Kamu özel sektör ortaklığı: Birleşik Krallık ve Türkiye karşılaştırması

Serap Gül Kır; Levent Kösekahyaoğlu

doi:10.25287/ohuiibf.1233735

Research Article

Public-private partnerships: Comparison of United Kingdom and Turkey

Year 2023, , 574 - 596, 30.04.2023

Serap Gül Kır , Levent Kösekahyaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1233735

Abstract

Public-private partnership is implemented in both developed and developing countries for various reasons. In developing countries, including Turkey, the need for infrastructure investment cannot be met from public resources, and therefore the private sector's participation in infrastructure financing through public private partnership is required. Most of the developing countries apply the public private partnership method in the provision of infrastructure services. In developed countries such as the United Kingdom, the public-private partnership application is an alternative financing model that can be used in cases where public resources cannot realize the targeted projects at the expected quality and level. The study aims to determine the current situation of public private partnership investments in infrastructure services in Turkey and the United Kingdom, to reveal the problems that occur, to determine what needs to be done for the sustainability of the implemented system and to suggest alternatives for the problematic aspects of the system. In the study, the investments made with the public private partnership model in the United Kingdom and Turkey were examined and the comparison method was used. According to the results obtained, it is revealed that there are differences in many aspects such as the reasons for the implementation of the public-private partnership between the two countries examined, legal legislation and applied sectors.

