ABD’nin 1974 Kıbrıs Askeri Darbesindeki Rolü

Altuğ Günal

doi:10.26466/opus.521229

TR EN

ABD’nin 1974 Kıbrıs Askeri Darbesindeki Rolü

Öz

1960 Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’nin Cumhurbaşkanı Makarios, ülkesini Bağlantısızlar Hareketine dahil etmiş ve SSCB başta olmak üzere Doğu Kampıyla iyi ilişkiler geliştirmiştir. Buna, NATO üyesi Yunanistan ve Türkiye ile sorunlar yaşaması ve içeride komünist partinin desteğini alması da eklenince, ABD yönetimleri durumdan rahatsız olmuştur. 1974 Temmuz’unda, cunta yönetimindeki Yunanistan, Kıbrıs’ta bir darbe organize etmiş ve Makarios’u devirmiştir. Bir çok Avrupa ülkesi darbeyi kınarken ABD; yumuşak bir açıklama yapmış, Yunanistan’a askeri yardımını kesmemiş, Makarios’u göreve döndürmek konusunda isteksiz davranmış ve darbeyi ya da ardından gelen Türk müdahalesini durdurmak için güç kullanmayı reddetmiştir. Bu gelişmeler, ABD’nin adayı NATO etki alanına sokmak için darbeye ve devamında Türkiye’nin adanın %37’sini ele geçirmesine destek vermiş olduğuna dair argümanların ortaya atılmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışma ise söz konusu argümanları destekleyecek yeterli kanıtın mevcut olmadığını savunmaktadır. ABD’nin 1960-1974 arası Kıbrıs ile ilgili öncelikleri, adanın; Türkiye ve Yunanistan arasında çatışma yaratmayacak ve Doğu Akdeniz’deki NATO işbirliğine zarar vermeyecek kadar istikrarlı kalması, Doğu Bloğu ile fazla yakınlaşmaması ve SSCB’yi soruna müdahil edecek bir fırsat yaratmaması olmuştur. ABD açısından Makarios, bu önceliklere yönelik, ortadan kaldırılmasını gerektirecek kadar büyük bir tehdit oluşturmamıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

ABD,Darbe,Kissinger,Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti,Makarios,Darbe

References

Asmussen, J. (2008). Cyprus at war: Diplomacy and conflict during the 1974 crisis. London: I.B. Tauris.
Ball, G. (1982). The past has another pattern: Memoirs. New York: Norton&Company.
BMGK Resmi Kayıtları 1779 Sayılı Karar. (1974). Erişim Tarihi 22 Kasım 2018. http://repository.un.org/bitstream/handle/11176/71407/S_P-V.1779-EN.pdf?sequence=17&isAllowed=y.
BM'den Kıbrıs'a Amerikan Şahini. (5 Temmuz 2018). Aydınlık. Erişim Tarihi 20 Temmuz 2018. https://www.aydinlik.com.tr/bm-den-kibris-a-amerikan-sahini-turkiye-temmuz-2018.
CIA. (2 Ekim 1964). Probability of attacks against Us troops sent to Cyprus. Erişim Tarihi 3 Eylül 2018. http://www.faqs.org/cia/docs/81/-0000567713/probabılıty-of-attacks-agaınst-us-troops-sent-to-cyprus.html#ixzz5uwnn6s7e.
CIA Admits Involvement in Chile. (20 Eylül 2000). ABC. Erişim Tarihi 9 Nisan 2018. https://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id-=82588&page=1.
CIA Acknowledges Castro Plot Went to Top. (26 Haziran 2007). NBC. Erişim Tarihi 9 Nisan 2018. http://www.nbcnews.com/id/1944-4072/ns/politics/t/cia-acknowledges-castro-plot-went-top/#.WBq8i4XfjvY.
CIA. (19 Mart 2013). Chronology of the 40 Committee. Erişim Tarihi 20 Kasım 2018. https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/LOC-HAK-301-1-9-6.pdf.
CIA'in 1953'teki İran darbesinde rol oynadığı belgelendi. (20 Ağustos 2013). BBC. Erişim Tarihi 9 Nisan 2018. https://www.bbc.com-/turkce/haberler/2013/08/130820_iran_cia.
Clinton Leaves Greece After Apology for Past Policies Statement Meant As Reconciliation After Friday's Riots. (21 Kasım 1999). As-sociated Press. Erişim Tarihi 11Aralık 2018. https://www.deseretnews.com/article/729125/Clinton-leaves-Greece-after-apology-for-past-policies.html.

