The Importance of Integrating Business Ethics into Business Strategy in the Omnipticon Era

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 24 Sayı: 2, 381 - 399, 10.08.2023

Onur Kazancı

https://doi.org/10.17494/ogusbd.1278579

Öz

With the development first of traditional media and then of internet technologies and online social networks, previously "surveilling" organizations have become "also surveilled". This change in the structure of surveillance has caused businesses to attach more importance to business ethics and social responsibility practices in order to have and maintain a positive reputation (image) in the eyes of the public, albeit only with the concern of profitability. However, the realization of business ethics practices is considered as a cost factor for businesses and these practices are put on the back burner. In this study, the benefits of including business ethics in the strategic plans of businesses in order to minimize the costs of these practices while responding to the ethical expectations of the public in today's world where everyone is watching everyone (omnipticon) surveillance emerged by the developments in communication technologies are discussed.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Omnipticon, sinopticon, panopticon, surveillance, business ethics, strategic management

Omniptikon Döneminde İş Etiğinin İşletme Stratejilerine Entegrasyonunun Önemi

Öz

Önce geleneksel medyanın daha sonra da internet teknolojileri ve çevrim içi sosyal ağların gelişimiyle birlikte önceden “gözetleyen” kurumlar artık “aynı zamanda gözetlenen” konumuna gelmişlerdir. Bu gözetim yapısındaki değişme, işletmelerin kamuoyu nezdinde olumlu bir itibar (imaj) sahibi olabilmeleri ve bunu koruyabilmeleri için, her ne kadar sadece karlılık kaygısıyla da olsa, iş etiği ve sosyal sorumluluk uygulamalarına daha fazla öne atfetmelerine neden olmuştur. Ancak iş etiği uygulamalarının gerçekleştirilmesi işletmeler için birer maliyet unsuru olarak değerlendirilmekte ve bu uygulamalar ikinci plana atılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, iletişim teknolojilerindeki gelişmelerin ortaya çıkardığı herkesin herkesi izlediği (omnipticon) gözetim şeklinin mevcut olduğu günümüzde, işletmelerin kamuoyunun etik beklentilerine karşılık verirken aynı zamanda bu uygulamaların doğuracağı maliyetlerin minimize edilmesi için iş etiğinin, işletmelerin stratejik planlarında yer almasının yaratacağı faydalar tartışılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Omniptikon, sinoptikon, panoptikon, gözetim uygulamaları, iş etiği, stratejik yönetim

