Research Article

APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS

Number: XXXIV March 31, 2026
EN TR

APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS

Abstract

This article examines the lesser-known Apollon cult in Phaselis in light of new archaeological and epigraphic findings obtained during excavations around the Central Harbour in 2024. Although the study takes its starting point from an altar and related artefacts located next to the military harbour containing offerings from the Archaic Period that were rearranged in the Hellenistic Period, this article evaluates them within the framework of general spatial-ritual approaches, since the excavations around the altar are ongoing, and the publication of its architecture and artefacts is in preparation. The altar is surrounded by a temenos wall and forms part of a multi-layered urban and ritual space comprising different building phases. In terms of its spatial location, it is comparable to coastal altars dedicated to Apollon in the eastern Mediterranean. The altar reflects the same ideological and ritual logic as similar sanctuaries, particularly with regard to marking the threshold spaces between the city and the sea, and forming a symbolic border in the transition from sea to land. The article analyses inscriptions associated with Apollon in the city, presenting new insights into the cult of Apollon at Phaselis. The first inscription shows that Apollon was referred to with the epithet epidamos, meaning ‘present among the people/living among us’. The same inscription states that the Apollon priest who performed the dedication also served Dionysos and Aphrodite. This epigraphically documents the presence of these gods at Phaselis for the first time. The second inscription labels Apollon as medeon, meaning ‘protector’, while the third inscription, an example that has been published before but is considered in a new context in this study, presents him as iatros (‘healer’). The combination of these three designations, and their absence in Rhodes or neighbouring regions, suggests that Apollon acquired a locally shaped, partly Ionian-influenced, urban, multifunctional divine persona at Phaselis. The fact that Phaselis was originally a colonial settlement and the structural characteristics of harbour cities are considered to be among the main factors guiding this process. In conclusion, this study aims to demonstrate how Apollon was indigenised at Phaselis, while also being integrated into the wider tradition of coastal altars in the Mediterranean, through an analysis of spatial layout, epigraphic terminology and divine functions.

Keywords

References

  1. Achim – Bottez 2024 Achim, I. – V. Bottez, “Recent Evidence for The Cult of Apollo Ietros in Istros, Romania”, ScAnt 30/3, 165-180.
  2. Adak et al. 2005 Adak, M. – N. Tüner Önen – S. Şahin, “Neue Inchriften Aus Phaselis I”, Gephyra 2, 1-20.
  3. Adorjáni 2021 Adorjáni, Z., Der Artemis-Hymnos Des Kallimachos: Einleitung, Text, Übersetzung und Kommentar, Berlin.
  4. Alanyalı 2005 Alanyalı, H. S., “Apollon Sidetes”, Synergia, Festschrift für F. Krinzinger II (ed. B. Brandt – V. Gassner – S. Ladtstätter), Vienna, 89-92.
  5. Alanyalı 2010 Alanyalı, H. S., “Side tiyatrosunda Yeni Yapılan Araştırmalar Işığında Scaenae Frons Kaset Kabartmaları ve Dionysos Frizi”, Side’ye Emek Verenler Sempozyumu 20-22 Nisan 2007 Side, (ed. Ü. İzmirligil – G. Tanyeli – Z. Ahunbay), Antalya, 84-91.
  6. Alanyalı 2011 Alanyalı, H. S., “Side’nin Roma Dönemi Panteonu”, Anadolu/Anatolia 37, 75-92.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Archaeological Science

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 31, 2026

Submission Date

August 31, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 1, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: XXXIV

APA
Onur, F., & Erdoğan, L. U. (2026). APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS. OLBA, XXXIV, 413-438. https://izlik.org/JA32TF44TX
AMA
1.Onur F, Erdoğan LU. APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS. OLBA. 2026;(XXXIV):413-438. https://izlik.org/JA32TF44TX
Chicago
Onur, Fatih, and Lütfullah Ufuk Erdoğan. 2026. “APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS”. OLBA, no. XXXIV: 413-38. https://izlik.org/JA32TF44TX.
EndNote
Onur F, Erdoğan LU (March 1, 2026) APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS. OLBA XXXIV 413–438.
IEEE
[1]F. Onur and L. U. Erdoğan, “APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS”, OLBA, no. XXXIV, pp. 413–438, Mar. 2026, [Online]. Available: https://izlik.org/JA32TF44TX
ISNAD
Onur, Fatih - Erdoğan, Lütfullah Ufuk. “APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS”. OLBA. XXXIV (March 1, 2026): 413-438. https://izlik.org/JA32TF44TX.
JAMA
1.Onur F, Erdoğan LU. APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS. OLBA. 2026;:413–438.
MLA
Onur, Fatih, and Lütfullah Ufuk Erdoğan. “APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS”. OLBA, no. XXXIV, Mar. 2026, pp. 413-38, https://izlik.org/JA32TF44TX.
Vancouver
1.Fatih Onur, Lütfullah Ufuk Erdoğan. APOLLON AT PHASELIS: CULT AND IDENTITY IN THE LIGHT OF NEW FINDS. OLBA [Internet]. 2026 Mar. 1;(XXXIV):413-38. Available from: https://izlik.org/JA32TF44TX