Derleme
SİLAHLI ÇATIŞMALARDA İNSAN HAKLARININ KORUNMASINDA YENİ BİR AKTÖR ÖNERİSİ: ULUSLARARASI İNSANCIL OMBUDSMAN (GAZZE ÖRNEĞİ)
Öz
Bugün, 21. yüzyılın ilk çeyreği biterken, Gazze’de yaşanan insan hakları ihlallerine karşı var olan sessizlik kabul edilemez olup buradaki çaresizlik, silahlı çatışma durumlarında insan haklarının korunması sorununu bir kez daha gözler önüne sermektedir. Bu soruna bir cevap olarak bu makalede, silahlı çatışmalarda insan haklarının korunmasında hangi uluslararası hukukun, uluslararası insan hakları hukukunun mu yoksa uluslararası insancıl hukukun mu, geçerli olacağının tartışılması gerektiği değerlendirilmekte ve bu tartışma sonucunda hukuki ikilemler ve teorik birçok soru ile karşılaşılmakla birlikte günümüzde iki hukuk dalının tamamlayıcılıklarının arttığı kabul edilmektedir. Bu kabul edildiğinde ise uygulamanın nasıl şekilleneceği sorunu karşımıza çıkmakta olup teoriden pratiğe geçiş sorununa bir çözüm olarak bu makalede uluslararası insancıl ombudsmanının oluşturulması önerilmektedir. Makalenin ilk bölümünde yer verilen teorik tartışmalardan sonra, ikinci bölümde silahlı çatışmalarda olası insan hakları ihlalleri karşısında hareket alanı bulan mevcut uluslararası mekanizmalardan örnekler verilerek uluslararası insancıl ombudsmanın oluşturulması için daha önce gösterilen çabalara değinilecektir. Son bölümde ise Gazze’de yaşanan insan hakları ihlalleri karşısında Filistin ve İsrail Ombudsmanlarının tutumları karşılaştırmalı olarak ortaya koyulacak ve buradan çıkarılan sonucun da silahlı çatışmalarda insan haklarının korunmasında var olan boşluğun uluslararası insancıl ombudsmanın oluşturulması ile doldurulabileceğine işaret ettiği açıklanacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Uluslararası İnsan Hakları Hukuku Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk Ombudsman Uluslararası İnsancıl Ombudsman Gazze Savaşı
Kaynakça
- CAROLEI, Domenico (2022) “An International Ombudsman to make non-governmental organizations more accountable? Too good to be …”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 35
- CHRISTOPLOS, Ian (1999), “Humanitarianism, Pluralism and Ombudsmen: Do the Pieces Fit?”, Disasters, Vol. 23 (2)
- CUYCKENS, Hanne (2016), “Review Essay-The Relationship between international humanitarian law and international human rights law in situations of occupation: a review of the relevant parts of the books on the law of occupation by Yutaka Arai-Takahashi, Eyal Benvenisti and Yoram Dinstein”, Human Rights & International Legal Discourse (HR&ILD), Vol. 10, No: 2
- ÇEÇEN, Anıl (2013), “ İnsan Hakları ve İnsancıl Hukuk”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 8, sy. Özel
- DEMİRALP, Oğuz (2021), “Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk: Kökenleri ve Gelişimi”, Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih/International Crimes and History, Vol. 22
- GENTILE, Giulia (2017), “The ‘Crossed Judicial Scrunity’ of the European Court of Human Rights and International Court of Justice: A Plea for Reforms in order to Enhance Coordination Between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law”, The King’s Student Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 1
- GUTAN, Sabin (2022), “Difficulties of Defending International Humanitarian Law at the International Level”, Scientific Bulletin, Vol. 27, No: 2 (54)
- HAMPSON, Françoise ve SALAMA, Ibrahim (2005), “Working paper on the relationship between human rights law and international humantarian law”, Comission on Human Rights, UN Economic and Social Council, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/14
- https://ombudsman.az/en/view/news/3949/staff-of-the-ombuds-institution-took-part-in-the-seminar-on-the-national-implementation-of-international-humanitarian-law
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/about-us
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/7860.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/7872.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/8277.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/8316.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/8323.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/8412.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/category-1/8834.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/category-1/8902.html
- https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf
- https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf, parag. 46 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - reported impact, Day 109 (24 Jan. 2024)
- https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf, parag. 47 OCHA, “UN relief chief: The war in Gaza must end”, Statement by Martin Griffiths, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, 5 Jan. 2024.
