Determination of the effectiveness of different fruit peel powders on Fusarium wilt and root knot nematode in tomato.

Year 2025, Volume: 40 Issue: 3, 515 - 526, 31.10.2025

Harun Çimenkaya , Fatma Gül Göze Özdemir , Şerife Evrim Arıcı

Abstract

Soilborne pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL) and root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita cause significant yield losses in tomato cultivation. In this study, the effects of lemon, orange, grapefruit and pomegranate fruit peels on disease severity in simultaneous inoculation of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL) in tomato pots were investigated. Two days after simultaneous inoculations, 3, 6 and 9 g doses of powdered fruit peels were applied to each pot soil. The study was terminated after 60 days and the evaluation was made the number of gall-egg masses, gall index and disease severity scale. The number of galls and egg masses was higher in lemon and orange fruit peel treatments than in pomegranate at 3 g/pot dose (p≤ 0.05). While the gall index was similar in 3 and 6 g/pot dose, it varied between 0.4-1.2 in 9 g/pot. While the disease severity varied between 1.0-2.4 at 3 g/pot, disease severity was found at a scale value of 1 in all fruit peels at 9 g/pot dose. In the context of a 3 g application of fruit peels, grapefruit peel exhibited an effectiveness of 55.56%, whereas pomegranate peel demonstrated a higher effectiveness of 72.22%. With regard to the 6 g application, grapefruit peel showed an effectiveness of 66.67%, while the effectiveness of pomegranate peel remained consistent at 72.22%. Notably, in the application of 9 g, all fruit peels successfully suppressed the severity of the FORL disease, achieving an overall effectiveness rate of 72.22%.. In this study, it was concluded that the application of fruit peel powders mixed into the soil could be effective against nematode and fungal disease complexes.

Keywords

Peel extract , Nematicidal effect , Disease control , Citrus spp. , Pomegranate

Project Number

x

Farklı meyve kabuğunun tozlarının domateste Fusarium solgunluğu ve kök ur nematodu üzerine etkinliklerinin belirlenmesi

Abstract

Domateste toprak kökenli patojen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL) ve kök ur nematodu Meloidogyne incognita domates yetiştiriciliğinde önemli verim kayıplarına neden olmaktadır. Yapılan bu çalışmada domateste Meloidogyne incognita ve Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis lycopersici (FORL)'nin eş zamanlı inokulasyonunda limon, portakal, greyfurt ve nar meyve kabuklarının hastalık şiddeti üzerine etkileri saksı ortamında araştırılmıştır. Saksı topraklarının eş zamanlı inokulasyonlardan iki gün sonra, her bir saksı toprağına 3, 6 ve 9 g dozlarında toz meyve kabuğu karıştırılmıştır. Çalışma 60 gün sonra sonlandırılmış ve değerlendirme gal ve yumurta paketlerinin sayısı, gal indeksi ve hastalık şiddeti ölçeğine göre yapılmıştır. Gal ve yumurta paketi sayısı, limon ve portakal meyve kabuğu uygulamalarında (3 g/saksı dozunda), nar uygulamalarına göre daha yüksek olmuştur (p≤ 0.05). Gal indeksi, 3 ve 6 g/saksı dozlarında benzer iken, 9 g/saksı dozunda 0.4-1.2 arasında değişmiştir. Hastalık şiddeti skalası, 3 g/saksı dozunda 1.0-2.4 arasında değişirken, 9 g/saksı dozu uygulamasında tüm meyve kabuklarında hastalık şiddeti 1 skala değerinde tespit edilmiştir.
Meyve kabuğu 3 g uygulamasında greyfurt kabuğu %55.56, nar kabuğu %72.22 etkili olurken, 6 g uygulamasında greyfurt kabuğu %66.67, nar kabuğu ise %72.22 oranında etkilemiştir. Yapılan uygulamada bütün meyve kabuklarının 9 g uygulamasında hepsi FORL hastalık şiddetini baskılamış ve %72.22 oranında etkili olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, meyve kabuğu tozlarının toprağa karıştırılarak uygulanmasının nematod ve fungal hastalık komplekslerine karşı etkili olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır.

