In this study, the predictive role of self-control and communication skills on smartphone addiction levels of teacher candidates was examined. The research was conducted based on the relational survey model. The research group consisted of 378 teacher candidates, 181 (45.9%) males and 197 (54.1%) females. The average age of the research group is 15.82. “Smartphone Addiction Scale-Short Version”, “Brief Self-Control Scale”, “Communication Skills Scale”, and “Personal Information Form” were used as data collection tools. The data obtained in the study were analyzed by the multiple linear regression analysis (stepwise) method. As a result of the research, it was determined that the variables of self-control and communication skills significantly predicted smartphone addiction.
Akbulut, Y. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS uygulamaları. İstanbul: İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık.
Alosaimi, F. D., Alyahya, H., Alshahwan, H., Al Mahyijari, N., & Shaik, S. A. (2016). Smartphone addiction among university students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal, 37(6), 675-683. https://doi.org/10.15537/Smj.2016.6.14430
American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5.(2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
Ayar, D., & Gürkan, K. P. (2022). The Effect of Nursing Students' Smartphone Addiction and Phubbing Behaviors on Communication Skill. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 40(4), 230-235. https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000834
Baumeister, R. F., Leith, K. P., Muraven, M., & Bratslavsky, E. (1998). Self-regulation as a key to success in life. In D. Pushkar, W. M. Bukowski, A. E. Schwartzman, D. M. Stack, & D. R. White (Eds.), Improving competence across the lifespan: Building interventions based on theory and research (pp. 117–132). New York, NY: Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47149-3_9
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current directions in psychological science, 16(6), 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (2018). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-65. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1252
Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological inquiry, 7(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0701_1
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Billieux, J. (2012). Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520522
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (15. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık
Cerit, B., Çıtak Bilgin, N., & Ak, B. (2018). Relationship between smartphone addiction of nursing department students and their communication skills. Contemporary Nurse, 54(4-5), 532-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2018.1448291
Chen, I. H., Strong, C., Lin, Y. C., Tsai, M. C., Leung, H., Lin, C. Y., ... & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS), Bergen social media addiction scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item internet gaming disorder scale-short form (IGDS-SF9)(study Part B). Addictive Behaviors, 101, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.018
Chen, G. M. and Starosta, W. J. (1996). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In B. R. Burleson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 19 (pp. 353–383). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cho, H. Y., Kim, D. J., & Park, J. W. (2017). Stress and adult smartphone addiction: Mediation by self‐control, neuroticism, and extraversion. Stress and Health, 33(5), 624-630. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2749
Choi, W. S., & Kim, H. Y. (2018). The effects of smartphone addiction on subjective happiness in university students: Mediating effect of resilience. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 19(1), 199-207. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2018.19.1.199
Egan, G. (1994). Psikolojik danışmaya giriş. Akkoyun F. (Çev), Ankara: Form Ofset.
Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, R. (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062
Haug, S., Castro, R. P., Kwon, M., Filler, A., Kowatsch, T., & Schaub, M. P. (2015). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. Journal of behavioral addictions, 4(4), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.037
Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576-586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340
Heo, Y., & Lee, K. (2018). Smartphone addiction and school life adjustment among high school students: The mediating effect of self-control. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services, 56(11), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20180503-06
Johnson, D. W. (1996). Reaching out: Interpersonal effectiveness and self-actualization. (6th ed.) Boston, Allyn and Bacon.