Cypriots Believe CIA Tried to Kill Makarios, Not Pay Him. (24 Şubat 1977). The Washington Post. Erişim Tarihi 3 Eylül 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/02/24/cy-priots-believe-cia-tried-to-kill-makarios-not-pay-him/3749e896-2dcf-4037-8a24-4e7b4e525819/?noredirect=on&utm_term=.01e23-a5fe7c2
Contandinos, A. (2009). America, Britain and Cyprus Crisis of 1974: Calcu-lated conspiracy or foreign policy failure. Authorhouse.
Constandinos, A. (2011). US-British policy on Cyprus, 1964-1974. The Cyprus Review, 23(1), 17-48.
Department of State. (24 Şubat 1972). VI: I: Initial Letter of Inquiry to State Department, Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of II. Response of State Department to Initial Lettter. Washington, Erişim Tarihi 10 Aralık 2018. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.a00000-82529;view=1up;seq=8.
Department of State. (18 Temmuz 1974). President Nixon/ Secretary Kis-singer, Telecon. Erişim Tarihi 20 Kasım 2018. http://foia.state.gov/documents/Kissinger/0000C9F8.pdf.
Domuzlar Körfezi çıkarması: Mükemmel fiyasko. (15 Nisan 2011). BBC. Erişim Tarihi 9 Nisan 2018. https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler/2011/04/110414_bay_of_pigs.
Greece Withdrawing Units From NATO to Aid Cyprus. (18 Ağustos 1964a). New York Times. Erişim Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/1964/08/18/archives/greece-withdrawing-units-from-nato-to-aid-cyprus.html.
Güney, A. (2004). The USA’s Role in Mediating the Cyprus Conflict: A Story of Success or Failure?. Security Dialogue, 35(1), 27-42.
Hakkı, M.M. (2007). The Cyprus ıssue: A documentary history: 1878-2007. New York: I. B. Tauris.
Hare, R. A. & Mak, D. (22 Temmuz 1987). The association for diplomatic studies and training foreign affairs oral history project. Erişim Tarihi 10 Şubat 2018. https://cdn.loc.gov/service/mss/mfdip-/2004/2004har03/2004har03.pdf.
Hitchens, C. (2002). The trial of Henry Kissinger. London: Verso.
John F. Kennedy Başkanlık Kütüphanesi ve Müzesi. https://www.jfklibrary.org/asset-viewer/archives/JFKWHP/1962/Month%2006/Day-%2005/JFKWHP-1962-06-05-B.
Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti Dış İşleri Bakanlığı. Erişim Tarihi 8 Ocak 2018. http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2016.nsf/All/DAFAC26FB139D6CEC2257F9C0042B2F0?OpenDocument.
Kissinger, H. (2000). Years of renewal (1. bs.). New York: Touchestone.
Kutler, S. I. (1990). The wars of watergate: The last crisis of Richard Nixon. New York: A Knopf Book.
Levin, D. H. (2016). Partisan electoral ınterventions by the great powers: Introducing the PEIG dataset. Conflict Management and Peace Science, 1-19. https://www.halifaxexaminer.ca/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Levin-study.pdf
Lindsay, J.K. (2011). The Cyprus problem:What everyone needs to know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Makarios: Cypriot Nationalism Incarnate. (4 Ağustos 1977). Washington Post. Erişim Tarihi 11 Mart 2017. https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1977/08/04/makarios-cypriot-nationalism-incarnate/24ef5cf9-3d6a-40b8-ae59-28206e5ec588/?utm_term=.6b3c65ce8d26.
Mallinson, W. (2009). Cyprus, Britain, the USA, Turkey and Greece in 1977: Critical Submission or Submissive Criticism?. Journal of Contemporary History, 44(4), 737-752.
Mallinson, W. (2011). Britain and Cyprus: Key themes and documents since world war II. NewYork: I.B. Tauris.
Mayes, S. (2000). Makarios: A biography. London: Mac Millan Press.
Mirbargheri, F. (1998). Cyprus and international peacemaking. London: Hurst.
O’Malley, B. ve Craig, I. (1999). The Cyprus conspiracy: America, Espionage and the Turkish invasion. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd.
Office of the Historian. A Guide to the United States’ History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, sin-ce 1776: Cyprus. Erişim Tarihi 7 Temmuz 2018. https://history.state.gov/countries/cyprus.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 261: Memorandum From the President’s Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger) to President Nixon (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 272: Response to National Security Study Memorandum (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterra-nean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 330: National Intelligence Estimate Source (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 367: Information Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State (Foreign Relations of the Uni-ted States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 369: Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Turkey (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 376: Minutes of the Senior Review Group Meeting (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 378: Action Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (Sisco) to Secretary of State Rogers (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 398: Minutes of the Washington Special Actions Group Meeting (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Offi-ce.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 407: Information Memorandum From the Assistant Secretary of State for Near Eastern and South Asian Affairs (Sisco) to Secretary of State Rogers (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 408: Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eas-tern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 411: Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eas-tern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 416: Record of Department of State Roundtable Discussion (Foreign Relations of the United Sta-tes, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eastern Mediter-ranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 417: Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eas-tern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007a). Document 418: Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXIX, Eastern Europe; Eas-tern Mediterranean, 1969–1972). