INVESTIGATION OF MICROSTRUCTURAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ST-37 AND STRENX-960 STEELS BY A-TIG WELDING METHOD
Abstract
The place of welding methods in-vehicle technologies is well established, significantly enhancing production speed and product quality. High toughness is crucial for welded metallic structures that require high strength and good processability. However, challenges such as reduced toughness and reliability in welds impact overall quality. This study focused on improving the weld seam quality of dissimilar metals, specifically St-37 and Strenx-960 steels, using the active tungsten inert gas (A-TIG) welding method with ZrO2 and Al2O3 fluxes. Experimental results showed that using ZrO2 flux yielded the highest mechanical performance, with a hardness of 494.8 HV, tensile strength of 1298 MPa, and impact energy of 113 J/cm². These findings highlight the superior adhesion and crystalline structure of ZrO2, which minimized defects in the weld seam and HAZ, ensuring consistency in mechanical properties. The study concludes that ZrO2 flux significantly enhances the mechanical integrity of welded joints, offering potential benefits for vehicle manufacturing.
Ethical Statement
The authors have no competing interests relevant to this article's content.
Supporting Institution
Suleyman Demirel University
Project Number
FYL-2024-9283
Thanks
This work was financially supported by the Scientific Research Fund for the Suleyman Demirel University (FYL-2024-9283). The authors are grateful for all this support.
References
- Adar, M. (2019). Investigation of Weldability of Hardox-500 and St-52 Steel by Mechanical Tests and Statistical Methods, Karabük University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Sc. Thesis, September 2019, Karabük.
- Afzali, M., and Asghari, V. (2022). Study of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PP, Functional Composites and Structures, 4, 015002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ac407d
- Ahola, A., Lipiäinen, K., Riski, J., Koskimaki, M., Pyörret, J., Björk, T. (2023). Fatigue Strength Of Shot-Peened As-Welded Joints And Post-Weld-Treated And Subsequently Clean-Blasted Fillet Weld Joints, Welding in the World, 67, 1559–1574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01498-3
- Akgün, G., Buran, D., Sarac, M.F. (2023). Investigation of Microstructure and Wear Behaviors of AZ91 Alloy Under Different Heat Treatment, Erzincan University Journal of Science and Technology, 16, 516-527. https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.1254273
- Aras, S. and Ertan, R. (2024). Studying the Strength of Dissimilar Joints of AISI 430 and 301 Stainless Steel Welded at Different Welding Parameters, Materials and Technology, 58, 121-127. https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2023.1054
- Avramovic-Cingara, G., Saleh, Ch.A.R., Jain, M.K., Wilkinson, D.S. (2009). Void Nucleation and Growth in Dual-Phase Steel 600 during Uniaxial Tensile Testing, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 40, 3117-3127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-009-0030-z
- Güzey, B.N. and Irsel, G. (2023). Investigation of Mechanical and Microstructural Properties in Joining Dissimilar P355GH and Stainless 316L Steels by TIG Welding Process, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 205, 104965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2023.104965
- İpekoğlu, G., Küçükömeroğlu, T., Aktarer, S.M., Sekban, D.M., Çam, G. (2019). Investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar St37/St52 joints, Materials Research Express, 6, 046537. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aafb9f
- Korkmaz, Ş., Çetin, M.H., Adar, M., Orak, A. (2020). Investigation of Tensile Strength and Hardness Behaviour of Hardox500 – St52 Specimen Joined by GMAW Method, Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences, 8 (2), 300-317. https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.610889