Keywords

Kabuk özütü , Nematisit etkisi , Hastalık kontrolü , Citrus spp. , Nar

Ethical Statement

Çalışmada insan veya hayvan denek kullanılmadığı, kişisel veri toplanmadığı ve deneysel bir müdahale yapılmadığı için etik kurul onayı gerekmemektedir.

Supporting Institution

x

Project Number

x

Thanks

x

References

• Abolusoro, S.A., Oyedunmade, E.A., Olabiyi, T.I., 2010. Evaluation of sweet orange peel aqueous extract (Citrus sinensis) as root–knot nematode suppressant. Agro-Science, 9(3):170-175.
• Abou El Nour, M.M., Mona, E.A.D.S., Wadi, J.M., 2020. Suppressive effect of compost/pomegranate peel tea combination against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lupini, and Rhizoctonia solani as an alternative synthetic fungicide. The Egyptian Journal of Experimental Biology, 16(1): 13-25.
• Akhtar, S., Ismail, T., Fraternale, D., Sestili, P., 2015. Pomegranate peel and peel extracts: chemistry and food feature. Food Chemistry, 174: 417-425.
• Altınok, H.H., Kamberoğlu, M.A., 2005. Adana ve Mersin illerinde patlıcan üretim alanlarında Fusarium ve Verticillium solgunluk hastalıklarının yaygınlığı ve şiddeti. Çukurova Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 20: 1-8.
• Akhtar, W., Abbasi, M.W., Rauf, A., Jahan, I., Anis, M., Javed Zaki, M., 2019. Nematicidal activity of fruit pericarps against root knot nematode, Meloidogyne javanica. International Biology Research, 7(1): 57-65.
• Asaturova, A.M., Bugaeva, L.N., Homyak, A.I., Slobodyanyuk, G.A., Kashutina, E.V., Yasyuk, L.V., Garkovenko, A.V., 2022. Bacillus velezensis Strains for protecting cucumber plants from root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita in a greenhouse. Plants, 11(3): 275; DOI:10.3390/plants11030275
• Ashraf, M.S., Khan, T.A., 2008. Bio-management of reni form nematode, Rotylenchulus reniformis by fruit wastes and Paecilomyces lilacinus on chickpea. World Journal of Agriculture Sciences, 4(4): 492-494.
• Aydin, M.H., 2019. Evaluation of some Trichoderma species in biological control of potato dry rot caused by Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel isolates. Applied Ecology & Environmental Research, 17(1):533-546
• Bashir, L.U., Abdulkadir, A., Shah, M.M., Hamisu, A., Sharif, U., Kamalu, A.A., 2020. Phytochemical screening and antifungal potentials of Citrus limon peels against Fusarium oxysporum and Rhizopus stolonifer causing rots in water melon (Citrullus lanatus L.). Journal of Experimental Sciences, 11: 1-5.
• Bilici, K., Cetin, S., Celikbas, E., Yagci Acar, H., Kolemen, S., 2021. Recent advances in cyanine-based phototherapy agents. Frontiers in Chemistry, 9: 707876.
• Boonmasawai, S., Sungpradit, S., Jirapattharasate, C., Akt hong, C.N., Piasai, L., 2013. Effects of alcoholic extract from pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels on gastro intestinal nematode egg count in doe. Journal of Applied Animal Science, 6: 27-37.
• Bowers, J.H., Locke, J.C., 2000. Effect of botanical extracts on the population density of Fusarium oxysporum in soil and control of Fusarium wilt in the greenhouse. Plant Disease, 84(3): 300-305.
• Chandler, J. M., Santelman, P. W. 1968. Interaction of four herbicides with Rhizoctonia solani on seedling cotton. Weed Science 16: 453-454
• Chen, J., Li, Q. X., & Song, B., (2020). Chemical nematicides: Recent research progress and outlook. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 68(44), 12175-12188.
• Chutia, M., Bhuyan, D.P., Pathak, M.G., Sarma, T.C., Boruah, P., 2009. Antifungal activity and chemical composition of Citrus reticulata Blanco essential oil against phytopathogens from North East India. Food Science Technology, 42(3):777–780.