Keywords

Public Private Partnership, Infrastructure, United Kingdom, Turkey

References

Aktan, C. C., & Dileyici, D. (2005). Altyapı Reformu: Altyapı Hizmetlerinin Sunumu ve Finansmanında Yeni Trendler – Alternatif Yöntemler. İçinde C. C. Aktan, D. Dileyici & İ Y. Vural (Edt.), Altyapı ekonomisi altyapı hizmetlerinde serbestleşme ve özelleştirme (s. 43-63). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Alican, N. (2008). “Avrupa Birliği Mevzuatı ve Uygulamaları Işığında Kamu-Özel Sektör Ortaklıkları”. (Avrupa Birliği Uzmanlık Tezi). Maliye Bakanlığı Avrupa Birliği ve Dış İlişkiler Dairesi Başkanlığı.
Atasoy, H. (2011). Kamu-Özel İşbirliği Modeli ve Türkiye’de Belediyelerin Altyapı Projelerinin Finansmanında Uygulanabilirliği. (Doktora Tezi). Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
Augernblick, M., & Scott Custer Jr., B. (1990). The build, operate, and transfer (“BOT”) approach to infrastructure projects ın developing countries. WPS 498. Policy, Research, and External Affairs Working Papers.
Bovis, C. (2010). Public-private partnerships in the 21st century. ERA Forum, 11(3), 379-398.
Bult-Spiering, M. & Dewulf, G. (2006). Strategic Issues in Public–Private Partnerships An International Perspective. UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Cabinet Office (2011). Overview of the Major Projects Authority. Retrieved from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61379/mpa-overview_0.pdf.
City of London (2008). Developing India’s infrastructure through public private partnerships. A Resource Guide. Manchester: Research Republic LLP.
Colverson, S., & Perera, O. (2012). Harnessing the power of public-private partnerships: the role of hybrid financing strategies in sustainable development. IISD Report.
Commission of the European Communities (2004). Green paper on public-private partnerships and community law on public contracts and concessions. Brussels: COM.
Cruz, C. O., & Marques, R. C. (2013). Infrastructure public-private partnerships decision, management and development. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Cypher, J., M. & Dietz, J., L., (2009). The Process of Economic Development. London and New York: Routledge-Taylor and Francis Group. Third Edition.
Deloitte (2007). Closing America’s Infrastructure Gap: The Role of Public-Private Partnerships. A Deloitte Research Study. United States: Deloitte Development LLC.
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2012). Concession/PPP laws assessment 2011 cover analysis report. Final Report.
European Commission (2003). Guidelines for successful public–private partnerships. Brussels: European Commission.
European PPP Expertıse Centre (2022). Market Update Review of the European public-private partnership market in 2021. European Investment Bank.
European PPP Expertise Centre (2012). United Kingdom – England PPP Units and Related Institutional Framework.
European PPP Expertise Centre (2022). Market Update Review of the European public-private partnership market in 2021. European Investment Bank.
FICCI-E&Y (2012). “Accelerating public private partnerships in India”, FICCI-E&Y Report. India: FICCI-E&Y.
Grimsey, D., & Lewis, M. K. (2002). Evaluating the Risks of Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Projects, International Journal of Project Management.
Gülan, A. (1987). Kamu hizmeti ve görülüş usulleri. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
HM Treasury- Infrastructure and Project Authority. (2019). Private Finance Initiative and Private Finance 2 projects: 2018 summary data.
HM Treasury. (2012). A new approach to public private partnerships. HM Treasury.
HM Treasury-Infrastructure and Projects Authority. (2018). Private Finance Initiative and Private Finance 2 projects: 2017 summary data..
HM Treasury-Infrastructure UK. (2010). National Infrastructure Plan 2010.
https://data.eib.org/epec.
https://koi.sbb.gov.tr.
https://ppi.worldbank.org/en/snapshots/country/turkey .
https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-guarantees-scheme.
Infrastructure and Project Authority. (2022 a), Annual Report on Major Projects 2021-22, Reporting to Cabinet Office and HM Treasury.
Infrastructure and Project Authority (2022 b), Preparing for PFI contract expiry, Reporting to Cabinet Office and HM Treasury.
Infrastructure and Projects Authority, 2020, About the IPA, Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/973834/About_the_IPA_2020_12.03.21.pdf.
Jamali, D., 2004, Success and Failure Mechanisms of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Developing Countries: Insights From the Lebanese Context, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17(5), 414-430.
Kahyaoğulları, B. (2013). Public-private partnerships in developing and developed countries: the UK and Turkish Cases. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi. İİBF Dergisi, 15(2), 243-276.
Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2014). Onuncu kalkınma planı 2014-2018 kamu özel işbirliği özel ihtisas komisyonu raporu. Ankara: Kalkınma Bakanlığı.
Kayhan, İ. E., & Jenkins, G. P. (2016), Determination of Socially Equitable Guarantees for PPPs: A Toll-Road Case from Turkey, Development Discussion Paper: 2016-06.
Minow, M., (2003), Public and Private Partnerships: Accounting for the New Religion, 116(5), 1229-1270.
National Audit Office, (2009). Private Finance Projects. A Paper for The Lords Economic Affairs Committee, Retrieved From: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/HL_Private_Finance_Projects.pdf.
National Audit Office. (2018). PFI and PF2, HM Treasury, Retrieved From: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PFI-and-PF2.pdf.
Oral, B. G., & Fazlılar, T. A. (2016). Yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının finansmanında kamu-özel sektör işbirlikleri: rüzgâr enerjisi santralleri örneği. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 99-115.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2015). OECD Review of Public Governance of Public-Private Partnerships In The United Kingdom. Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate-Public Governance Committee. OECD, GOV/PGC/SBO(2015)8.
Özyıldız, H. (2016, 2 Şubat). Hazine garanti verdikçe bankalar dış borç almış. Erişim adresi:http://www.hakanozyildiz.com/2016/02/hazine-garanti-verdikce-bankalar-ds.html.
Pessoa, A. (2008). Public-private sector partnerships in developing countries: are infrastructures responding to the new oda strategy?. No.266. FEP Working Papers.
Pirler, O., (1995), Yerel Yönetimler ve Yap-İşlet-Devret Modeli (Local Authorities and BOT’s), Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 4(1): 47-60.
Policy and Operations Evaluation Department. (2013). Public-private partnerships in developing countries. No.378. IOB Study. The Netherlands: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
President of the Republic of Türkiye Investment Office (2022 a) , Türkiye Your Resilient Partner, Invest in Türkiye, Retrieved from https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/library/publications/lists/investpublications/invest-in-turkiye-roadshow-booklet.pdf.
President of the Republic of Türkiye Investment Office. (2022 b), Investing in Infrastructure & in Türkiye?, Retrieved from https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/library/publications/lists/investpublications/infrastructure-industry.pdf. https://www.thenbs.com/PublicationIndex/documents?Pub=4Ps
Sarıkatipoğlu, A., Yazıcı, C., Çapkın, T. A., & Yaka, C. P. (2016). Türk hukukunda kamu özel ortaklıkları. Articletter, 195-214. Erişim adresi: https://www.goksusafiisik.av.tr/Articletter/2016_Winter/GSI_Articletter_2016_Winter_Articl e14.pdf.
Spackman, M. (2002). “Public–private partnerships: lessons from the British approach”, Economic Systems, 26(3), 283-301.
Tekin, A. G. (2007). Kamu-özel sektör işbirlikleri-kamu-özel ortaklıkları (public private partnerships veya ppp modelleri). İdarecinin Sesi Dergisi, 21(122), 10-14.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2019). Kamu-özel İşbirliği raporu 2018. Ankara: Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı Sektörler ve Kamu Yatırımları Genel Müdürlüğü.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı, (2023), https://www.sbb.gov.tr/koi-gostergeleri/
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı (2022). Kamu Borç Yönetim Raporu, https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2022/06/Web_Kamu_Borc_Yonetimi_Raporu_Haziran_2022_v3.pdf .
Türkiye Raporu (2022). Erişim Adresi: https://turkiyeraporu.com/arastirma/kamu-ozel-isbirligi-projelerinin-maliyeti-ne-6795/.
United Nations, 2008, Guidebook on Promoting Good Governance in Public-Private Partnerships, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
Uysal, Y. (2017). “Yerel Yönetimlerde Kamu Özel İşbirliği (KÖİ) Uygulamalarının iki Yönü: Avantajlar ve Dezavantajlar”, Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Hakemli Elektronik Dergi, 10(2), 169-199.
Uysal, Y. (2020). “İngiltere Kamu-Özel İşbirliği Modelinin Türkiye’deki Şehir Hastaneleri Uygulamaları Üzerine Etkileri: Politika Transferi Bağlamında Bir Analiz”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversites Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(3), 935-960.
Webster, M., & Sansom, K. (1999). Public-private partnership and the poor: an initial review. Task No.164. WELL Study.
Yescombe, E. R. (2007). Public–Private Partnerships Principles of Policy and Finance. UK: Elsevier Ltd.
Yıldırım, A. (2016, 1 Aralık). Açık Garanti. Habertürk. Erişim adresi: http://www.haberturk.com/yazarlar/abdurrahman-yildirim-1018/1330877-acik-garanti.
Yılmaz, O. (1999). Yap-işlet-devret modeli ve Türkiye uygulaması (Uzmanlık Tezi). Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Ankara.

