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Reflections of Technology on Occupational Health And Safety: Digitalization and Innovations

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 5, 2617 - 2634, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1658610

Abstract

Technology appears in many fields and creates positive/negative outputs. It is an undeniable fact that technology, which is in use in all areas of our lives, adds flexibility to working environments. For this reason, employees and employers, who are the elements of the working environment, need to adapt to technology. In this article, the effects of digitalization, which is shown as one of the most important technological developments, on Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) and new technological applications are mentioned with examples. Technological developments are associated with the concepts of operator 4.0 and operator 5.0. In this way, it is aimed to convey current developments. In addition, it is evaluated that it will contribute to changing the view of OHS, which has become classical and challenging rules in the working environment for many employees.

References

  • Avdibasic E., Toksanovna AS., Durakovic B. Cybersecurity challenges in Industry 4.0: A state of the art review. Defense and Security Studies 2022; 3: 32-49.
  • Ávila-Gutiérrez MJ., Suarez-Fernandez de Miranda S., Aguayo-González F. Occupational safety and health 5.0—A model for multilevel strategic deployment aligned with the sustainable development goals of agenda 2030. Sustainability 2022; 14(6741): 1-18.
  • Aytac S. The sources of stress, the symptoms of stress and anger styles as a psychosocial risk at occupational health and safety: A case study on Turkish police officers. Procedia Manufacturing 2015; 3: 6421-6428.
  • Choi B., Hwang S., Lee S. What drives construction workers' acceptance of wearable technologies in the workplace?: Indoor localization and wearable health devices for occupational safety and health. Automation in Construction 2017; 84: 31-41.
  • Clarke S., Cooper C. Managing the risk of workplace stress: Health and safety hazards. 1st Ed. London: Routledge; 2004.
  • De Assis Dornelles J., Ayala NF., Frank AG. Smart Working in industry 4.0: How digital technologies enhance manufacturing workers' activities. Computers Industrial Engineering 2022; 163(107804): 1-18.
  • Dodoo JE., Al-Samarraie H., Alzahrani AI., Lonsdale M., Alalwan N. Digital innovations for occupational safety: Empowering workers in hazardous environments. Workplace Health Safety 2024; 72(3): 84-95.
  • Edirisinghe R., Blismas N. A prototype of smart clothing for construction work health and safety. EEI Publishing In Proceedings of the CIB W099 International Health and Safety Conference: Benefitting Workers and Society through Inherently Safer Construction, 10-11 September 2015, sayfa no: 1-9, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
  • Erbil ME., Süzen AA., Bayrakçı HC. Otonom mobil robotların (AMR) veri güvenliğinin hibrit şifreleme yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Teknolojik Bilimler Dergisi 2023; 15(2): 64-72.
  • EFFRA. Factories of the Future - Multi-annual roadmap for the contractual PPP under Horizon 2020. 2013.
  • Floridi L., Cowls B., Beltramini M., Saunders D., Vayena E. An ethical framework for a good AI society: opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. AI and Society 2018; 33(4): 689-707.
  • Flor-Unda O., Fuentes M., Dávila D., Rivera M., Llano G., Izurieta C., Acosta-Vargas P. Innovative technologies for occupational health and safety: A scoping review. Safety 2023; 9(35): 1-22.
  • Giallanza A., La Scalia G., Micale R., La Fata CM. Occupational health and safety issues in human-robot collaboration: State of the art and open challenges. Safety Science 2024; 169(106313): 1-18.
  • Gladysz B., Tran TA., Romero D., van Erp T., Abonyi J., Ruppert T. Current development on the Operator 4.0 and transition towards the Operator 5.0: A systematic literature review in light of Industry 5.0. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 2023; 70: 160-185.
  • Golovianko M., Terziyan V., Branytskyi V., Malyk D. Industry 4.0 vs. Industry 5.0: Co-existence, Transition, or a Hybrid. Procedia Computer Science 2023; 217: 102-113.
  • Grindle AC., Dickinson AM., Boettcher W. Behavioral safety research in manufacturing settings. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management 2000; 20(1): 29-68.
  • Hwang S., Lee S. Wristband-type wearable health devices to measure construction workers’ physical demands. Automation in Construction 2017; 83: 330-340.
  • Hyundai Giyilebilir Robot. https://khosann.com/dis-iskeletlerle-super-kahraman-gucu-dunya-kupasinda-topa-ilk-tekmeyi-dis-iskelet-kullanan-felcli-bir-genc-vurdu/ 2016 [Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024]
  • Ji Z., Wang Y., Zhang Y., Gao Y., Cao Y., Yang SH. Integrating diminished quality of life with virtual reality for occupational health and safety training. Safety Science 2023; 158: 1-12.
  • Kagermann H., Wahlster W., Helbig J. Securing the future of German manufacturing. Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative industrie 4.0 - Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group 2013.