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 14: Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State (Foreign Relations of the Uni-ted States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 15: Interagency Intelligence Memorandum (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 72: Intelligence Note Prepared in the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Tur-key, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 80: Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 82: Telegram From the Department of State to the Embassy in Greece (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 85: Telegram From the Embassy in Turkey to the Department of State (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 86: Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 89: “Telegram From the Embassy in Greece to the Department of State (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 94: Minutes of Meeting of the Washington Special Actions Group (Foreign Relations of the Uni-ted States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 95: Memorandum of Conversation Washington (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 97: Telegram From the Department of State to Certain Posts (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 100: Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between Secretary of State Kissinger and Secretary of Defense Schlesinger (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Was-hington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 103: Transcript of Telephone Conversation Between President, Nixon and Secretary of State Kissinger (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Go-vernment Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 119: Memorandum of Conversation (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 120: Telegram From the Embassy in Cyprus to the Department of State (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 148: Memorandum From the Director of the Bureau of Intelligence and Research (Hyland) to Secretary of State Kissinger (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2007b). Document 257: Draft Memorandum for the President (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XXX, Greece; Cyprus; Turkey, 1973–1976). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2018). Document 174: Letter from Prime Minister Karamanlis to President Eisenhower (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Vol.X, Part 1: Eastern Europe Region; Soviet Union; Cyprus). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2018). Document 257: “Draft Memorandum for the President (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Vol.X, Part 1: Eastern Europe Region; Soviet Union; Cyprus). Washington: Government Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2018). Document 310: Letter From the British Ambassador (Caccia) to Acting Secretary of State Herter (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Vol.X, Part 1: Eastern Europe Region; Soviet Union; Cyprus). Washington: Govern-ment Printing Office.
Office of the Historian. (2018). Document 347: Statement of US Policy Toward Cyprus (Foreign Relations of the United States, 1958-1960, Vol.X, Part 1: Eastern Europe Region; Soviet Union; Cyp-rus). Washington: Government Printing Office. Packard, M. (2008). Getting it wrong: Fragments from a Cyprus Diary 1964. Authorhouse.
President John F. Kennedy meeting Archbishop Makarios, the Presi-dent of Cyprus. (2 Temmuz 2013). Erişim Tarihi 21 Nisan 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HsQ_hA9lPiY.
Presidential Elections 1959-2013. (2018). Erişim Tarihi 20 Mart 2018. http://www.elections2018.gov.cy/downloads/presidential-elections-1959-2013-en.pdf.
Roberts, S. (26 Aralık 1976). One Year Later, the Murder of the C.I.A.'s Chief Officer in Athens Remains a Mystery Without Solid Clues. New York Times. Erişim Tarihi 2 Ocak 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/1976/12/26/archives/one-year-later-the-murder-of-the-cias-chief-officer-in-athens.html.
Stern, L. (1975). Bitter lessons: How we failed in Cyprus. Foreign Policy, 19, 34-78.
Tamçelik, S. (1998). Kıbrıs Komünist Parti’nin (AKEL) İlhak Kararı ve SSCB’nin Kıbrıs Politikası. II. Uluslararası Kıbrıs Araştırmaları Kongresi, Gazimağusa, Doğu Akdeniz Üniversitesi: 1-16.
Tamçelik, S. (2011). Kıbrıs'taki İngiliz üslerinin stratejik önemi. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(1), 1510-1539.
Text of Parallel Letters by Khrushchev on Cyprus. (8 Şubat 1964b). New York Times. Erişim Tarihi 4 Ekim 2018. http://www.nytimes.com/1964/02/08/text-of-parallel-letters-by-khrushchev-on-cyprus.html?_r=0.
The National Archives. Erişim Tarihi 6 Aralık 2018. https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=64807&dt=2474&dl=1345.
The Secret Committee Called ‘40’. (19 Ocak 1975). New York Times. Erişim Tarihi 20 Kasım 2018. https://www.nytimes.com/1975/01/19/archives/the-secret-committee-called-40-at-least-in-theory-it-controls-the.html.
Uzer, U. (2010). Identity and Turkish foreign policy. London: I. B. Tauris.
Vanezis, P. N., (1979). Makarios: Life and leadership. London: Abelard-Schuman.
Weiner, T. (2007). Legacy of Ashes: History of CIA. London: Doubleday.
Yakinthou. (2009). Political settlements in divided societies: Consociationalism and Cyprus. New York: Palgrave.
Wenzke, C. ve Lindley, D. (2011). Dismantling the Cyprus Conspiracy: The United States Role in the Cypriot Crises of 1963, 1967, 1974. University of Notre Dame Working Paper in Progress.
Wikileaks. (5 Eylül 1974). Tito Takes Pessimistic View Of Cyprus, Middle East Situation; Blames Cia and Nato For Makarios Overthrow. Erişim Tarihi 25 Kasım 2015. https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1974BELGRA04533_b.html.