Ju, H. J., Jun, H. S., & Park, M. K. (2019). The stress, self-efficacy, and self-control of university students impact on smartphone addiction. Journal of Digital Convergence, 17(11), 395-407. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2019.17.11.395
Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (31. Basım). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
Kim, S. H., & Choi, Y. N. (2017). Correlation between stress and smartphone addiction in healthcare related university students. Journal of Korean Society of Dental Hygiene, 17(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.13065/jksdh.2017.17.01.27
Kim, Y., Jeong, J. E., Cho, H., Jung, D. J., Kwak, M., Rho, M. J., ... & Choi, I. Y. (2016). Personality factors predicting smartphone addiction predisposition: Behavioral inhibition and activation systems, impulsivity, and self-control. PloS one, 11(8), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159788
Kim, I. K., Park, S. W., & Choi, H. M. (2017). The relationship among smartphone addiction, communication ability, loneliness and interpersonal relationship for university students. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 18(1), 637-648. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2017.18.1.637
Kim, S. G., Park, J., Kim, H. T., Pan, Z., Lee, Y., & McIntyre, R. S. (2019). The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity in South Korean adolescents. Annals of general psychiatry, 18(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-019-0224-8
Korkut-Owen, F. ve Bugay, A. (2014). İletişim Becerileri Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 51-64. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mersinefd/issue/17394/181805
Khasanah, R., & Daulay, N. (2022). The effect of smartphone addiction on communication with peers in Madrasah Tsanawiyah. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(4), 5549-5556. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i4.2924
Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013a). The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
Kwon, M., Lee, J. Y., Won, W. Y., Park, J. W., Min, J. A., Hahn, C., Gu, X., Choi, J. H. & Kim, D. J. (2013b). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS ONE, 8(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936
Kwon, Y. S., & Paek, K. S. (2016). The influence of smartphone addiction on depression and communication competence among college students. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(41), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i41/103844
Lanaj, K., Johnson, R. E., & Barnes, C. M. (2014). Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.01.001
Lee, Y. J., & Park, J. H. (2014). The effect of use motives, self-control and social withdrawal on smartphone addiction. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(8), 459-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2014.12.8.459
Mahapatra, S. (2019). Smartphone addiction and associated consequences: Role of loneliness and self-regulation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(8), 833-844. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1560499
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247
Nebioglu, M., Konuk, N., Akbaba, S., & Eroglu, Y. (2012). The investigation of validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Brief Self-Control Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(4), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20120911042732
Noyan, C. O., Enez Darçin, A., Nurmedov, S., Yilmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerindeTürkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(Özel sayı.1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.176101
Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?. Journal of behavioral addictions, 7(2), 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
Rosenbaum, M. (1980). A schedule for assessing self-control behaviors: Preliminary findings. Behavior therapy, 11(1), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(80)80040-2
Sağar, M. E. (2022a). Ergenlerde duygu düzenleme, psikolojik sağlamlık ve okulda öznel iyi oluşun akıllı telefon bağımlılığı üzerindeki yordayıcı rolü. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(83), 926-944. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1036794
Sağar, M. E. (2022b). Üniversite öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığının yordayıcısı olarak dürtüsellik ve saldırganlık. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3), 864-876. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gumus/issue/73042/1003657
Sağar, M. E. (2021a). Predictive role of cognitive flexibility and self-control on social media addiction in university students. International Education Studies, 14(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n4p1
Sağar, M. E. (2021). Emotion regulation skills and self-control as predictors of resilience in teachers candidates. International Education Studies, 14(6), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n6p103
Seiler, W. J. and Beall, M. L. (2005). Communication: Making connections. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
Sok, S. R., Seong, M. H., & Ryu, M. H. (2019). Differences of self-control, daily life stress, and communication skills between smartphone addiction risk group and general group in Korean nursing students. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-018-9596-1
Stewart, J., Zediker, K., & Witteborn, S. (2005). Together. Communicating interpersonally: A social construction approach. 6th edition. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self‐control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and inter personal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271-324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
Ting, C. H., & Chen, Y. Y. (2020). “Chapter 8 - Smartphone addiction,” in Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional, Adolescent Addiction, 2nd Edn, eds C. Essau and P. Delfabbro (San Diego, CA: Elsevier), 215–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818626-8.00008-6
Wu, B., Xing, J., & Ning, K. (2020). Smartphone addiction and subjective well-being among college students: a moderated mediating model. Advances in Psychology, 10(2), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2020.102015
Verdener, R. F. (1999). Communicate! (9th ed.). Belmont CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Year 2023,
Volume: 10 Issue: 1, 47 - 62, 15.08.2023
Akbulut, Y. (2010). Sosyal bilimlerde SPSS uygulamaları. İstanbul: İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık.
Alosaimi, F. D., Alyahya, H., Alshahwan, H., Al Mahyijari, N., & Shaik, S. A. (2016). Smartphone addiction among university students in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Saudi medical journal, 37(6), 675-683. https://doi.org/10.15537/Smj.2016.6.14430
American Psychiatric Association, DSM-5.(2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5™ (5th ed.). Washington, DC.