- Kulkarni, A., Dwivedi, D.K., Vasudevan, M. (2018). Study Of Mechanism, Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Activated Flux TIG Welded P91 Steel-P22 Steel Dissimilar Metal Joint, Materials Science And Engineering: A, 731, 309-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.06.054
- Sharma, P. and Dwivedi, D.K. (2021a). A-TIG welding of dissimilar P92 steel and 304H austenitic stainless steel: Mechanisms, microstructure and mechanical properties, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 44, 166-178.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.06.003
- Sharma, P. and Dwivedi, D.K. (2021b). Wire-feed Assisted A-TIG Welding of Dissimilar Steels, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 21, 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-021-00235-1
- Singh, S.R., Khanna, P. (2021). A-TIG (activated flux tungsten inert gas) welding:- A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, 44(1), 808-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.712
- Teker, T., Yılmaz, S.O., Karakurt, E.M. (2018). Effect of different rotational speeds on mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction welded dissimilar steels, Materials Testing, 60, 135-141. https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111135
- Tümer, M., Mert, T., Karahan, T. (2020). Investigation of microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion behavior of nickel-based alloy 625/duplex stainless steel UNS S32205 dissimilar weldments using ERNiCrMo-3 filler metal, Welding in the World, 65, 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-01011-0
- Vidyarthy, R.S. and Dwivedi, D.K. (2016). Activating flux tungsten inert gas welding for enhanced weld penetration, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 22, 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.03.012
- Vidyarthy, R.S. and Sivateja, P. (2020). Influence of activating flux tungsten inert gas welding on mechanical and metallurgical properties of the mild steel, Materials Today: Proceedings, 28(2), 977-981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.33
- Vijay, S.J., Mohanasundaram, S., Ramkumar, P., Kim, H.G., Tugriumubano, A., Go, S.H. (2020). Experimental Investigations on Activated-TIG Welding of Inconel 625 and AISI 304 Alloys, Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1307-7_34
ST-37 VE STRENX-960 ÇELİKLERİNİN MİKROYAPISAL VE MEKANİK ÖZELLİKLERİNİN A-TIG KAYNAK YÖNTEMİ İLE İNCELENMESİ
Abstract
Kaynak yöntemlerinin taşıt teknolojilerindeki yeri iyi bilinmektedir ve üretim hızını ve ürün kalitesini önemli ölçüde artırmaktadır. Yüksek tokluk, yüksek mukavemet ve iyi işlenebilirlik gerektiren kaynaklı metalik yapılar için çok önemlidir. Ancak, kaynaklarda tokluğun ve güvenilirliğin azalması gibi zorluklar genel kaliteyi etkilemektedir. Bu çalışma, özellikle St-37 ve Strenx-960 çelikleri olmak üzere farklı metallerin kaynak dikişi kalitesini, ZrO2 ve Al2O3 akıları ile aktif tungsten inert gaz (A-TIG) kaynak yöntemini kullanarak iyileştirmeye odaklanmıştır. Deneysel sonuçlar, ZrO2 akısının kullanılmasının 494,8 HV sertlik, 1298 MPa çekme dayanımı ve 113 J/cm² darbe enerjisi ile en yüksek mekanik performansı sağladığını göstermiştir. Bu bulgular, kaynak dikişindeki ve Isının Tesiri Altındaki Bölge (ITAB)’de ki kusurları en aza indirerek mekanik özelliklerde tutarlılığı sağlayan ZrO2'nin üstün yapışma özelliğini ve kristal yapısını vurgulamaktadır. Çalışma, ZrO2 akısının kaynaklı bağlantıların mekanik bütünlüğünü önemli ölçüde artırdığı ve araç üretimi için potansiyel faydalar sağladığı sonucuna varmıştır.
Project Number
FYL-2024-9283
References
- Adar, M. (2019). Investigation of Weldability of Hardox-500 and St-52 Steel by Mechanical Tests and Statistical Methods, Karabük University, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, M.Sc. Thesis, September 2019, Karabük.