Details

Primary Language

Turkish

Subjects

Political Science

Journal Section

Review

Authors

Altuğ Günal ^*
0000-0003-3227-8691
Türkiye

Publication Date

March 31, 2019

Submission Date

February 2, 2019

Acceptance Date

March 1, 2019

Published in Issue

Year 1970 Volume: 10 Number: 17

DOI

https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.521229

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA97DA64GU

APA

Günal, A. (2019). ABD’nin 1974 Kıbrıs Askeri Darbesindeki Rolü. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 10(17), 2168-2207. https://doi.org/10.26466/opus.521229

Cited By

DARBEDEN HAREKÂTA KIBRIS: KIBRIS BARIŞ HAREKÂTINA YÖNELİK KAMUOYU OLUŞUM SÜRECİNDE YAZILI BASININ ROLÜ

İNİF E - Dergi

https://doi.org/10.47107/inifedergi.878608

USA’s Role in 1974 Cyprus Military Coup

ABD’nin 1974 Kıbrıs Askeri Darbesindeki Rolü

Öz

Anahtar Kelimeler

USA’s Role in 1974 Cyprus Military Coup

Abstract

Keywords

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite

Cited By

DARBEDEN HAREKÂTA KIBRIS: KIBRIS BARIŞ HAREKÂTINA YÖNELİK KAMUOYU OLUŞUM SÜRECİNDE YAZILI BASININ ROLÜ