  • Kakaraparthi VN., Vishwanathan K., Gadhavi B., Reddy RS., Tedla JS., Samuel PS., Gannamaneni VK. Application of the rapid upper limb assessment tool to assess the level of ergonomic risk among health care professionals: A systematic review. Work 2022; 71(3): 551-564.
  • Khalid M., Knightly EW. Networked drones for industrial emergency events. 2022; arXiv:2208.00931. Kilshaw AD., Jivan S. Smartphone apps on burns first aid: A review of the advice. Burns 2021; 47(1): 171-174.
  • Kim S., Nussbaum Maury A., Gabbard Joseph L. Augmented reality “smart glasses” in the workplace: industry perspectives and challenges for worker safety and health. IIE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors 2016; 4(4): 253-258.
  • Leesakul N., Oostveen AM., Eimontaite I., Wilson ML., Hyde R. Workplace 4.0: Exploring the Implications of Technology Adoption in Digital Manufacturing on a Sustainable Workforce. Sustainability 2022; 14(6): 1-24.
  • Li CHJ., Liang V., Chow YTH., Ng HY., Li SP. A mixed reality-based platform towards human-cyber-physical systems with IoT wearable device for occupational safety and health training. Applied Sciences 2022; 12(23): 1-22.
  • Loganathan A., Ahmad NS. A systematic review on recent advances in autonomous mobile robot navigation. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 2023; 40(101343): 1-26.
  • Mardonova M., Choi Y. Review of wearable device technology and its applications to the mining industry. Energies 2018; 11(3): 1-14.
  • Mishiba, T. Transforming occupational health and safety regulation: Strategic pathways in the era of Industry 4.0. Journal of Work Health and Safety Regulation 2024; 3(2): 150-168.
  • Nagy L., Ruppert T., Löcklin A., Abonyi J. Hypergraph-based analysis and design of intelligent collaborative manufacturing space. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 2022; 65: 88-103.
  • Nahavandi S. Industry 5.0—A human-centric solution. Sustainability 2019; 11(16): 1-13.
  • Nakanishi M., Taguchi K., Okada Y. Suggestions on the applicability of visual instructions with see-through head mounted displays depending on the task. Applied Ergonomics 2010; 42(1): 146-155.
  • Nı̇şancı ZN., Demı̇rören J. Davranış odaklı iş güvenliği uygulamalarının iş güvenliği kültürüne etkisi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 2020; 15: 21-39.
  • Palamutçuoğlu BT., Gerşil M. 2015-2021 yılları arasında SCI ve SCI Expanded endeksli dergilerde yayınlanan siber-fiziksel üretim sistemleri konulu makalelerin içerik analizi. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2022; 20(Özel Sayı): 205-230.
  • Pasman HJ., Behie SW. The evolution to Industry 5.0/Safety 5.0, the developments in society, and implications for industry management. Journal of Safety and Sustainability 2024; 1(4): 202-211.
  • Rasouli S., Alipouri Y., Chamanzad S. Smart personal protective equipment (PPE) for construction safety: A literature review. Safety Science 2024; 170(106368): 1-15.
  • Romero D., et al. Digitalizing occupational health, safety and productivity for the operator 4.0. In: Advances in Production Management Systems. Smart Manufacturing for Industry 4.0: IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference APMS, August 26-30 2018, sayfa no:473-481, Seoul Korea.
  • Romero D., Stahre J. Towards the resilient operator 5.0: The future of work in smart resilient manufacturing systems. Procedia CIRP 2021; 104: 1089-1094.
  • Romero D., Stahre J., Wuest T., Noran O., Bernus P., Fast-Berglund Å., Gorecky D. Towards an operator 4.0 typology: A human-centric perspective on the fourth industrial revolution technologies. Proceedings of the international conference on computers and industrial engineering (CIE46), October 2016, sayfa no: 29-31, Tianjin China.
  • Ruppert T., Löcklin A., Romero D., Abonyi J. Intelligent collaborative manufacturing space for augmenting human workers in semi-automated manufacturing systems. 2022 IEEE 27th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), 2022, sayfa no:1-7: Stuttgart Germany.
  • Sanchez-Pi N., Martí L., Molina JM., Garcia ACB. Ontology definition and cognitive analysis in ocupational health and security (OHS) environments. In Proceedings of the 30th annual ACM symposium on applied computing, April 13 – 17 2015, sayfa no:201-206, Salamanca Spain.
  • SICK. Collaborative robot safety made simple with SICK. https://sickusablog.com/collaborative-robot-safety-made-simple/. 2019 (Erişim 20.05.2024).
  • Stefana E., Marciano F., Rossi D., Cocca P., Tomasoni, G. Wearable devices for ergonomics: A systematic literature review. Sensors 2021; 21(3): 1-24.
  • Sun S., Zheng X., Gong B., Garcia Paredes J., Ordieres-Meré J. Healthy operator 4.0: A human cyber–physical system architecture for smart workplaces. Sensors 2020; 20(7): 2011.
  • Zeitlin LR. Failure to follow safety instructions: Faulty communication or risky decisions?. Human Factors 1994; 36(1): 172-181.
  • Zülch G., Grieger T. Modelling of occupational health and safety aspects in the digital factory. Computers in Industry 2005; 56(4): 384-392.

