural Equation Modeling in Practice: A Review and Recommended Two-Step Approach", Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 103, No. 3: 411–423.
• Avolio, B. J.; Yammarino, F. J. (2002), "Introduction to, and Overview of, Transformational and Charismatic Leadership", Transformational and Charismatic Leadership: The Road Ahead, (Ed. B. J. Avolio ve F. J. Yammarino), Oxford: Elsevier Science: 17-23.
• Baba, V. V.; Jamal, M. (1991), "Routinization of Job Context and Job Content as Related to Employees ’ Quality of Working Life : A Study of Canadian Nurses", Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 12, No. 5: 379–386.
• Bass, B. M. (1985), Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations, New York: Free Press.
• Bass, B. M. (1999), "Two Decades of Research and Development in Transformational Leadership", European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, Vol. 8, No. 1: 9–32.
• Bass, B. M.; Avolio, B. J. (1990), "Developing Transformational Leadership: 1992 and Beyond", Journal of European Industrial Training, Vol. 14, No. 5: 21–27.
• Blau, P. M. (1964), Exchange and Power in Social Life, New York: John-Wiley & Sons Pub.
• Bliese, P. D.; Edwards, J. R.; Sonnentag, S. (2017), "Stress and Well-Being at Work: A Century of Empirical Trends Reflecting Theoretical and Societal Influences Paul", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 102, No. 3: 389–402.
• Brislin, R. W.; Lonner, W. J.; R.M. Thorndike. (1973), Cross Cultural Research Methods, 1. Basım, New York: John-Wiley & Sons Pub.
• Buil, I.; Martínez, E.; Matute, J. (2019), "Transformational Leadership and Employee Performance: The Role of Identification, Engagement and Proactive Personality", International Journal of Hospitality Management, Vol. 77, 64–75.
• Carayon, P.; Smith, M. J.; Haims, M. C. (1999), "Work Organization, Job Stress, and Work-Related Musculoskeletal Disorders", Human Factors, Vol. 41, No. 4: 644–663.
• Carless, S. A.; Wearing, A. J.; Mann, L. (2000), "A Short Measure of Transformational Leadership", Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 14, No. 3: 389–405.
• Chandrasekara, W. (2019), "The Effect of Transformational Leadership Style on Employees Job Satisfaction and Job Performance: A Case of Apparel Manufacturing Industry in Sri Lanka", International Journal of Economics, Commerce and Management, Vol. 7, No. 7: 385–393.
• Cheng, B. H.; McCarthy, J. M. (2018), "Understanding the Dark and Bright Sides of Anxiety: A Theory of Workplace Anxiety", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 103, No. 5: 537–560.
• Choi, Y.; Yoon, D. J.; Kim, D. (2020), "Leader Behavioral Integrity and Employee In-Role Performance: The Roles of Coworker Support and Job Autonomy", International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol. 17, 1–14.
• Cole, M. S.; Walter, F.; Bruch, H. (2008), "Affective Mechanisms Linking Dysfunctional Behavior to Performance in Work Teams: A Moderated Mediation Study", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 93, No. 5: 945–958.
• Conger, J. A.; Kanungo, R. N. (1988), "The Empowerment Process: Integrating Theory and Practice", The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13, No. 3: 471–482.
• De Clercq, D.; Haq, I. U.; Azeem, M. U. (2017), "Perceived Threats of Terrorism and Job performance: The Roles of Job-Related Anxiety and Religiousness", Journal of Business Research, Vol. 78, 23–32.
• De Clercq, D.; Haq, I. U.; Azeem, M. U. (2018), "Self-Efficacy to Spur Job Performance: Roles of Job-Related Anxiety and Perceived Workplace Incivility", Management Decision, Vol. 56, No. 4: 891–907.
• Deadrick, D. L.; Gardner, D. G. (2008), "Maximal and Typical Measures of Job Performance: An Analysis of Performance Variability Over Time", Human Resource Management Review, Vol. 18, No. 3: 133–145.
