Research Article

Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic

Number: 28 March 15, 2026
EN TR

Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic

Abstract

Within the organization of human and social life, the institution of the economy emerges as a social structure identified with the struggle against material nature. Shaped within the well-known complexity of individual behavior, the economic institution appears as a reality that guides, constrains, and surrounds individual experience. Socioeconomic structures, which vary according to the conditions of the capitalist world and differ from country to country, are also shaped by historical processes. In this sense, historical, contemporary, and future-oriented debates on socioeconomic formations draw from these structures as sources of contention. While the dramatic trajectory of Western Europe throughout the Middle Ages culminated in the triumph of modernity, in regions such as the Ottoman Empire—where strong centralized states prevailed—the relative stability of the traditional period gave way to an anxious drive for reform during modernity. The study used a historical comparative method with an interpretive approach. This study evaluates the development of the capitalist socioeconomic order—now the prevailing reality of the modern age—by comparing Western Europe and the Ottoman experience. In particular, it seeks to answer why the social structure transmitted from the Ottoman Empire to Republican Türkiye failed to undergo a complete capitalist transformation. This inquiry also aims to discuss perspectives on how the phenomenon of not having become capitalist should be interpreted. As a result of the study, it has been concluded that the Ottoman Empire, rather than failing to become capitalist, deliberately chose not to pursue capitalist development based on original principles that shaped its economic mentality. Moreover, despite this distinctive socio-economic and historical process, emphasis has been placed on the value of the great efforts made during the founding period of the Republic of Turkey to implement a rational development policy under challenging global conditions.

Keywords

Ethical Statement

I declare that this study is original; that I have acted by the principles and rules of scientific ethics at all stages of the study, including preparation, data collection, analysis, and presentation of information; that I have cited sources for all data and information not obtained within the scope of this study and included these sources in the bibliography; that I have not made any changes in the data used, and that I comply with ethical duties and responsibilities by accepting all the terms and conditions of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). I hereby declare that if a situation contrary to my statement regarding the study is detected, I agree to all moral and legal consequences that may arise.

References

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  4. Baechler, Jean. “The Origins of Modernity: Caste and Feudality (India, Europe and Japan)”, Europe and the Rise of Capitalism. Ed. Jean Beachler, Joan A. Hall & Michael Mann. Cambiridge: Basic Blackwell, 1989, 39-65.
  5. Barkan, Ömer Lütfi. Kolonizatör Türk Dervişleri. 2nd ed., prep. Yahya Kemal Taştan. İstanbul: Ötüken Yayınları, 2021.
  6. Barkan, Ömer Lütfi. Türkiye’de Toprak Meselesi. İstanbul: Gözlem Yayınları, 1980.
  7. Baş, Yaşar. “Osmanlı Toplum Yapısı”, Osmanlı Tarihi 1. Ed. Selim Hilmi Özkan. İstanbul: İdeal Kültür Yayıncılık, 2019, 265-326.
  8. Berkes, Niyazi. Türkiye İktisat Tarihi. 6th ed. İstanbul: Yapı Kredi Yayınları, 2023.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

History of Ottoman Economy, History of Economics (Other)

Journal Section

Research Article

Publication Date

March 15, 2026

Submission Date

June 10, 2025

Acceptance Date

December 25, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2026 Number: 28

APA
Yıldırım, İ., Önür, H., & Toker, S. (2026). Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, 28, 314-356. https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1715012
AMA
1.Yıldırım İ, Önür H, Toker S. Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic. OSMED. 2026;(28):314-356. doi:10.21021/osmed.1715012
Chicago
Yıldırım, İlteriş, Hıdır Önür, and Serhat Toker. 2026. “Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-Economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic”. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, nos. 28: 314-56. https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1715012.
EndNote
Yıldırım İ, Önür H, Toker S (March 1, 2026) Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi 28 314–356.
IEEE
[1]İ. Yıldırım, H. Önür, and S. Toker, “Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic”, OSMED, no. 28, pp. 314–356, Mar. 2026, doi: 10.21021/osmed.1715012.
ISNAD
Yıldırım, İlteriş - Önür, Hıdır - Toker, Serhat. “Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-Economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic”. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi. 28 (March 1, 2026): 314-356. https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1715012.
JAMA
1.Yıldırım İ, Önür H, Toker S. Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic. OSMED. 2026;:314–356.
MLA
Yıldırım, İlteriş, et al. “Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-Economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic”. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 28, Mar. 2026, pp. 314-56, doi:10.21021/osmed.1715012.
Vancouver
1.İlteriş Yıldırım, Hıdır Önür, Serhat Toker. Capitalism Debates in Türkiye in the Context of the Transformation of Socio-economic Structure from the Ottoman Empire to the Republic. OSMED. 2026 Mar. 1;(28):314-56. doi:10.21021/osmed.1715012

Indexes

SCOPUS, TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM TR DİZİN [SBVT]

INDEX COPERNİCUS [ICI], ISAM, SOBIAD and Scilit.


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