Kamu özel sektör ortaklığı: Birleşik Krallık ve Türkiye karşılaştırması

Year 2023, , 574 - 596, 30.04.2023

Serap Gül Kır , Levent Kösekahyaoğlu

https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1233735

Abstract

Kamu özel sektör ortaklığı hem gelişmiş hem de gelişmekte olan ülkelerde çeşitli gerekçelerle uygulanmaktadır. Türkiye’nin de içinde bulunduğu gelişmekte olan ülkelerde altyapı yatırım ihtiyacının kamu kaynaklarından karşılanamaması ve dolayısıyla özel sektörün kamu özel sektör ortaklığı aracılığıyla altyapı finansmanına katılımı gerekmektedir. Gelişmekte olan ülkelerin çoğu altyapı hizmetlerinin sunumunda kamu özel sektör ortaklığı yöntemini uygulamaktadır. Birleşik Krallık gibi gelişmiş ülkelerde ise kamu özel sektör ortaklığı uygulaması kamu kaynaklarının hedeflenen projeleri beklenilen kalite ve düzeyde gerçekleştiremeyeceği durumlarda kullanılabilecek alternatif finansman modelidir. Çalışma, Türkiye ve Birleşik Krallıktaki altyapı hizmetlerine yönelik kamu özel sektör ortaklığı yatırımlarının mevcut durumunu tespit etmeyi, meydana gelen sorunları ortaya koymayı, uygulanan sistemin sürdürülebilirliği için yapılması gerekenleri belirlemeyi ve sistemin problemli taraflarına yönelik alternatifler önermeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada Birleşik Krallık ve Türkiye’de kamu özel sektör ortaklığı modeli ile yapılan yatırımlar incelenerek karşılaştırma yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre incelenen iki ülke arasında kamu özel sektör ortaklığının uygulama gerekçeleri, yasal mevzuat ve uygulanan sektörler gibi pek çok açıdan farklılıklar olduğu ortaya çıkmaktadır.

