The Establishment of Schools in Immigrant Neighborhoods: Hierarchy, Bargaining, and Commitment [1877-1913]
Abstract
One of the consequences of the Ottoman Empire’s defeat by Russia in 1877-78 was the mass migration from the Balkans and the Caucasus into Ottoman territories, on a scale substantial enough to alter the demographic structure of society. This study analyzes how thousands of immigrants, who migrated to Ottoman territories after the war and had to form new settlements, established schools- one of the essential public buildings - in their neighborhoods. In some neighborhoods, refugees presented their situation and requested assistance from official authorities by submitting petitions. This study reminds us that various types of local resources existed across Ottoman geography for educational purposes. In the immigrant neighborhoods, the directorates and financial sources supporting school construction have also been investigated under six categories. Following this, the construction process of the school in Ilimbey village, where the immigrants had settled, has been examined in detail. Finally, it has been demonstrated that contracts regarding the construction of the school were signed between the advisory council and the officials of the Imperial Estates (Çiftlikât-ı Hümâyun). The negotiation process between the advisory council, representing the immigrant community, and state officials, as well as the establishment of the school, has been evaluated using Joel S. Migdal’s “State-in-Society” approach. As a consequence, it has been revealed that in certain immigrant neighborhoods, officials supporting the construction of the school met with prominent members of the immigrant community to negotiate the procurement of necessary materials and the sharing of expenses, and that, when necessary, a formal contract was drafted. The analysis highlights the active role assumed by the immigrant population throughout the process.
Keywords
Muhacir Mahallelerinde Mekteplerin Kurulması: Hiyerarşi, Pazarlık, Taahhüt [1877-1913]
Abstract
Osmanlı Devleti’nin 1877-78 yıllarında Rusya karşısında mağlup olmasının sonuçlarından biri Balkanlardan ve Kafkasya’dan Osmanlı topraklarına doğru toplumun demografik yapısını değiştirecek büyüklükte kitlesel göçlerin gerçekleşmesidir. Bu çalışma, Harbi müteakip Osmanlı topraklarına hicret eden ve yeni bir yerleşim yeri oluşturmak durumunda olan binlerce muhacirin, mahallelerinde önemli kamusal binalardan olan mektepleri ortaya çıkarma serüvenini incelemiştir. Bazı mahallelerde muhacirler dilekçe ile hallerini arz etmişler ve yetkili mercilerden yardım talep etmişlerdi. Bu çalışma ile Osmanlı coğrafyasında eğitimde kullanılmak üzere çok farklı yerel kaynakların olabildiği hatırlatılmış; muhacir mahallelerinde yerel kaynaklar dışında mektep yapımını mali yönden destekleyen nezaretler ve finans kaynakları altı maddede incelenmiştir. Akabinde muhacirlerin yerleştiği İlimbey Karyesi’ne ait mektebin yapılma süreci detaylandırılmıştır. Son olarak muhacir ihtiyar heyeti ile Çiftlikât-ı Hümâyun memurları arasında mektep yapımına dair taahhütnamelerin imzalandığı gösterilmiştir. Muhacir halkı temsil eden ihtiyar heyeti ile resmî görevliler arasındaki anlaşma süreci ve mektebin meydana getirilmesi meselesi Joel S. Migdal’ın “Toplum içinde devlet” yaklaşımı ile değerlendirilmiştir. Neticede bazı muhacir mahallelerinde mektebin yapımına destek olan memurların, gerekli malzemelerin temini ve masrafın paylaşılması amacıyla muhacir ileri gelenleriyle görüştüğü ve gerektiğinde bir sözleşme metninin oluşturulduğu, muhacir halkın bu süreçte sahip olduğu aktif rol vurgulanarak ortaya çıkarılmıştır.
Keywords
The authors declared that this study has no financial support.
I declare that this study is original; that I have acted by the principles and rules of scientific ethics at all stages of the study, including preparation, data collection, analysis, and presentation of information; that I have cited sources for all data and information not obtained within the scope of this study and included these sources in the bibliography; that I have not made any changes in the data used, and that I comply with ethical duties and responsibilities by accepting all the terms and conditions of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). I hereby declare that if a situation contrary to my statement regarding the study is detected, I agree to all moral and legal consequences that may arise.
This article is extracted from doctorate dissertation entitled " Education of Immigrants in the Ottoman Empire from the Ottoman-Russian War to the Balkan Wars (1877-1913)”, supervised by Prof. Fatih Mehmet Sancaktar (Ph.D. Dissertation, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Türkiye, 2023).