• Çolak, A., Biçici, M., 2011. Determination Differantiating of Fusarium oxysporum formae spseciales and determination incidence, severity and prevalence of Fusarium wilt and crown-root rot in protected tomato growing areas of East Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Plant Protection Bulletin, 51(4): 331-345.
• da Silva, M.N., Pintado, M.E., Sarmento, B., Stamford, N.P., Vasconcelos, M.W., 2019. A biofertilizer with diazotrophic bacteria and a filamentous fungus increases Pinus pinaster tolerance to the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus). Biological Control, 132: 72-80.
• Eder, R., Consoli, E., Krauss, J., Dahlin, P., 2021. Polysulfi des applied as formulated garlic extract to protect tomato plants against the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita. Plants,10 (2): 394-494.
• Elsherbiny, E.A., Amin, B.H., Baka, Z.A., 2016. Efficiency of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) peels extract as a high potential natural tool towards Fusarium dry rot on potato tubers. Postharvest Biology and Technology, 111: 256-263. Emam, A.M., Ahmed, M.A.M., Tammam, M.A.A., Hala, A.M., El-Dakar, Z.S., 2015. Isolation and structural identification of compounds with antioxidant, nematicidal and fungicidal activities from Punica granatum L. var. nana. International Journal of Science Enginering Research, 6: 1023–1040.
• Garcia-Villalba, R., Espin, J.C., Aaby, K., Alassalvar, C., He inonen, M., Jacobs, G., Voorspoels, S., Koivumaki, T., Kroon, P.A., Pelvan, E., Saha, S., Tomas-Barberan, F.A., 2015. Validated method for the characterization and quantification of extractable and nonextractable ellagitannins after acid hydrolysis in pomegranate fruits, juices, and extracts. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 63: 6555-6566.
• Goyal, L., Kaushal, S., Dhillon, N.K., Heena., 2021. Nematicidal potential of Citrus reticulata peel essential oil, isolated major compound and its derivatives against Meloidogyne incognita. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 54(9-10): 449-467.
• Hajihassani, A., Marquez, J., Woldemeskel, M., Hamidi, N., 2022. Identification of Four Populations of Meloidogyne incognita in Georgia, United States, Capable of Parasitizing Tomato-Bearing Mi-1.2 Gene. Plant Disease, 106(1): 137-143.
• Hajji-Hedfi, L., Rhouma, A., Al-Ani, L.K.T., Bargougui, O., Tlahig, S., Jaouadi, R., Abdel-Azeem, A. M., 2025. The Second life of citrus: phytochemical characterization and antifungal activity bioprospection of C. limon and C. sinensis peel extracts against potato rot disease. Waste and Biomass Valorization, 1-13.
• Hartman, K.M. and Sasser, J.N. 1985. Identification of Meloidogyne species by differential host test and perineal pattern morphology, In An advanced treatise on Meloidogyne; Vol.II (Methodology) pp. 69-77, North Carolina State University Graphic, Raleigh, U.S.A.
• Hibar, K., Edel‐Herman, V., Steinberg, C., Gautheron, N., Daami‐Remadi, M., Alabouvette, C., El Mahjoub, M., 2007. Genetic diversity of Fusarium oxysporum populations isolated from tomato plants in Tunisia. Journal of Phytopathology, 155(3): 136-142.
• Holland, D., Hatib, K., Bar‐Ya'akov, I., 2009. Pomegranate: botany, horticulture, breeding. Horticultural Reviews, 35: 127-191.
• Huang, J.W., Chung, W.C., 2003. Management of vegetable crops diseases with plant extracts. Advances in Plant Disease Management, 37: 153-163.
• Ismail, A.E., 2015. Management of root knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on tomato by dry crushed pomegra nate Punica granatum L. peels as a bio-fumigant in Egypt. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 48: 253-258.
• Jiménez-Díaz, R.M., Castillo, P., del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, M., Landa, B.B., Navas-Cortés, J.A., 2015. Fusarium wilt of chickpeas: Biology, ecology and management. Crop Protection, 73: 16-27.