Ayar, D., & Gürkan, K. P. (2022). The Effect of Nursing Students' Smartphone Addiction and Phubbing Behaviors on Communication Skill. CIN: Computers, Informatics, Nursing, 40(4), 230-235. https://doi.org/10.1097/CIN.0000000000000834
Baumeister, R. F., Leith, K. P., Muraven, M., & Bratslavsky, E. (1998). Self-regulation as a key to success in life. In D. Pushkar, W. M. Bukowski, A. E. Schwartzman, D. M. Stack, & D. R. White (Eds.), Improving competence across the lifespan: Building interventions based on theory and research (pp. 117–132). New York, NY: Plenum Press. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-306-47149-3_9
Baumeister, R. F., Vohs, K. D., & Tice, D. M. (2007). The strength model of self-control. Current directions in psychological science, 16(6), 351-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8721.2007.00534.x
Baumeister, R. F., Bratslavsky, E., Muraven, M., & Tice, D. M. (2018). Ego depletion: Is the active self a limited resource?. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(5), 1252-65. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.74.5.1252
Baumeister, R. F., & Heatherton, T. F. (1996). Self-regulation failure: An overview. Psychological inquiry, 7(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327965pli0701_1
Baumeister, R. F., Heatherton, T. F., & Tice, D. M. (1994). Losing control: How and why people fail at self-regulation. San Diego, CA: Academic Press
Billieux, J. (2012). Problematic use of the mobile phone: A literature review and a pathways model. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520522
Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (15. Baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık
Cerit, B., Çıtak Bilgin, N., & Ak, B. (2018). Relationship between smartphone addiction of nursing department students and their communication skills. Contemporary Nurse, 54(4-5), 532-542. https://doi.org/10.1080/10376178.2018.1448291
Chen, I. H., Strong, C., Lin, Y. C., Tsai, M. C., Leung, H., Lin, C. Y., ... & Griffiths, M. D. (2020). Time invariance of three ultra-brief internet-related instruments: Smartphone application-based addiction scale (SABAS), Bergen social media addiction scale (BSMAS), and the nine-item internet gaming disorder scale-short form (IGDS-SF9)(study Part B). Addictive Behaviors, 101, 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.04.018
Chen, G. M. and Starosta, W. J. (1996). Intercultural communication competence: A synthesis. In B. R. Burleson (Ed.), Communication yearbook 19 (pp. 353–383). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Cho, H. Y., Kim, D. J., & Park, J. W. (2017). Stress and adult smartphone addiction: Mediation by self‐control, neuroticism, and extraversion. Stress and Health, 33(5), 624-630. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2749
Choi, W. S., & Kim, H. Y. (2018). The effects of smartphone addiction on subjective happiness in university students: Mediating effect of resilience. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial Cooperation Society, 19(1), 199-207. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2018.19.1.199
Egan, G. (1994). Psikolojik danışmaya giriş. Akkoyun F. (Çev), Ankara: Form Ofset.
Geng, Y., Gu, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, R. (2021). Smartphone addiction and depression, anxiety: The role of bedtime procrastination and self-control. Journal of Affective Disorders, 293, 415-421. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.062
Haug, S., Castro, R. P., Kwon, M., Filler, A., Kowatsch, T., & Schaub, M. P. (2015). Smartphone use and smartphone addiction among young people in Switzerland. Journal of behavioral addictions, 4(4), 299-307. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.037
Hawi, N. S., & Samaha, M. (2017). The relations among social media addiction, self-esteem, and life satisfaction in university students. Social Science Computer Review, 35(5), 576-586. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894439316660340
Heo, Y., & Lee, K. (2018). Smartphone addiction and school life adjustment among high school students: The mediating effect of self-control. Journal of psychosocial nursing and mental health services, 56(11), 28-36. https://doi.org/10.3928/02793695-20180503-06
Johnson, D. W. (1996). Reaching out: Interpersonal effectiveness and self-actualization. (6th ed.) Boston, Allyn and Bacon.
Ju, H. J., Jun, H. S., & Park, M. K. (2019). The stress, self-efficacy, and self-control of university students impact on smartphone addiction. Journal of Digital Convergence, 17(11), 395-407. https://doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2019.17.11.395
Karasar, N. (2016). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi. (31. Basım). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
Kim, S. H., & Choi, Y. N. (2017). Correlation between stress and smartphone addiction in healthcare related university students. Journal of Korean Society of Dental Hygiene, 17(1), 27-37. https://doi.org/10.13065/jksdh.2017.17.01.27
Kim, Y., Jeong, J. E., Cho, H., Jung, D. J., Kwak, M., Rho, M. J., ... & Choi, I. Y. (2016). Personality factors predicting smartphone addiction predisposition: Behavioral inhibition and activation systems, impulsivity, and self-control. PloS one, 11(8), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0159788
Kim, I. K., Park, S. W., & Choi, H. M. (2017). The relationship among smartphone addiction, communication ability, loneliness and interpersonal relationship for university students. Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society, 18(1), 637-648. https://doi.org/10.5762/KAIS.2017.18.1.637
Kim, S. G., Park, J., Kim, H. T., Pan, Z., Lee, Y., & McIntyre, R. S. (2019). The relationship between smartphone addiction and symptoms of depression, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity in South Korean adolescents. Annals of general psychiatry, 18(1), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12991-019-0224-8