Keywords

Kamu Özel Sektör Ortaklığı, Altyapı, Birleşik Krallık, Türkiye

References

Aktan, C. C., & Dileyici, D. (2005). Altyapı Reformu: Altyapı Hizmetlerinin Sunumu ve Finansmanında Yeni Trendler – Alternatif Yöntemler. İçinde C. C. Aktan, D. Dileyici & İ Y. Vural (Edt.), Altyapı ekonomisi altyapı hizmetlerinde serbestleşme ve özelleştirme (s. 43-63). Ankara: Seçkin Yayıncılık.
Alican, N. (2008). “Avrupa Birliği Mevzuatı ve Uygulamaları Işığında Kamu-Özel Sektör Ortaklıkları”. (Avrupa Birliği Uzmanlık Tezi). Maliye Bakanlığı Avrupa Birliği ve Dış İlişkiler Dairesi Başkanlığı.
Atasoy, H. (2011). Kamu-Özel İşbirliği Modeli ve Türkiye’de Belediyelerin Altyapı Projelerinin Finansmanında Uygulanabilirliği. (Doktora Tezi). Erciyes Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, Kayseri.
Augernblick, M., & Scott Custer Jr., B. (1990). The build, operate, and transfer (“BOT”) approach to infrastructure projects ın developing countries. WPS 498. Policy, Research, and External Affairs Working Papers.
Bovis, C. (2010). Public-private partnerships in the 21st century. ERA Forum, 11(3), 379-398.
Bult-Spiering, M. & Dewulf, G. (2006). Strategic Issues in Public–Private Partnerships An International Perspective. UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Cabinet Office (2011). Overview of the Major Projects Authority. Retrieved from: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/61379/mpa-overview_0.pdf.
City of London (2008). Developing India’s infrastructure through public private partnerships. A Resource Guide. Manchester: Research Republic LLP.
Colverson, S., & Perera, O. (2012). Harnessing the power of public-private partnerships: the role of hybrid financing strategies in sustainable development. IISD Report.
Commission of the European Communities (2004). Green paper on public-private partnerships and community law on public contracts and concessions. Brussels: COM.
Cruz, C. O., & Marques, R. C. (2013). Infrastructure public-private partnerships decision, management and development. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag.
Cypher, J., M. & Dietz, J., L., (2009). The Process of Economic Development. London and New York: Routledge-Taylor and Francis Group. Third Edition.
Deloitte (2007). Closing America’s Infrastructure Gap: The Role of Public-Private Partnerships. A Deloitte Research Study. United States: Deloitte Development LLC.
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (2012). Concession/PPP laws assessment 2011 cover analysis report. Final Report.
European Commission (2003). Guidelines for successful public–private partnerships. Brussels: European Commission.
European PPP Expertıse Centre (2022). Market Update Review of the European public-private partnership market in 2021. European Investment Bank.
European PPP Expertise Centre (2012). United Kingdom – England PPP Units and Related Institutional Framework.
European PPP Expertise Centre (2022). Market Update Review of the European public-private partnership market in 2021. European Investment Bank.
FICCI-E&Y (2012). “Accelerating public private partnerships in India”, FICCI-E&Y Report. India: FICCI-E&Y.
Grimsey, D., & Lewis, M. K. (2002). Evaluating the Risks of Public Private Partnerships for Infrastructure Projects, International Journal of Project Management.
Gülan, A. (1987). Kamu hizmeti ve görülüş usulleri. (Yüksek Lisans Tezi). İstanbul Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
HM Treasury- Infrastructure and Project Authority. (2019). Private Finance Initiative and Private Finance 2 projects: 2018 summary data.
HM Treasury. (2012). A new approach to public private partnerships. HM Treasury.
HM Treasury-Infrastructure and Projects Authority. (2018). Private Finance Initiative and Private Finance 2 projects: 2017 summary data..
HM Treasury-Infrastructure UK. (2010). National Infrastructure Plan 2010.
https://data.eib.org/epec.
https://koi.sbb.gov.tr.
https://ppi.worldbank.org/en/snapshots/country/turkey .
https://www.gov.uk/guidance/uk-guarantees-scheme.
Infrastructure and Project Authority. (2022 a), Annual Report on Major Projects 2021-22, Reporting to Cabinet Office and HM Treasury.
Infrastructure and Project Authority (2022 b), Preparing for PFI contract expiry, Reporting to Cabinet Office and HM Treasury.
Infrastructure and Projects Authority, 2020, About the IPA, Retrieved from https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/973834/About_the_IPA_2020_12.03.21.pdf.
Jamali, D., 2004, Success and Failure Mechanisms of Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Developing Countries: Insights From the Lebanese Context, International Journal of Public Sector Management, 17(5), 414-430.
Kahyaoğulları, B. (2013). Public-private partnerships in developing and developed countries: the UK and Turkish Cases. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi. İİBF Dergisi, 15(2), 243-276.
Kalkınma Bakanlığı. (2014). Onuncu kalkınma planı 2014-2018 kamu özel işbirliği özel ihtisas komisyonu raporu. Ankara: Kalkınma Bakanlığı.
Kayhan, İ. E., & Jenkins, G. P. (2016), Determination of Socially Equitable Guarantees for PPPs: A Toll-Road Case from Turkey, Development Discussion Paper: 2016-06.