Teknolojinin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Yansımaları: Dijitalleşme ve Yenilikler

Year 2025, Volume: 8 Issue: 5, 2617 - 2634, 15.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1658610

Abstract

Teknoloji birçok alanda karşımıza çıkmakta ve beraberinde pozitif/negatif çıktıları oluşturmaktadır. Hayatımızın her alanında kullanımda olan teknolojinin çalışma ortamlarına kattığı esneklikler yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Bu nedenle çalışma ortamının unsurları olan çalışanların ve işverenlerin de teknolojiye uyum sağlama gerekliliği doğmaktadır. Bu makalede, en önemli teknolojik gelişmelerden biri olarak gösterilen dijitalleşmenin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği (İSG) üzerindeki etkilerinden ve yeni teknolojik uygulamalardan örnekleriyle bahsedilmiştir. Teknolojik gelişmeler dijitalleşme ve endüstri 4.0 ve operatör 5.0 kavramları ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Bu sayede güncel gelişmelerin aktarılması hedeflenmektedir. Bununla birlikte, birçok çalışan için çalışma ortamında klasikleşen ve zorlayıcı kurallar içeren İSG’ye bakışın değiştirilmesi için katkı sunacağı değerlendirilmektedir.

References

  • Avdibasic E., Toksanovna AS., Durakovic B. Cybersecurity challenges in Industry 4.0: A state of the art review. Defense and Security Studies 2022; 3: 32-49.
  • Ávila-Gutiérrez MJ., Suarez-Fernandez de Miranda S., Aguayo-González F. Occupational safety and health 5.0—A model for multilevel strategic deployment aligned with the sustainable development goals of agenda 2030. Sustainability 2022; 14(6741): 1-18.
  • Aytac S. The sources of stress, the symptoms of stress and anger styles as a psychosocial risk at occupational health and safety: A case study on Turkish police officers. Procedia Manufacturing 2015; 3: 6421-6428.
  • Choi B., Hwang S., Lee S. What drives construction workers' acceptance of wearable technologies in the workplace?: Indoor localization and wearable health devices for occupational safety and health. Automation in Construction 2017; 84: 31-41.
  • Clarke S., Cooper C. Managing the risk of workplace stress: Health and safety hazards. 1st Ed. London: Routledge; 2004.
  • De Assis Dornelles J., Ayala NF., Frank AG. Smart Working in industry 4.0: How digital technologies enhance manufacturing workers' activities. Computers Industrial Engineering 2022; 163(107804): 1-18.
  • Dodoo JE., Al-Samarraie H., Alzahrani AI., Lonsdale M., Alalwan N. Digital innovations for occupational safety: Empowering workers in hazardous environments. Workplace Health Safety 2024; 72(3): 84-95.
  • Edirisinghe R., Blismas N. A prototype of smart clothing for construction work health and safety. EEI Publishing In Proceedings of the CIB W099 International Health and Safety Conference: Benefitting Workers and Society through Inherently Safer Construction, 10-11 September 2015, sayfa no: 1-9, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
  • Erbil ME., Süzen AA., Bayrakçı HC. Otonom mobil robotların (AMR) veri güvenliğinin hibrit şifreleme yaklaşımı. Uluslararası Teknolojik Bilimler Dergisi 2023; 15(2): 64-72.
  • EFFRA. Factories of the Future - Multi-annual roadmap for the contractual PPP under Horizon 2020. 2013.
  • Floridi L., Cowls B., Beltramini M., Saunders D., Vayena E. An ethical framework for a good AI society: opportunities, risks, principles, and recommendations. AI and Society 2018; 33(4): 689-707.