Korkut-Owen, F. ve Bugay, A. (2014). İletişim Becerileri Ölçeği’nin geliştirilmesi: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Mersin Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 51-64. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/mersinefd/issue/17394/181805
Khasanah, R., & Daulay, N. (2022). The effect of smartphone addiction on communication with peers in Madrasah Tsanawiyah. Jurnal Basicedu, 6(4), 5549-5556. https://doi.org/10.31004/basicedu.v6i4.2924
Kwon, M., Kim, D. J., Cho, H., & Yang, S. (2013a). The smartphone addiction scale: development and validation of a short version for adolescents. PLoS ONE, 8(12), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083558
Kwon, M., Lee, J. Y., Won, W. Y., Park, J. W., Min, J. A., Hahn, C., Gu, X., Choi, J. H. & Kim, D. J. (2013b). Development and validation of a smartphone addiction scale (SAS). PLoS ONE, 8(2), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936
Kwon, Y. S., & Paek, K. S. (2016). The influence of smartphone addiction on depression and communication competence among college students. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 9(41), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2016/v9i41/103844
Lanaj, K., Johnson, R. E., & Barnes, C. M. (2014). Beginning the workday yet already depleted? Consequences of late-night smartphone use and sleep. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 124(1), 11-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.01.001
Lee, Y. J., & Park, J. H. (2014). The effect of use motives, self-control and social withdrawal on smartphone addiction. Journal of Digital Convergence, 12(8), 459-465. http://dx.doi.org/10.14400/JDC.2014.12.8.459
Mahapatra, S. (2019). Smartphone addiction and associated consequences: Role of loneliness and self-regulation. Behaviour & Information Technology, 38(8), 833-844. https://doi.org/10.1080/0144929X.2018.1560499
Muraven, M., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Self-regulation and depletion of limited resources: Does self-control resemble a muscle? Psychological Bulletin, 126(2), 247–259. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.126.2.247
Nebioglu, M., Konuk, N., Akbaba, S., & Eroglu, Y. (2012). The investigation of validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Brief Self-Control Scale. Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology, 22(4), 340-351. https://doi.org/10.5455/bcp.20120911042732
Noyan, C. O., Enez Darçin, A., Nurmedov, S., Yilmaz, O., & Dilbaz, N. (2015). Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı Ölçeğinin Kısa Formunun üniversite öğrencilerindeTürkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. Anatolian Journal of Psychiatry/Anadolu Psikiyatri Dergisi, 16(Özel sayı.1), 73-81. https://doi.org/10.5455/apd.176101
Panova, T., & Carbonell, X. (2018). Is smartphone addiction really an addiction?. Journal of behavioral addictions, 7(2), 252-259. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.7.2018.49
Rosenbaum, M. (1980). A schedule for assessing self-control behaviors: Preliminary findings. Behavior therapy, 11(1), 109-121. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7894(80)80040-2
Sağar, M. E. (2022a). Ergenlerde duygu düzenleme, psikolojik sağlamlık ve okulda öznel iyi oluşun akıllı telefon bağımlılığı üzerindeki yordayıcı rolü. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 21(83), 926-944. https://doi.org/10.17755/esosder.1036794
Sağar, M. E. (2022b). Üniversite öğrencilerinde akıllı telefon bağımlılığının yordayıcısı olarak dürtüsellik ve saldırganlık. Gümüşhane Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 13(3), 864-876. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/gumus/issue/73042/1003657
Sağar, M. E. (2021a). Predictive role of cognitive flexibility and self-control on social media addiction in university students. International Education Studies, 14(4), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n4p1
Sağar, M. E. (2021). Emotion regulation skills and self-control as predictors of resilience in teachers candidates. International Education Studies, 14(6), 103-111. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v14n6p103
Seiler, W. J. and Beall, M. L. (2005). Communication: Making connections. Pearson/Allyn and Bacon.
Sok, S. R., Seong, M. H., & Ryu, M. H. (2019). Differences of self-control, daily life stress, and communication skills between smartphone addiction risk group and general group in Korean nursing students. Psychiatric Quarterly, 90(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-018-9596-1
Stewart, J., Zediker, K., & Witteborn, S. (2005). Together. Communicating interpersonally: A social construction approach. 6th edition. Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury.
Tangney, J. P., Baumeister, R. F., & Boone, A. L. (2004). High self‐control predicts good adjustment, less pathology, better grades, and inter personal success. Journal of Personality, 72(2), 271-324. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-3506.2004.00263.x
Ting, C. H., & Chen, Y. Y. (2020). “Chapter 8 - Smartphone addiction,” in Practical Resources for the Mental Health Professional, Adolescent Addiction, 2nd Edn, eds C. Essau and P. Delfabbro (San Diego, CA: Elsevier), 215–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818626-8.00008-6
Wu, B., Xing, J., & Ning, K. (2020). Smartphone addiction and subjective well-being among college students: a moderated mediating model. Advances in Psychology, 10(2), 117-123. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2020.102015
Verdener, R. F. (1999). Communicate! (9th ed.). Belmont CA: Wadsworth Publishing Company.
Sağar, M. E., & Sağar, S. (2023). Predictors of Smartphone Addiction in Teacher Candidates: Self-Control and Communication Skills. Osmangazi Journal of Educational Research, 10(1), 47-62. https://doi.org/10.59409/ojer.1248743