Minow, M., (2003), Public and Private Partnerships: Accounting for the New Religion, 116(5), 1229-1270.
National Audit Office, (2009). Private Finance Projects. A Paper for The Lords Economic Affairs Committee, Retrieved From: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/HL_Private_Finance_Projects.pdf.
National Audit Office. (2018). PFI and PF2, HM Treasury, Retrieved From: https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/PFI-and-PF2.pdf.
Oral, B. G., & Fazlılar, T. A. (2016). Yenilenebilir enerji yatırımlarının finansmanında kamu-özel sektör işbirlikleri: rüzgâr enerjisi santralleri örneği. Optimum Ekonomi ve Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 3(1), 99-115.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2015). OECD Review of Public Governance of Public-Private Partnerships In The United Kingdom. Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate-Public Governance Committee. OECD, GOV/PGC/SBO(2015)8.
Özyıldız, H. (2016, 2 Şubat). Hazine garanti verdikçe bankalar dış borç almış. Erişim adresi:http://www.hakanozyildiz.com/2016/02/hazine-garanti-verdikce-bankalar-ds.html.
Pessoa, A. (2008). Public-private sector partnerships in developing countries: are infrastructures responding to the new oda strategy?. No.266. FEP Working Papers.
Pirler, O., (1995), Yerel Yönetimler ve Yap-İşlet-Devret Modeli (Local Authorities and BOT’s), Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler, 4(1): 47-60.
Policy and Operations Evaluation Department. (2013). Public-private partnerships in developing countries. No.378. IOB Study. The Netherlands: Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
President of the Republic of Türkiye Investment Office (2022 a) , Türkiye Your Resilient Partner, Invest in Türkiye, Retrieved from https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/library/publications/lists/investpublications/invest-in-turkiye-roadshow-booklet.pdf.
President of the Republic of Türkiye Investment Office. (2022 b), Investing in Infrastructure & in Türkiye?, Retrieved from https://www.invest.gov.tr/en/library/publications/lists/investpublications/infrastructure-industry.pdf. https://www.thenbs.com/PublicationIndex/documents?Pub=4Ps
Sarıkatipoğlu, A., Yazıcı, C., Çapkın, T. A., & Yaka, C. P. (2016). Türk hukukunda kamu özel ortaklıkları. Articletter, 195-214. Erişim adresi: https://www.goksusafiisik.av.tr/Articletter/2016_Winter/GSI_Articletter_2016_Winter_Articl e14.pdf.
Spackman, M. (2002). “Public–private partnerships: lessons from the British approach”, Economic Systems, 26(3), 283-301.
Tekin, A. G. (2007). Kamu-özel sektör işbirlikleri-kamu-özel ortaklıkları (public private partnerships veya ppp modelleri). İdarecinin Sesi Dergisi, 21(122), 10-14.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı (2019). Kamu-özel İşbirliği raporu 2018. Ankara: Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı Sektörler ve Kamu Yatırımları Genel Müdürlüğü.
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanlığı Strateji ve Bütçe Başkanlığı, (2023), https://www.sbb.gov.tr/koi-gostergeleri/
Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Hazine ve Maliye Bakanlığı (2022). Kamu Borç Yönetim Raporu, https://ms.hmb.gov.tr/uploads/2022/06/Web_Kamu_Borc_Yonetimi_Raporu_Haziran_2022_v3.pdf .
Türkiye Raporu (2022). Erişim Adresi: https://turkiyeraporu.com/arastirma/kamu-ozel-isbirligi-projelerinin-maliyeti-ne-6795/.
United Nations, 2008, Guidebook on Promoting Good Governance in Public-Private Partnerships, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe.
Uysal, Y. (2017). “Yerel Yönetimlerde Kamu Özel İşbirliği (KÖİ) Uygulamalarının iki Yönü: Avantajlar ve Dezavantajlar”, Kent Kültürü ve Yönetimi Hakemli Elektronik Dergi, 10(2), 169-199.
Uysal, Y. (2020). “İngiltere Kamu-Özel İşbirliği Modelinin Türkiye’deki Şehir Hastaneleri Uygulamaları Üzerine Etkileri: Politika Transferi Bağlamında Bir Analiz”, Dokuz Eylül Üniversites Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 22(3), 935-960.
Webster, M., & Sansom, K. (1999). Public-private partnership and the poor: an initial review. Task No.164. WELL Study.
Yescombe, E. R. (2007). Public–Private Partnerships Principles of Policy and Finance. UK: Elsevier Ltd.
Yıldırım, A. (2016, 1 Aralık). Açık Garanti. Habertürk. Erişim adresi: http://www.haberturk.com/yazarlar/abdurrahman-yildirim-1018/1330877-acik-garanti.
Yılmaz, O. (1999). Yap-işlet-devret modeli ve Türkiye uygulaması (Uzmanlık Tezi). Devlet Planlama Teşkilatı, Ankara.

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Details

Primary Language	Turkish
Subjects	Economics
Journal Section	Articles
Authors	Serap Gül Kır 0000-0002-5112-6039 Levent Kösekahyaoğlu 0000-0002-5466-5396
Publication Date	April 30, 2023
Submission Date	January 13, 2023
Acceptance Date	April 10, 2023
Published in Issue	Year 2023

Cite

APA	Gül Kır, S., & Kösekahyaoğlu, L. (2023). Kamu özel sektör ortaklığı: Birleşik Krallık ve Türkiye karşılaştırması. Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 16(2), 574-596. https://doi.org/10.25287/ohuiibf.1233735

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Ömer Halisdemir Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-AynıLisanslaPaylaş 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.