• Liu, Z., Li, Q.X., Song, B., 2022. Pesticidal Activity and Mode of Action of Monoterpenes. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 70(15): 4556-4571.
• Lobna, H., Aymen, E.M., Hajer, R., Naima, M., Najet, H.R., 2017. Biochemical and plant nutrient alterations induced by Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici co-infection on tomato cultivars with differing level of resistance to M. javanica. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 148 (2): 463-472.
• Lobna, H., Hajer, R., Naima, M.B., Najet, H.R., 2016. Studies on disease complex incidence of Meloidogyne javanica and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici on resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars. Journal of Agricultural Science and Food Technology, 2(4): 41-48.
• Meyer, S.I., Chauhan, K.R., MacDonald, M.H., 2016. Evaluation of roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) leaf and pomegranate (Punica granatum) fruit rind for activity against Meloidogyne incognita. Nematropica, 46: 85-96.
• Misiha, P.K.., Aly, A.Z., Mahrous, M.E., Tohamy, M.R.A., 2013. Effect of culture fıltrates of three Trichoderma specıes, Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani on egg hatchıng and juvenıle mortalıty of Meloidogyne incognita ın vıtro. Zagazig Journal of Agricultural Research, 40 (3): 1-9.
• Mohamad, T.G., Khalil, A.A., 2015. Effect Of Pomegranate (Punica Granatum L.) Fruıts Peel On Some Phytopathogenıc Fungı And Control Of Tomato Dampıng-off. Journal of Plant Protection and Pathology, 6(2): 359-374.
• Mshari, A., Alrudainy, A.M., Abu-Mejdad, N.M., 2022. Study the Effect of Some Citrus Peel Extracts Against Plant Pathogenic Fungi. Asian Journal of Water, Environment and Pollution, 19(6): 103-110.
• Neves, W.D.S., Freitas, L.G.D., Coutinho, M.M., 2009. Nematicidal activity of extracts of red hot chili pepper, mustard and garlic on Meloidogyne javanica in green house. Summa Phytopathologica 35(4):255-261
• Nico, A.I., Rafael, R.M., Jimenez-Diaz, M., Castillo, P., 2004. Control of root knot nematodes by compost agro industrial wastes in potting mixtures. Crop Protection, 23: 581-587.
• Oyedunmade, E.E.A., 2004. Laboratory and field toxicities of the African marigold (Tagetes erecta) to root-knot nematodes. The Plant Scientist, 4 (4): 115-121.
• Oyedunmade, E.E.A., Ayo-Oke, O.F., Olabiyi, T.I., 2001. Comparative efficacies of soil amendment and a synthetic nematicide on growth, yield and food components of a root-knot infected soyabean (Glycine max. L. Merril). Nigerian Society of Experiemntal Biology, 1: 367-371.
• Özdemir, F.G.G., Arıcı, Ş.E., Elekcioğlu, İ.H., 2022a. Interaction of Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White, 1919)(Nemata: Meloidogynidae) and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici Jarvis & Shoemaker in tomato F1 hybrids with differing levels of resistance to these pathogens. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46(1): 63-73.
• Özdemir, F.G.G., Çevik, H., Ndayıragıje, J.C., Özek, T., Karaca, İ., 2022b. Nematicidal effect of chitosan on Meloidogyne incognita in vitro and on tomato in a pot experiment. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 6(3): 410-416.
• Özdemir, F.G.G., 2022c. Management of disease complex of Meloidogyne incognita and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis lycopersici on tomato using some essential oils. Plant Protection Bulletin, 62(4): 27-36.
• Regaieg, H., Bouajila, M., Hajji, L., Larayadh, A., Chiheni, N., Guessmi-Mzoughi, I., Horrigue-Raouani, N., 2017. Evaluation of pomegranate (Punica granatum L. var. Gabsi) peel extract for control of root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica on tomato. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 50(17-18): 839-849.