- https://www.mevaker.gov.il/En/About/Pages/yesodot.aspx
- https://www.mevaker.gov.il/En/Pages/default.aspx
- https://www.mevaker.gov.il/En/publication/Articles/Pages/default.aspx#topSearch
- https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/Res/ch_8_2.pdf
- https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/gazzede-olu-sayisi-30-bin-228e-yukseldi-841345.html
- https://www.tuicakademi.org/koruma-sorumlulugu-doktrini-degisen-egemenlik-anlayisi/
- https://www.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N23/412/97/PDF/N2341297.pdf
- https://www.un.org/unispal/document/security-council-resolution-s-res-2720-22dec2023/
- https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/N2332702.pdf;
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)/Inter-Parliamentary Union (1999), Handbook on Respect for International Humanitarian Law, Geneva, (https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_1090.pdf)
- International Committee of the Red Cross (2008), Protection Policy, IRRC, Vol. 90, No. 871
- Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu (2021), Karabağ İnsan Hakları İnceleme Raporu, (https://paylasim.ombudsman.gov.tr/dokuman/documentuploads/karabag-raporu/mobile/index.html)
- Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu (2020), Azrebaycan-Ermenistan Savaşında Ermenistan Silahlı Kuvvetleri tarafından Gerçekleştirilen İnsan Hakları İhallelerine İlişkin Rapor (https://paylasim.ombudsman.gov.tr/dokuman/documentuploads/AzerbaycanRaporu/mobile/index.html)
- ORZESZYNA, Krysztof (2023), “Convergence of International Humanitarian Law ans International Human Rights Law in Armed Conflicts”, Studia Iuridica Lublinensia, Vol. 32, 3
- OSAKWE, Chukwuma ve OKECHUKWU UDEAGBALA, Lawrence (2014), “Human Rights and International Humaitarian Law as it affects armed conflicts since 1945: An Appraisal”, International Journal of Development and Conflict, Vol. 4
- ÖZSOY, Şule (1997-1998), “İnsancıl Hukukun Gelişimi”, TODAİE İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, Cilt: 19-20
- PARLAK, Bekir ve DOĞAN, Kadir Caner, (2015), “Türkiye’de Ombudsmanın Uygulanabilirlik Analizi: Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, Turkish Studies-International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Vol. 10/10
- SIATITSA, Ilia ve TITBERIDZE, Maia (2012), “Human rights in armed conflict: Ten Years of Affirmative State Practice within United Nations Resolutions”, International Humanitarian Legal Studies, Vol. 3
- SWED, Ori (2018), “Promoting human rights under fire: INGOs' mitigating effect on human rights violations during armed conflict”, Social Science Research, Vol. 75
- Ukrayna Ombudsmanı (2022), Report on the Observance and Protection of Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms in Ukraine in 2022, (https://ombudsman.gov.ua/report-2022/en/human-rights-in-the-security-and-defence-sector)
- UN General Assembly (2005), G.A. Res. 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/Res/60/1, prg. 138-139 ve 2009 (UN Doc. A/63/677)
- United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR) (2011) “International Legal protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflict”, Special Issue Publications, s. 15 https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/HR_in_armed_conflict.pdf
- WASCHEFORT, Gus (2012), “Beyond fragmentation: An issuesbased approach to ‘human rights’”, South African Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 37
- Work of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories (2009), GA, A/RES/64/91
Proposal of a New Actor for the Protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflicts: International Humanitarian Ombudsman (The Gaza Case)
Öz
Kaynakça
- CAROLEI, Domenico (2022) “An International Ombudsman to make non-governmental organizations more accountable? Too good to be …”, Leiden Journal of International Law, Vol. 35
- CHRISTOPLOS, Ian (1999), “Humanitarianism, Pluralism and Ombudsmen: Do the Pieces Fit?”, Disasters, Vol. 23 (2)
- CUYCKENS, Hanne (2016), “Review Essay-The Relationship between international humanitarian law and international human rights law in situations of occupation: a review of the relevant parts of the books on the law of occupation by Yutaka Arai-Takahashi, Eyal Benvenisti and Yoram Dinstein”, Human Rights & International Legal Discourse (HR&ILD), Vol. 10, No: 2
- ÇEÇEN, Anıl (2013), “ İnsan Hakları ve İnsancıl Hukuk”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, c. 8, sy. Özel
- DEMİRALP, Oğuz (2021), “Uluslararası İnsancıl Hukuk: Kökenleri ve Gelişimi”, Uluslararası Suçlar ve Tarih/International Crimes and History, Vol. 22
- GENTILE, Giulia (2017), “The ‘Crossed Judicial Scrunity’ of the European Court of Human Rights and International Court of Justice: A Plea for Reforms in order to Enhance Coordination Between International Humanitarian Law and International Human Rights Law”, The King’s Student Law Review, Vol. 8, No. 1
- GUTAN, Sabin (2022), “Difficulties of Defending International Humanitarian Law at the International Level”, Scientific Bulletin, Vol. 27, No: 2 (54)
- HAMPSON, Françoise ve SALAMA, Ibrahim (2005), “Working paper on the relationship between human rights law and international humantarian law”, Comission on Human Rights, UN Economic and Social Council, E/CN.4/Sub.2/2005/14
- https://ombudsman.az/en/view/news/3949/staff-of-the-ombuds-institution-took-part-in-the-seminar-on-the-national-implementation-of-international-humanitarian-law
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/about-us
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/7860.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/7872.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/8277.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/8316.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/8323.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/media-center/8412.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/category-1/8834.html
- https://www.ichr.ps/en/category-1/8902.html
- https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf
- https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf, parag. 46 United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA), Hostilities in the Gaza Strip and Israel - reported impact, Day 109 (24 Jan. 2024)
- https://www.icj-cij.org/sites/default/files/case-related/192/192-20240126-ord-01-00-en.pdf, parag. 47 OCHA, “UN relief chief: The war in Gaza must end”, Statement by Martin Griffiths, Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator, 5 Jan. 2024.