• Dias, M. A. M. J.; Borges, R. S. G. E. (2017), "Performance and Leadership Style: When Do Leaders and Followers Disagree?", Revista de Administração Mackenzie – RAM, Vol. 18, No. 2: 104–129.
• Fila, M. J.; Eatough, E. (2018), "Extending Knowledge of Illegitimate Tasks: Student Satisfaction, Anxiety, and Emotional Exhaustion", Stress and Health, Vol. 34, No. 1: 152–162.
• Foa, E. B.; Foa, U. G. (1974), Societal Structures of the Mind, Springfield: Charles C. Thomas.
• Fuller, J. B.; Patterson, C. E. P.; Hester, K.; Stringer, D. Y. (1996), "A Quantitative Review of Research on Charismatic Leadership", Psychological Reports, Vol. 78, 271–287.
• García-Morales, V. J.; Lloréns-Montes, F. J.; Verdú-Jover, A. J. (2008), "The Effects of Transformational Leadership on Organizational Performance through Knowledge and Innovation", British Journal of Management, Vol. 19, No. 4: 299–319.
• Gilbert, M.-H.; Dagenais-Desmarais, V.; St-Hilaire, F. (2017), "Transformational Leadership and Autonomy Support Management Behaviors", Leadership & Organization Development Journal, Vol. 38, No. 2: 1–38.
• Gözükara, I.; Simşek, O. F. (2015), "Linking Transformational Leadership to Work Engagement and the Mediator Effect of Job Autonomy: A Study in a Turkish Private Non-Profit University", Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, Vol. 195, 963–971.
• Grant, A. M.; Sumanth, J. J. (2009), "Mission Possible? The Performance of Prosocially Motivated Employees Depends on Manager Trustworthiness", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 94, 927–944.
• Gross, E. (2017), "Work, Organization, and Stress", Social Stress, (Ed. S. Levine ve N. A. Scotch), London and New York: Routledge.
• Hackman, J. R.; Oldham, G. R. (1976), "Motivation Through the Design of Work: Test of a Theory", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 16, 250–279.
• Hackman, J. R.; Oldham, G. R. (1980), Work Redesign, Canada: Addison-Wesley Publications.
• Harman, H. H. (1976), Modern Factor Analysis, University of Chicago Press.
• Hayes, A. F. (2017), Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis, Introduction to Mediation, Moderation and Conditional Process Analysis, New York: The Guilford Press.
• Hofstede, G. (1980), "Motivation, Leadership and Organization: Do American Theories Apply Abroad?", Organizational Dynamics, Vol. 9, No. 1: 42–63.
• Hui, R. T. yin; Sue-Chan, C. (2018), "Variations in Coaching Style and Their Impact on Subordinates’ Work Outcomes", Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 39, No. 5: 663–679.
• Jain, P.; Duggal, T. (2018), "Transformational Leadership, Organizational Commitment, Emotional Intelligence and Job Autonomy: Empirical Analysis on the Moderating and Mediating Variables", Management Research Review, Vol. 41, No. 9: 1033–1046.
• Jones, M. K.; Latreille, P. L.; Sloane, P. J. (2016), "Job Anxiety, Work-Related Psychological Illness and Workplace Performance", British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 54, No. 4: 742–767.
• Joo, B.-K.; Jeung, C.-W.; Yoon, H. J. (2010), "Investigating the Influences of Core Self-Evaluations, Job Autonomy, and Intrinsic Motivation on In-Role Job Performance", Human Resource Development Quartely, Vol. 21, No. 4: 353–371.
• Judge, T. A.; Bono, J. E.; Locke, E. A. (2000), "Personality and Job Satisfaction: The Mediating Role of Job Characteristics", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 85, No. 2: 237–249.
• Katou, A. A. (2015), "Transformational Leadership and Organisational Performance", Employee Relations, Vol. 37, No. 3: 329–353.