- Afzali, M., and Asghari, V. (2022). Study of the effect of nano ZrO2 and TiO2 and rotation speed on friction behavior of rotary friction welding of HIPS and PP, Functional Composites and Structures, 4, 015002. https://doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ac407d
- Ahola, A., Lipiäinen, K., Riski, J., Koskimaki, M., Pyörret, J., Björk, T. (2023). Fatigue Strength Of Shot-Peened As-Welded Joints And Post-Weld-Treated And Subsequently Clean-Blasted Fillet Weld Joints, Welding in the World, 67, 1559–1574. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-023-01498-3
- Akgün, G., Buran, D., Sarac, M.F. (2023). Investigation of Microstructure and Wear Behaviors of AZ91 Alloy Under Different Heat Treatment, Erzincan University Journal of Science and Technology, 16, 516-527. https://doi.org/10.18185/erzifbed.1254273
- Aras, S. and Ertan, R. (2024). Studying the Strength of Dissimilar Joints of AISI 430 and 301 Stainless Steel Welded at Different Welding Parameters, Materials and Technology, 58, 121-127. https://doi.org/10.17222/mit.2023.1054
- Avramovic-Cingara, G., Saleh, Ch.A.R., Jain, M.K., Wilkinson, D.S. (2009). Void Nucleation and Growth in Dual-Phase Steel 600 during Uniaxial Tensile Testing, Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, 40, 3117-3127. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11661-009-0030-z
- Güzey, B.N. and Irsel, G. (2023). Investigation of Mechanical and Microstructural Properties in Joining Dissimilar P355GH and Stainless 316L Steels by TIG Welding Process, International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 205, 104965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpvp.2023.104965
- İpekoğlu, G., Küçükömeroğlu, T., Aktarer, S.M., Sekban, D.M., Çam, G. (2019). Investigation of microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded dissimilar St37/St52 joints, Materials Research Express, 6, 046537. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/aafb9f
- Korkmaz, Ş., Çetin, M.H., Adar, M., Orak, A. (2020). Investigation of Tensile Strength and Hardness Behaviour of Hardox500 – St52 Specimen Joined by GMAW Method, Konya Journal of Engineering Sciences, 8 (2), 300-317. https://doi.org/10.36306/konjes.610889
- Kulkarni, A., Dwivedi, D.K., Vasudevan, M. (2018). Study Of Mechanism, Microstructure And Mechanical Properties Of Activated Flux TIG Welded P91 Steel-P22 Steel Dissimilar Metal Joint, Materials Science And Engineering: A, 731, 309-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2018.06.054
- Sharma, P. and Dwivedi, D.K. (2021a). A-TIG welding of dissimilar P92 steel and 304H austenitic stainless steel: Mechanisms, microstructure and mechanical properties, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 44, 166-178.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2019.06.003
- Sharma, P. and Dwivedi, D.K. (2021b). Wire-feed Assisted A-TIG Welding of Dissimilar Steels, Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 21, 81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43452-021-00235-1
- Singh, S.R., Khanna, P. (2021). A-TIG (activated flux tungsten inert gas) welding:- A review, Materials Today: Proceedings, 44(1), 808-820. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2020.10.712
- Teker, T., Yılmaz, S.O., Karakurt, E.M. (2018). Effect of different rotational speeds on mechanical and metallurgical properties of friction welded dissimilar steels, Materials Testing, 60, 135-141. https://doi.org/10.3139/120.111135
- Tümer, M., Mert, T., Karahan, T. (2020). Investigation of microstructure, mechanical, and corrosion behavior of nickel-based alloy 625/duplex stainless steel UNS S32205 dissimilar weldments using ERNiCrMo-3 filler metal, Welding in the World, 65, 171-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40194-020-01011-0
- Vidyarthy, R.S. and Dwivedi, D.K. (2016). Activating flux tungsten inert gas welding for enhanced weld penetration, Journal of Manufacturing Processes, 22, 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2016.03.012
- Vidyarthy, R.S. and Sivateja, P. (2020). Influence of activating flux tungsten inert gas welding on mechanical and metallurgical properties of the mild steel, Materials Today: Proceedings, 28(2), 977-981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2019.12.33
- Vijay, S.J., Mohanasundaram, S., Ramkumar, P., Kim, H.G., Tugriumubano, A., Go, S.H. (2020). Experimental Investigations on Activated-TIG Welding of Inconel 625 and AISI 304 Alloys, Advances in Materials and Manufacturing Engineering, 311–317. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-1307-7_34
Details
| Primary Language | English |
|---|---|
| Subjects | Resource Technologies, Materials Engineering (Other) |
| Journal Section | Research Articles |
| Authors | |
| Project Number | FYL-2024-9283 |
| Early Pub Date | April 16, 2025 |
| Publication Date | April 24, 2025 |
| Submission Date | September 2, 2024 |
| Acceptance Date | January 23, 2025 |
| Published in Issue | Year 2025 Volume: 33 Issue: 1 |
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