Kaynakça

• Akdağ, G. (2015). Gözetim Toplumu Teorilerinin Tarihsel ve Teorik Bir İncelemesi. Adnan Menderes Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Sosyoloji Anabilim Dalı, Yüksek Lisans Tezi.
• Allmer, T. (2015). Critical Theory and Social Media: Between Emancipation and Commodification, Routledge: London.
• Andrejevic, M. (2019). Automating surveillance. Surveillance & Society, 17(1), 7-13.
• Arthur, H. B. (1984). ‘Making Business Ethics Useful’, Strategic Management Journal 5(4), 319–333.
• Azmi, R. A. (2006). Business ethics as competitive advantage for companies in the globalization era. Available at SSRN 1010073.
• Bauman, Z. ve Lyon, D. (2013). Liquid Surveillance: A Conversation. Polity Press. UK.
• Babalola, M. T., Bal, M., Cho, C. H., Garcia-Lorenzo, L., Guedhami, O., Liang, H., ve V an Gils, S. (2022). Bringing excitement to empirical business ethics research: Thoughts on the future of business ethics: JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 180(3), 903-916.
• Bayraktaroğlu, S., ve Yılmaz, S. E. (2012). İnsan kaynakları yönetiminde iş etiği uygulamaları ile örgütsel performans arasındaki ilişki: Fortune Türkiye en büyük 500 şirket örneği. İş Ahlakı Dergisi, 10, 117-148.
• Berner, M., Graupner, E., ve Maedche, A. (2014). The Information Panopticon in the Big Data Era. Journal of Organization Design, 3(1), 14–19.
• Bitirim Okmeydan, S. (2017). Postmodern Kültürde Gözetim Toplumunun Dönüşümü: ’Panoptikon’dan “Sinoptikon” ve ’Omniptikon’a. (Turkish). AJIT-e: Online Academic Journal of Information Technology, 8, 45.
• Bonn, I. ve Christodoulou, C. (1996). From strategic planning to strategic management, 29(4), 0–551. doi:10.1016/0024-6301(96)00046-5
• Bonn, I. ve Fisher, J. (2005). Corporate Governance and Business Ethics: Insights from the Strategic Planning Experience. Corporate Governance: An International Review. 13.
• Buchholz, R. A. ve Rosenthal, S. B. (2006). Integrating Ethics All the Way through: The Issue of Moral Agency Reconsidered. Journal of Business Ethics, 66(2/3), 233–239.Daniel R. Gilbert (1986). Corporate Strategy and ethics. , 5(2), 137–150.
• Büyük, K., ve Keskin, U. (2012). Panopticon’s Electronic Resurrection: Workplace Monitoring as an Ethical Problem. Turkish Journal of Business Ethics, 5(10), 75–88.
• Chell, E., Spence, L, Perrini, F. ve Harris, J. (2014). Social Entrepreneurship and Business Ethics: Does Social Equal Ethical?. Journal of Business Ethics. 133. 1-7. 10.1007/s10551-014-2439-6.
• Ciulla, J. B. (1991). Why is Business Talking about Ethics? Reflections on Foreign Conversations. California Management Review, 34(1), 67–86.
• Coombs, W. T., ve Holladay, S. J. (2013). The pseudo-panopticon: the illusion created by CSR-related transparency and the internet. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 18(2), 212.
• Dacin, M. T., Harrison, J. S., Hess, D., Killian, S., ve Roloff, J. (2022). Business versus ethics? thoughts on the future of business ethics: JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 180(3), 863-877.
• Demir, A. (2017). Panopticon ve Synopticon Geriliminde Özgürlük Paradoksu. Kaygı. Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Felsefe Dergisi, (28), 55-65.
• Drucker, P. F. (1981). What is business ethics. The public interest, 63(2), 18-36.
• Doğan, N. (2009). İş etiği ve işletmelerde etik çöküş. Sosyal Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(16), 179-200.
• Duska, R. (2000). Business Ethics: Oxymoron or Good Business? Business Ethics Quarterly, 10(1), 111–129.
• Elms, H., Brammer, S., Harris, J. D. ve Phillips, R. A. (2010). New Directions in Strategic Management and Business Ethics. Business Ethics Quarterly, 20(3), 401–425.
• Eren, Y. S. ve Eker, B. U. S. (2012). Kurumsal Sosyal Sorumluluk Algısının Marka İmajı, Algılanan Değer, Müşteri Tatmini ve Marka Sadakatine Etkisi Üzerine Bir Saha Araştırması: X Markası Örneği. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17 (2) , 451-472 .
• Feıgenbaum, J. ve Ford, B. (2015). Seeking Anonymity in an Internet Panopticon. Communications of the ACM, 58(10), 58–69.
• Floyd, L. A., Xu, F., Atkins, R., ve Caldwell, C. (2013). Ethical outcomes and business ethics: Toward improving business ethics education: JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 117(4), 753-776.
