Multivariate Analysis of Morphological and Biochemical Diversity Among Some Hawthorn Species

Year 2025, Volume: 40 Issue: 2, 347 - 366, 30.06.2025

Ahmet Sümbül

Abstract

In this study, a total of 29 different hawthorn genotypes belonging to 2 different hawthorn species (Crataegus tanacetifolia and Crataegus orientalis) were used. Diversity among genotypes based on fruit, seed and leaf characteristics and total phenolic, total flavonoid, total anthocyanin and antioxidant activities of genotypes were determined by multivariate analyses. Biochemical characteristics of fruits, leaves and fruits of genotypes showed a wide variation. Fruit weight and fruit flesh ratio, which determine consumer preferences in hawthorn fruits, were determined the highest in G15 genotype of Crataegus tanacetifolia species (6.09 g and 89.05%, respectively). Although the leaf characteristics of the genotypes were similar among species, the highest leaf characteristic values were detected in the G17 genotype. The total soluble solids content of the genotypes varied between 11.00% (G17) and 18.00% (G1). Among hawthorn genotypes, total phenol content in G19 genotype (410.80 mg GAE 100 g-1), total flavonoid content in G6 genotype (151.46 mg QE 100 g-1), antioxidant activity in G18 genotype (82.90%) and total anthocyanin content in G24 genotype (4.36 mg cyn-3-gluc 100 g-1) was significantly high. Principal component analysis (PCA) and heatmap hierarchical clustering analysis, which were used to reveal the diversity of genotypes in the study, were effective in distinguishing both species and genotypes according to their characteristics. As a result of PCA, the first three components explained 63.30% of the total variation in genotypes in terms of the examined traits. As a result of hierarchical clustering analysis, genotypes were divided into two main groups. Genotypes of Crataegus tanacetifolia species were grouped separately from other genotypes in terms of fruit weight, fruit width, fruit length, seed weight, number of seeds, L* and b* color values. The results of the study on hawthorn genotypes are guiding for future studies.

Keywords

Crataegus tanacetifolia , Crataegus orientalis , principal component analysis , heatmap analysis , genetic diversity

Bazı Alıç Türleri Arasındaki Morfolojik ve Biyokimyasal Çeşitliliğin Çok Değişkenli Analizi

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, 2 farklı alıç türüne (Crataegus tanacetifolia ve Crataegus orientalis) ait toplam 29 farklı alıç genotipi kullanılmıştır. Genotiplere ait meyve, tohum ve yaprak özellikleri ile toplam fenolik, toplam flavonoid, toplam antosiyanin ve antioksidan aktivite özelliklerine dayalı olarak genotipler arasındaki çeşitlilik, çok değişkenli analizler ile belirlenmiştir. Genotiplerin meyve, yaprak ve meyvelerin biyokimyasal özellikleri geniş bir varyasyon göstermiştir. Alıç meyvelerinde tüketici tercihlerini belirleyen meyve ağırlığı ve meyve eti oranı en yüksek Crataegus tanacetifolia türüne ait G15 genotipinde (sırasıyla 6.09 g ve %89.05) belirlenmiştir. Genotiplerin yaprak özellikleri tür bazında benzerlik göstermiş olsa da en yüksek yaprak özellik değerleri G17 genotipinde tespit edilmiştir. Genotiplerin suda çözünebilir kuru madde (SÇKM) içeriği %11.00 (G17) ve %18.00 (G1) arasında değişmiştir. Alıç genotiplerinde arasında, toplam fenol içeriği G19 (410.80 mg GAE 100 g-1) genotipinde, toplam flavonoid içeriği G6 (151.46 mg QE 100 g-1) genotpinde, antioksidan aktivite G18 (%82.90) genotpinde ve toplam antosiyanin içeriği G24 (4.36 mg cyn-3-gluc 100 g-1) genotipinde önemli derecede yüksek tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmada genotiplerin çeşitliliğini ortaya koymak için kullanılan temel bileşen analizi (TBA) ve heatmap hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi, hem türleri hem de genotipleri özelliklerine göre ayırt etmede etkili bulunmuştur. TBA sonucunda incelenen özellikler bakımından genotiplerdeki toplam varyasyonun %62.15’ini ilk üç bileşen açıklamıştır. Hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi sonucunda genotipler iki ana gruba ayrılmıştır. Crataegus tanacetifolia türüne ait genotipler meyve ağırlığı, meyve eni, meyve boyu, tohum ağırlığı, tohum sayısı, L* ve b* renk değerleri açısından diğer genotiplerden ayrı gruplanmıştır. Alıç genotiplerine ait çalışma sonuçları gelecekte yapılacak çalışmalara yol gösterici niteliktedir.

Keywords

Crataegus tanacetifolia , Crataegus orientalis , temel bileşen analizi , heatmap analizi , genetik çeşitlilik

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