  • Flor-Unda O., Fuentes M., Dávila D., Rivera M., Llano G., Izurieta C., Acosta-Vargas P. Innovative technologies for occupational health and safety: A scoping review. Safety 2023; 9(35): 1-22.
  • Giallanza A., La Scalia G., Micale R., La Fata CM. Occupational health and safety issues in human-robot collaboration: State of the art and open challenges. Safety Science 2024; 169(106313): 1-18.
  • Gladysz B., Tran TA., Romero D., van Erp T., Abonyi J., Ruppert T. Current development on the Operator 4.0 and transition towards the Operator 5.0: A systematic literature review in light of Industry 5.0. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 2023; 70: 160-185.
  • Golovianko M., Terziyan V., Branytskyi V., Malyk D. Industry 4.0 vs. Industry 5.0: Co-existence, Transition, or a Hybrid. Procedia Computer Science 2023; 217: 102-113.
  • Grindle AC., Dickinson AM., Boettcher W. Behavioral safety research in manufacturing settings. Journal of Organizational Behavior Management 2000; 20(1): 29-68.
  • Hwang S., Lee S. Wristband-type wearable health devices to measure construction workers’ physical demands. Automation in Construction 2017; 83: 330-340.
  • Hyundai Giyilebilir Robot. https://khosann.com/dis-iskeletlerle-super-kahraman-gucu-dunya-kupasinda-topa-ilk-tekmeyi-dis-iskelet-kullanan-felcli-bir-genc-vurdu/ 2016 [Erişim tarihi: 11 Ekim 2024]
  • Ji Z., Wang Y., Zhang Y., Gao Y., Cao Y., Yang SH. Integrating diminished quality of life with virtual reality for occupational health and safety training. Safety Science 2023; 158: 1-12.
  • Kagermann H., Wahlster W., Helbig J. Securing the future of German manufacturing. Recommendations for implementing the strategic initiative industrie 4.0 - Final report of the Industrie 4.0 Working Group 2013.
  • Kakaraparthi VN., Vishwanathan K., Gadhavi B., Reddy RS., Tedla JS., Samuel PS., Gannamaneni VK. Application of the rapid upper limb assessment tool to assess the level of ergonomic risk among health care professionals: A systematic review. Work 2022; 71(3): 551-564.
  • Khalid M., Knightly EW. Networked drones for industrial emergency events. 2022; arXiv:2208.00931. Kilshaw AD., Jivan S. Smartphone apps on burns first aid: A review of the advice. Burns 2021; 47(1): 171-174.
  • Kim S., Nussbaum Maury A., Gabbard Joseph L. Augmented reality “smart glasses” in the workplace: industry perspectives and challenges for worker safety and health. IIE Transactions on Occupational Ergonomics and Human Factors 2016; 4(4): 253-258.
  • Leesakul N., Oostveen AM., Eimontaite I., Wilson ML., Hyde R. Workplace 4.0: Exploring the Implications of Technology Adoption in Digital Manufacturing on a Sustainable Workforce. Sustainability 2022; 14(6): 1-24.
  • Li CHJ., Liang V., Chow YTH., Ng HY., Li SP. A mixed reality-based platform towards human-cyber-physical systems with IoT wearable device for occupational safety and health training. Applied Sciences 2022; 12(23): 1-22.
  • Loganathan A., Ahmad NS. A systematic review on recent advances in autonomous mobile robot navigation. Engineering Science and Technology, an International Journal 2023; 40(101343): 1-26.
  • Mardonova M., Choi Y. Review of wearable device technology and its applications to the mining industry. Energies 2018; 11(3): 1-14.
  • Mishiba, T. Transforming occupational health and safety regulation: Strategic pathways in the era of Industry 4.0. Journal of Work Health and Safety Regulation 2024; 3(2): 150-168.