• Rekah, Y., Shtienberg, D., Katan, J., 2001. Population dynamics of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici in relation to the onset of Fusarium crown and root rot of tomato. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 107: 367-375.
• Rongai, D., Pulcini, P., Pesce, B., Marco, C.D., Milano, F., 2016. Effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract on fusarium wilt of tomato (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici) and on grey mould (Botrytis cinerea). In Proceedings of the Atti, Giornate Fitopatologiche, Chianciano Terme, Italy, 8–11 March 2016; Volume 2, pp. 303–310.
• Saad, M.M.G., Abou-Taleb, H.K., Abdelgaleil, S.A.M., 2018. Insecticidal activities of monoterpenes and phenylpropenes against Sitophilus oryzae and their inhibitory effects on acetylcholinesterase and adenosine triphosphatases. Applied Entomology and Zoology, 53(2): 173–181.
• Saha, S., Walia, S., Kumar, J., Parmer, B.S., Prasad, D., 2010. Synergistic/potentiation interaction between nematode static constituents from Azadirachta indica, Madhuca indica and Sapindus makorossi. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 43 (4): 357-367.
• Sawalha, S.M., Arráez-Román, D., Segura-Carretero, A., Fernández-Gutiérrez, A., 2009. Quantification of main phenolic compounds in sweet and bitter orange peel using CE–MS/MS. Food Chemistry, 116(2): 567-574.
• Seeram, N., Lee, R., Hardy, M., Heber, D., 2005. Rapid scale purification of ellagitannins from pomegranate husk, a by-product of the commercial juice industry. Separation and Purification Technology, 41 (1): 49-55.
• Seeram, N.P., Schulman, RN, Heber, D., 2006. Pomegranates: ancient roots to modern medicine. Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group, 262 pp.
• Singh, A.K., Padhi, M., Sisodia, A., Kumar, S., Sisodia, V., Chaudhary, S.K., 2022. Disease Spectrum In Zinnia Crops (Zinnia Spp.) and Management Strategies. In Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management (pp. 169-196). Apple Academic Press.
• Szczerbanik, M., Jobling. J., Morris, S., Holford, P., 2007. Essential oil vapours control some common postharvest fungal pathogens. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 47(1): 103-109.
• Tantray, M., Akbar, S., Khan, R., Tariq, K., Shawi, A., 2009. Humarain: a new dimeric gallic acid glycoside from Punica granatum L. bark. Fitoterapia, 80 (4): 223–225.
• Toledo-Guillén, A.R., Higuera-Ciapara, I., García-Navarrete, G., De la Fuente, J.C., 2010. Extraction of bioactive flavonoid compounds from orange (Citrus sinensis) peel using supercritical CO2. Atherosclerosis, 178, 25-32. Tsai, B.Y., 2008. Effects of peels of lemon, orange and grapefruit against Meloidogyne incognita. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 17: 195-201.
• Viuda-Martos, M., Fernandez-Lopez, J., Perez-Alvarez, J.A., 2010. Pomegranate and its many functional compo nents as related to human health: A review. Food Science and Food Safety, 9 (6): 635-654.
• Yıldız, M., Gürkan, M.O., Turgut, C., Kaya, Ü., Ünal, G. 2005. Tarımsal savaşımda kullanılan pestisitlerin yol açtığı çevre sorunları. VI. Türkiye Ziraat Mühendisliği Teknik Kongresi, 3-7 Ocak 2005.
• Yin, Y., Miao, J., Shao, W., Liu, X., Zhao, Y., Ma, Z. 2023. Fungicide resistance: Progress in understanding mechanism, monitoring, and management. Phytopathology®, 113(4), 707-718.
• Youssef, M.M.A., El-Nagdi, W.M.A., Eissa, M.F.M., 2014. Population density of root knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita infecting date palm under stress of aqueous extracts of some botanicals and a commercial bacterial by product. Middle East Journal of Applied Science, 4 (4): 802–805.