• Freeman, R.E. (1984) Strategic Management: A Stakeholder Approach. Pitman, Boston.
• Gibson, K. (2023) Ethics And Business. An Introduction. Cambridge Unversity Press. USA.
• Güçlü, N. (2003). Stratejik Yönetim. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 23 (2).
• Hagen, C. S., Bighash, L., Hollingshead, A. B., Shaikh, S. J., ve Alexander, K. S. (2018). Why are you watching? Video surveillance in organizations. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 23(2), 274.
• Hardy, C. ve Thomas, R. (2014). Strategy, Discourse and Practice: The Intensification of Power. Journal of Management Studies, 51(2).
• Hendry, C. ve Pettigrew, A. (1986). "The Practice of Strategic Human Resource Management", Personnel Review, Vol. 15 No. 5, pp. 3-8
• Hitt, M. A., ve Collins, J. D. (2007). Business ethics, strategic decision making, and firm performance. Business Horizons, 50(5), 353-357.
• Holme, C. (20081). Business ethics – Part One: Does it matter?. Industrial and Commercial Training. 40. 248-252. 10.1108/00197850810886487.
• Holme, C. (20082). Business ethics – Part Two: Making it part of your strategy. Industrial and Commercial Training. 40.
• Hosmer, L. T. (1994). ‘Strategic planning as if ethics mattered’, Strategic Management Journal, Summer Special Issue, 15, pp. 17– 34.
• Husted, B. ve Allen, D. (2000). Is It Ethical to Use Ethics as Strategy?. Journal of Business Ethics. 27. 21-31. 10.1023/A:1006422704548.
• Islam, G. (2022). Business ethics and quantification: Towards an ethics of numbers: JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 176(2), 195-211.
• Jurgenson, N., (2011) ‘Review of Timoner's We Live in Public.’ Surveillance & Society, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 374-378.
• Kandias, M., Mitrou, L., Stavrou, V. ve Gritzalis, D. (2017). Profiling online social networks users: an omniopticon tool. International Journal of Social Network Mining. 2. 293.
• Kaptein, M. (2008). Developing and Testing a Measure for the Ethical Culture of Organizations: The Corporate Ethical Virtues Model. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 29. 923–947. 10.1002/job.520.
• Kaptein, M. A (2022). Paradox of Ethics: Why People in Good Organizations do Bad Things. J Bus Ethics.
• Kaygısız, Ü. (2017). Panopti̇kon: Demokrasi̇ Ekseni̇nde Reali̇teden Kurgusala Doğru Bi̇r Bakiş. Suleyman Demirel University Journal of Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences, 22, 2073–2094.
• Kriebitz, A. ve Max, R. (2022). Organizational Integrity: Discussion of an Approach to Business Ethics in the Afe of Digitrization. Lütge, C. ve Thejls Ziegler, M. (Der.), Evolving Business Ethics. Integrity, Experimental Method and Responsible Innovation in the Digital Age. (ss. 23-36). J.B. Metzler. Germany.
• Krishna, A., Dangayach, G. S., ve Jainabc, R. (2011). Business ethics: A sustainability approach. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 25, 281-286.
• Koskela, H. (2006). ‘The other side of surveillance’: webcams, power and agency. Lyon, D. (Der.), Theorizing Surveillance. The Panopticon and Beyond içinde (ss. 163 – 181). Willan Publishing. UK.
• Kuçuradi, I. (2003). Etik ve “Etikler”. Çotuksöken, B. (Ed.), Felsefi Söyleşiler I-II (ss. 23-26). İstanbul Marmara Eğitim Vakfı. Maltepe Üniversitesi. Dragos- İstanbul.
• Lashley, C. (2016). Business ethics and sustainability. Research in Hospitality Management, 6(1), 1-7.
• Liedtka, J. (1998). Constructing an Ethic for Business Practice: Competing Effectively and Doing Good. Business & Society, 37(3), 254–280.
• Los, M. (2006). Looking into the future: surveillance, globalization and the totalitarian potential. Lyon, D. (Der.), Theorizing Surveillance. The Panopticon and Beyond içinde (ss. 69 – 94). Willan Publishing. UK.
• Lyon, D. (2003). Surveillance as Social Sorting. Routledge. London.
• Lyon, D. (1994). The Electronic Eye. University of Minnesota Press. Minneapolis.
• Lyon, D. (2006). Theorizing Surveillance. The Panopticon and Beyond. Willan Publishing. UK.
• Mauro, N., Natale, S.M. ve Libertella, A.F. (1999), "Personal values, business ethics and strategic development", Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 6 No. 2, pp. 22-28.
• Madu, B. C. (2012). Organization culture as driver of competitive advantage. Journal of academic and business ethics, 5, 1.