  • Nagy L., Ruppert T., Löcklin A., Abonyi J. Hypergraph-based analysis and design of intelligent collaborative manufacturing space. Journal of Manufacturing Systems 2022; 65: 88-103.
  • Nahavandi S. Industry 5.0—A human-centric solution. Sustainability 2019; 11(16): 1-13.
  • Nakanishi M., Taguchi K., Okada Y. Suggestions on the applicability of visual instructions with see-through head mounted displays depending on the task. Applied Ergonomics 2010; 42(1): 146-155.
  • Nı̇şancı ZN., Demı̇rören J. Davranış odaklı iş güvenliği uygulamalarının iş güvenliği kültürüne etkisi. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 2020; 15: 21-39.
  • Palamutçuoğlu BT., Gerşil M. 2015-2021 yılları arasında SCI ve SCI Expanded endeksli dergilerde yayınlanan siber-fiziksel üretim sistemleri konulu makalelerin içerik analizi. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 2022; 20(Özel Sayı): 205-230.
  • Pasman HJ., Behie SW. The evolution to Industry 5.0/Safety 5.0, the developments in society, and implications for industry management. Journal of Safety and Sustainability 2024; 1(4): 202-211.
  • Rasouli S., Alipouri Y., Chamanzad S. Smart personal protective equipment (PPE) for construction safety: A literature review. Safety Science 2024; 170(106368): 1-15.
  • Romero D., et al. Digitalizing occupational health, safety and productivity for the operator 4.0. In: Advances in Production Management Systems. Smart Manufacturing for Industry 4.0: IFIP WG 5.7 International Conference APMS, August 26-30 2018, sayfa no:473-481, Seoul Korea.
  • Romero D., Stahre J. Towards the resilient operator 5.0: The future of work in smart resilient manufacturing systems. Procedia CIRP 2021; 104: 1089-1094.
  • Romero D., Stahre J., Wuest T., Noran O., Bernus P., Fast-Berglund Å., Gorecky D. Towards an operator 4.0 typology: A human-centric perspective on the fourth industrial revolution technologies. Proceedings of the international conference on computers and industrial engineering (CIE46), October 2016, sayfa no: 29-31, Tianjin China.
  • Ruppert T., Löcklin A., Romero D., Abonyi J. Intelligent collaborative manufacturing space for augmenting human workers in semi-automated manufacturing systems. 2022 IEEE 27th International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Factory Automation (ETFA), 2022, sayfa no:1-7: Stuttgart Germany.
  • Sanchez-Pi N., Martí L., Molina JM., Garcia ACB. Ontology definition and cognitive analysis in ocupational health and security (OHS) environments. In Proceedings of the 30th annual ACM symposium on applied computing, April 13 – 17 2015, sayfa no:201-206, Salamanca Spain.
  • SICK. Collaborative robot safety made simple with SICK. https://sickusablog.com/collaborative-robot-safety-made-simple/. 2019 (Erişim 20.05.2024).
  • Stefana E., Marciano F., Rossi D., Cocca P., Tomasoni, G. Wearable devices for ergonomics: A systematic literature review. Sensors 2021; 21(3): 1-24.
  • Sun S., Zheng X., Gong B., Garcia Paredes J., Ordieres-Meré J. Healthy operator 4.0: A human cyber–physical system architecture for smart workplaces. Sensors 2020; 20(7): 2011.
  • Zeitlin LR. Failure to follow safety instructions: Faulty communication or risky decisions?. Human Factors 1994; 36(1): 172-181.
  • Zülch G., Grieger T. Modelling of occupational health and safety aspects in the digital factory. Computers in Industry 2005; 56(4): 384-392.
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Occupational Health and Safety in Mines
Journal Section Review
Authors