• Katz, D. (1964), "The Motivational Basis of Organizational Behavior", Behavioral Science, Vol. 9, No. 2: 131–146.
• Kerr, R.; McHugh, M.; McCrory, M. (2009), "HSE Management Standards and Stress-Related Work Outcomes", Occupational Medicine, Vol. 59, No. 8: 574–579.
• Kirkman, B. L.; Rosen, B. (1999), "Beyond Self-Management: Antecedents and Consequences of Team Empowerment", Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 42, No. 1: 58–74.
• Krannitz, M. A.; Grandey, A. A.; Liu, S.; Almeida, D. A. (2015), "Workplace Surface Acting and Marital Partner Discontent: Anxiety and Exhaustion Spillover Mechanisms", Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, Vol. 20, No. 3: 314–325.
• Lai, F. Y.; Tang, H. C.; Lu, S. C.; Lee, Y. C.; Lin, C. C. (2020), "Transformational Leadership and Job Performance: The Mediating Role of Work Engagement", SAGE Open, Vol. 10, No. 1: 1–11.
• Lim, S.; Tai, K. (2014), "Family incivility and Job Performance: A Moderated Mediation Model of Psychological Distress and Core Self-Evaluation", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 99, No. 2: 351–359.
• Lussier, R. N.; Achua, C. F. (2007), Effective Leadership, Thomson South-Western: OH.
• Mackenzie, S. B.; Podsakoff, P. M.; Rich, G. A. (2001), "Transformational and Transactional Leadership and Salesperson Performance The Dangers of Poor Construct Conceptualization View project", Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Vol. 29, No. 2: 115–134.
• Manzoor, F.; Wei, L.; Nurunnabi, M.; Subhan, Q. A.; Shah, S. I. A.; Fallatah, S. (2019), "The Impact of Transformational Leadership on Job Performance and CSR as Mediator in SMEs", Sustainability, Vol. 11, 1–14.
• Mao, J.; Chang, S.; Gong, Y.; Xie, J. L. (2021), "Team Job-Related Anxiety and Creativity: Investigating Team-Level and Cross-Level Moderated Curvilinear Relationships", Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 42, 34–47.
• Martin, R.; Guillaume, Y.; Thomas, G.; Lee, A.; Epitropaki, O. (2016), "Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) and Performance: A Meta-Analytic Review", Personnel Psychology, Vol. 69, No. 1: 67–121.
• Masa’deh, R.; Obeidat, B. Y.; Tarhini, A. (2016), "A Jordanian Empirical Study of The Associations Among Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Knowledge Sharing, Job Performance, and Firm Performance: A Structural Equation Modelling Approach", Journal of Management Development, Vol. 35, No. 5: 681–705.
• McCarthy, J. M.; Trougakos, J. P.; Cheng, B. H. (2016), "Are Anxious Workers Less Productive Workers? It Depends on the Quality of Social Exchange", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 101, No. 2: 279–291.
• Morgan, J. I.; Harris, P. R. (2015), "Evidence That Brief Self-Affirming Implementation Intentions Can Reduce Work-Related Anxiety in Downsize Survivors", Anxiety, Stress and Coping, Vol. 28, No. 5: 563–575.
• Morgeson, F. P.; Delaney-Klinger, K.; Hemingway, M. A. (2005), "The Importance of Job Autonomy, Cognitive Ability, and Job-Related Skill for Predicting Role Breadth and Job Performance", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 90, No. 2: 399–406.
• Mortensen, R. (2014), "Anxiety , Work , and Coping", The Psychologist-Manager Journal, Vol. 17, No. 3: 178–181.
• Muller, D.; Judd, C. M.; Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005), "When Moderation is Mediated and Mediation is Moderated", Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 89, No. 6: 852–863.
• Nauman, S.; Malik, S. Z.; Jalil, F. (2019), "How Workplace Bullying Jeopardizes Employees’ Life Satisfaction: The Roles of Job Anxiety and Insomnia", Frontiers in Psychology, Vol. 10, 1–13.