• Manroop, L. (2015). Human resource systems and competitive advantage: An ethical climate perspective. Business Ethics: A European Review, 24(2), 186-204.
• McManus, J. (2011), "Revisiting ethics in strategic management", Corporate Governance, Vol. 11 No. 2, pp. 214-223
• Milton-Smith, J. (1995). Ethics as excellence: A strategic management perspective. J Bus Ethics 14, 683–693.
• Mintzberg, H. (1978). Patterns in Strategy Formation. Management Science. 24. 934-948. 10.1287/mnsc.24.9.934.
• Mitchell, J. R., Mitchell, R. K., Hunt, R. A., Townsend, D. M., ve Lee, J. H. (2022). Stakeholder engagement, knowledge problems and ethical challenges. Journal of Business Ethics, 175(1), 75–94
• Narmanlıoğlu, H. ve İyigüngör, T. (2022). Uygur Türkleri Üzerinde Dijital Gözetim. Bilig, (102) , 119-146 .
• Norris, C. (2003). From personal to digital CCTV, the panopticon, and the technological mediation of suspicion and social control. Lyon, D. (Der.), Surveilllance as Social Sorting. Privacy, risk and Digital Discrimination içinde (ss. 251 - 281). Routledge. USA.
• Ogbo, A. I., Okechukwu, I., ve Ukpere, W. I. (2013). Business ethics as a tool for competitive advantage in the banking industry in Nigeria. Journal of Social Sciences, 35(1), 23-32.
• Özalp, İ., Maviş, F., Özkara, B., Kırel, Ç. ve Mutlu, D. (1989). İşletme Stratejisi, Yapısı ve Çevresi Arasındaki İlişkilerin İncelenmesi. Anadolu Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 7 (1), 381-414.
• Özcan, K. (2014). Yönetsel Kontrol ve Örgütsel Düzen: Michel Foucault ve Zygmunt Bauman Ekseninde Bir Tartışma. Amme Idaresi Dergisi. 47. 1-42.
• Öztürk, S. (2013). Filmlerle Görünürlüğün Dönüşümü: Panoptikon, Süperpanoptikon, Sinoptikon. İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, (36), 132.
• Papatya, G. ve Uygur, M. N. (2019). Stratejik Karar Verme Sürecini Etkileyen Faktörler: Uluslararası Taşımacılık Sektörü İşletmelerinde Bir Araştırma. Kafkas Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 10 (19) , 338-358 .
• Powers, T. F. (2004, Summer). Welcome to the omnipticon. Public Interest, , 114-119.
• Rampersad, H. K. (2003). Linking self-knowledge with business ethics and strategy development. Business Ethics: A European Review, 12(3), 246–257.
• Rhodes, C., Munro, I., Torkild, T., ve Pullen, A. (2020). Dissensus! radical democracy and business ethics: JBE. Journal of Business Ethics, 164(4), 627-632.
• Robertson, C. (2008). An Analysis of 10 years of Business Ethics Research in Strategic Management Journal: 1996–2005. Journal of Business Ethics.
• Schwab, B. (1996). A note on ethics and strategy: do good ethics always make for good business?. Strategic Management Journal, 17(6), 499-500.
• Schwartz, M. (2007), "The “business ethics” of management theory", Journal of Management History, Vol. 13 No. 1, pp. 43-54.
• Shkabatur, J. (2011). A Global Panopticon? The Changing Role of International Organizations in the Information Age. Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 33, No. 2, p. 159, 2011, Boston Univ. School of Law, Public Law Research Paper No. 11-26.
• Singer, A. (2010). "Integrating Ethics and Strategy: A Pragmatic Approach," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 92(4), pages 479-491, April.
• Singer, A. (2018). Justice Failure: Efficiency and Equality in Business Ethics. J Bus Ethics 149, 97–115.
• Van der Ploeg, I. (2003). Biometrics and the Body as Information. Normative Issues of the Socio-Technical Coding of the Body. Lyon, D. (Der.), Surveilllance as Social Sorting. Privacy, risk and Digital Discrimination içinde (ss. 57 - 73). Routledge. USA.
• Workman, M. (2009), "How perceptions of justice affect security attitudes: suggestions for practitioners and researchers", Information Management & Computer Security, Vol. 17 No. 4, pp. 341-353
• Uhl, M. (2022). Order Ethics: A Contemporary Ethics fort he Digital Society. Lütge, C. ve Thejls Ziegler, M. (Der.), Evolving Business Ethics. Integrity, Experimental Method and Responsible Innovation in the Digital Age. (ss. 93-98). J.B. Metzler. Germany.
• Victor, B., & Cullen, J. B. (1988). The Organizational Bases of Ethical Work Climates. Administrative Science Quarterly, 33(1), 101–125.
• York, J. G. (2009). Pragmatic sustainability: Translating environmental ethics into competitive advantage. Journal of Business Ethics, 85, 97-109.