Derya Çevik Taşdemir 0000-0002-0006-9652

Submission Date March 15, 2025
Acceptance Date June 8, 2025
Publication Date December 15, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 8 Issue: 5

Cite

APA Çevik Taşdemir, D. (2025). Teknolojinin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Yansımaları: Dijitalleşme ve Yenilikler. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 8(5), 2617-2634. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1658610
AMA Çevik Taşdemir D. Teknolojinin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Yansımaları: Dijitalleşme ve Yenilikler. Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Journal of The Institute of Science and Techno. December 2025;8(5):2617-2634. doi:10.47495/okufbed.1658610
Chicago Çevik Taşdemir, Derya. “Teknolojinin İş Sağlığı Ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Yansımaları: Dijitalleşme Ve Yenilikler”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 8, no. 5 (December 2025): 2617-34. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1658610.
EndNote Çevik Taşdemir D (December 1, 2025) Teknolojinin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Yansımaları: Dijitalleşme ve Yenilikler. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 8 5 2617–2634.
IEEE D. Çevik Taşdemir, “Teknolojinin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Yansımaları: Dijitalleşme ve Yenilikler”, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Journal of The Institute of Science and Techno, vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 2617–2634, 2025, doi: 10.47495/okufbed.1658610.
ISNAD Çevik Taşdemir, Derya. “Teknolojinin İş Sağlığı Ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Yansımaları: Dijitalleşme Ve Yenilikler”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi 8/5 (December2025), 2617-2634. https://doi.org/10.47495/okufbed.1658610.
JAMA Çevik Taşdemir D. Teknolojinin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Yansımaları: Dijitalleşme ve Yenilikler. Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Journal of The Institute of Science and Techno. 2025;8:2617–2634.
MLA Çevik Taşdemir, Derya. “Teknolojinin İş Sağlığı Ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Yansımaları: Dijitalleşme Ve Yenilikler”. Osmaniye Korkut Ata Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 5, 2025, pp. 2617-34, doi:10.47495/okufbed.1658610.
Vancouver Çevik Taşdemir D. Teknolojinin İş Sağlığı ve Güvenliği Üzerindeki Yansımaları: Dijitalleşme ve Yenilikler. Osmaniye Korkut Ata University Journal of The Institute of Science and Techno. 2025;8(5):2617-34.

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