- https://www.mevaker.gov.il/En/About/Pages/yesodot.aspx
- https://www.mevaker.gov.il/En/Pages/default.aspx
- https://www.mevaker.gov.il/En/publication/Articles/Pages/default.aspx#topSearch
- https://www.theadvocatesforhumanrights.org/Res/ch_8_2.pdf
- https://www.trthaber.com/haber/dunya/gazzede-olu-sayisi-30-bin-228e-yukseldi-841345.html
- https://www.tuicakademi.org/koruma-sorumlulugu-doktrini-degisen-egemenlik-anlayisi/
- https://www.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N23/412/97/PDF/N2341297.pdf
- https://www.un.org/unispal/document/security-council-resolution-s-res-2720-22dec2023/
- https://www.un.org/unispal/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/N2332702.pdf;
- International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC)/Inter-Parliamentary Union (1999), Handbook on Respect for International Humanitarian Law, Geneva, (https://www.icrc.org/eng/assets/files/other/icrc_002_1090.pdf)
- International Committee of the Red Cross (2008), Protection Policy, IRRC, Vol. 90, No. 871
- Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu (2021), Karabağ İnsan Hakları İnceleme Raporu, (https://paylasim.ombudsman.gov.tr/dokuman/documentuploads/karabag-raporu/mobile/index.html)
- Kamu Denetçiliği Kurumu (2020), Azrebaycan-Ermenistan Savaşında Ermenistan Silahlı Kuvvetleri tarafından Gerçekleştirilen İnsan Hakları İhallelerine İlişkin Rapor (https://paylasim.ombudsman.gov.tr/dokuman/documentuploads/AzerbaycanRaporu/mobile/index.html)
- ORZESZYNA, Krysztof (2023), “Convergence of International Humanitarian Law ans International Human Rights Law in Armed Conflicts”, Studia Iuridica Lublinensia, Vol. 32, 3
- OSAKWE, Chukwuma ve OKECHUKWU UDEAGBALA, Lawrence (2014), “Human Rights and International Humaitarian Law as it affects armed conflicts since 1945: An Appraisal”, International Journal of Development and Conflict, Vol. 4
- ÖZSOY, Şule (1997-1998), “İnsancıl Hukukun Gelişimi”, TODAİE İnsan Hakları Yıllığı, Cilt: 19-20
- PARLAK, Bekir ve DOĞAN, Kadir Caner, (2015), “Türkiye’de Ombudsmanın Uygulanabilirlik Analizi: Ampirik Bir Çalışma”, Turkish Studies-International Periodical for the Languages, Literature and History of Turkish or Turkic, Vol. 10/10
- SIATITSA, Ilia ve TITBERIDZE, Maia (2012), “Human rights in armed conflict: Ten Years of Affirmative State Practice within United Nations Resolutions”, International Humanitarian Legal Studies, Vol. 3
- SWED, Ori (2018), “Promoting human rights under fire: INGOs' mitigating effect on human rights violations during armed conflict”, Social Science Research, Vol. 75
- Ukrayna Ombudsmanı (2022), Report on the Observance and Protection of Human and Civil Rights and Freedoms in Ukraine in 2022, (https://ombudsman.gov.ua/report-2022/en/human-rights-in-the-security-and-defence-sector)
- UN General Assembly (2005), G.A. Res. 60/1, U.N. Doc. A/Res/60/1, prg. 138-139 ve 2009 (UN Doc. A/63/677)
- United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR) (2011) “International Legal protection of Human Rights in Armed Conflict”, Special Issue Publications, s. 15 https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/Documents/Publications/HR_in_armed_conflict.pdf
- WASCHEFORT, Gus (2012), “Beyond fragmentation: An issuesbased approach to ‘human rights’”, South African Yearbook of International Law, Vol. 37
- Work of the Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People and Other Arabs of the Occupied Territories (2009), GA, A/RES/64/91
Toplam 45 adet kaynakça vardır.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Hukuk (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE) |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 10 Mayıs 2024 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 10 Mayıs 2024 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 21 Şubat 2024 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 10 Mayıs 2024 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2024 Sayı: ÖZEL SAYI 2 (GAZZE) |