• Parker, D. F.; DeCotiis, T. A. (1983), "Organizational Determinants of Job Stress", Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, Vol. 32, 160–177.
• Pattnaik, S. C.; Sahoo, R. (2021), "Transformational Leadership and Organizational Citizenship Behaviour: The Role of Job Autonomy and Supportive Management", Management Research Review, 1–18.
• Podsakoff, P. M.; MacKenzie, S. B.; Lee, J. Y.; Podsakoff, N. P. (2003), "Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of the Literature and Recommended Remedies", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 88, No. 5: 879–903.
• Pollitt, C. (2018), "Performance Management 40 Years on: A Review. Some Key Decisions and Consequences", Public Money and Management, Vol. 38, No. 3: 167–174.
• Preacher, K. J.; Hayes, A. F. (2008), "Asymptotic and Resampling Strategies for Assessing and Comparing Indirect Effects in Multiple Mediator Models", Behavior Research Methods, Vol. 40, No. 3: 879–891.
• Preacher, K. J.; Rucker, D. D.; Hayes, A. F. (2007), "Addressing Moderated Mediation Hypotheses: Theory, Methods, and Prescriptions", Multivariate Behavioral Research, Vol. 42, No. 1: 185–227.
• Rhoades, L.; Eisenberger, R. (2002), "Perceived Organizational Support: A Review of the Literature", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 87, No. 4: 698–714.
• Scott, S. G.; Bruce, R. A. (1994), "Determinants of Innovative Behavior : A Path Model of Individual Innovation in the Workplace", The Academy of Management Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3: 580–607.
• Shafie, B.; Baghersalimi, S.; Barghi, V. (2013), "The Relationship Between Leadership Style and Employee Performance : Case Study of Real Estate Registration Organization of Tehran Province", Singaporean Journal of Business , Economics and Management Studies, Vol. 2, No. 5: 21–29.
• Shalley, C. E.; Gilson, L. L. (2004), "What Leaders Need to Know: A Review of Social and Contextual Factors That Can Foster or Hinder Creativity", Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 15, 33–53.
• Shamir, B.; House, R. J.; Arthur, M. B. (1993), "The Motivational Effects of Charismatic Leadership : A Self-Concept Based Theory", Organization Science, Vol. 4, No. 4: 577–594.
• Sigler, T. H.; Pearson, C. M. (2000), "Creating an Empowering Culture: Examining the Relationship Between Organizational Culture and Perceptions of Empowerment", Journal of Quality Management, Vol. 5, 27–52.
• Spector, P. E.; Dwyer, D. J.; Steve, M. J. (1988), "Relation of Job Stressors to Affective, Health and Performance Outcomes: A Comparison of Multiple Data sources", Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 73, No. 1: 11–19.
• Svendsen, M.; Unterrainer, C.; Jonsson, T. F. (2018), "The Effect of Transformational Leadership and Job Autonomy on Promotive and Prohibitive Voice: A Two-Wave Study", Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2: 171–183.
• Taylor, S.; Koch, W. J.; Crockett, D. J. (1991), "Anxiety Sensitivity, Trait Anxiety, and the Anxiety Disorders", Journal of Anxiety Disorders, Vol. 5, No. 4: 293–311.
• Vigoda-Gadot, E. (2007), "Leadership Style, Organizational Politics, and Employees’ Performance: An Empirical Examination of Two Competing Models", Personnel Review, Vol. 36, No. 5: 661–683.
• Yukl, G. (1999), "An Evaluation of Conceptual Weaknesses in Transformational and Charismatic Leadership Theories", Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 10, No. 2: 285–305.
• Zhu, Y.; Akhtar, S. (2014), "How Transformational Leadership Influences Follower Helping Behavior: The Role of Trust and Prosocial Motivation", Journal of Organizational Behavior, Vol. 35, No. 3: 373–392.