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1858 Cidde Olayı: İngiliz Arşiv Belgeleri Işığında Osmanlı Taşrasında Egemenlik, Diplomasi ve Müdahale

Year 2025, Issue: 27, 337 - 361
https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1683700

Abstract

15 Haziran 1858’de Cidde’de meydana gelen konsolosluk saldırısı, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun Tanzimat sonrası taşra yönetimi, merkezi otoritesi ve Avrupa devletleriyle ilişkileri açısından çok boyutlu sonuçlar doğuran bir kriz olarak değerlendirilmelidir. Mekke’ye açılan kapı niteliğindeki Cidde, stratejik konumu, kozmopolit nüfusu ve derin sembolik önemi sayesinde yalnızca bir liman kenti değil, aynı zamanda Osmanlı’nın Hicaz’daki egemenliğinin temel tezahürlerinden biri olmuştur. Bu özellikler, yaşanan olayın sıradan bir taşra güvenlik meselesi olmaktan çıkıp uluslararası bir diplomatik krize dönüşmesinde belirleyici rol oynamıştır. İngiliz ve Fransız konsolosluk yetkililerinin öldürülmesiyle başlayan olaylar zinciri; “Eranee” adlı ticaret gemisinin tabiiyetine ilişkin belirsizlik, konsoloslukların tartışmalı yargı yetkisi ve limanda bayrakların çekilip indirilmesi gibi hukuki ve sembolik ihtilaflar üzerinden hızla derinleşmiştir. Bu gelişmeler, nihayetinde askerî müdahale, faillerin idamı ve Osmanlı Devleti’ne yönelik yüksek miktarda tazminat talepleriyle sonuçlanan tam teşekküllü bir diplomatik krize evrilmiştir. Bu çalışma, kapsamlı bir İngiliz arşiv belgesi koleksiyonuna dayanarak, olayların gelişim sürecini, Osmanlı idaresinin diplomatik ve bürokratik tepkilerini ve özellikle Britanya öncülüğünde Avrupa güçlerinin müdahale stratejilerini ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz etmektedir. Elde edilen bulgular, Tanzimat reformlarının taşrada uygulanmasına yönelik yapısal sınırlamaların yanı sıra, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nun artan Avrupa baskısı karşısında egemenlik yetkilerinin ne denli kırılgan olduğunu da gözler önüne sermektedir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın, özgün bir çalışma olduğunu; çalışmanın hazırlık, veri toplama, analiz ve bilgilerin sunumu olmak üzere tüm aşamalarından bilimsel etik ilke ve kurallarına uygun davrandığımı; bu çalışma kapsamında elde edilmeyen tüm veri ve bilgiler için kaynak gösterdiğimi ve bu kaynaklara kaynakçada yer verdiğimi; kullanılan verilerde herhangi bir değişiklik yapmadığımı, çalışmanın Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)' in tüm şartlarını ve koşullarını kabul ederek etik görev ve sorumluluklara riayet ettiğimi beyan ederim. Herhangi bir zamanda, çalışmayla ilgili yaptığım bu beyana aykırı bir durumun saptanması durumunda, ortaya çıkacak tüm ahlaki ve hukuki sonuçlara razı olduğumu bildiririm.

References

  • British Foreign Office. Papers Relating to the Outbreak at Jeddah in June 1858. F.O. 424/18. Confidential. Printed for the use of the Foreign Office, December 31, 1859. The National Archives (UK).
  • Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 2. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 8. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 11; Inclosure 2 in No. 11. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 12. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 14. Foreign Office, 424/18, inclosure in No. 18. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 19. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 23. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 26. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 31. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 39. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 40. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure in No. 41 Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 2 in No. 53. Foreign Office, 424/18, inclosure 1 in No. 61. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 63. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 77. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 1 in No. 78; Inclosure 2 in No. 78. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 82; Inclosure 2 in No. 82.
  • Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 2 in No. 88. Foreign Office, F.O. 424/18, No. 96. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 102. Foreign Office, F.O. 424/18, No. 104. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 118. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 1 in No. 120; Inclosure 3 in No. 120; Inclosure 17 in No. 120. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 121. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 2 in No. 138. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 1 in No. 139. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 143. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 1 in No. 148 Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 2 in No. 149; Inclosure 3 in No. 149; Inclosure 4 in No. 149. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 1 in No. 151.
  • Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 158. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 179. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 191. Foreign Office, 424/18, inclosure 2 in No. 193. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 197. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 200. Foreign Office, F.O. 424/18, No. 213. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 231. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 233. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 3 in No. 249. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 256. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 277. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 334. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 350. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure in No. 356. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 369. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 370. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 374. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 380. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 395. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 431. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 432.
  • Araştırma Eserleri
  • Aitchison, Charles Umpherston. A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries. Vols. I-XI. Calcutta: Government Printing, 1892-1898.
  • Aitchison, Charles Umpherston. Vols. XII-XIII. Calcutta: Government Printing, 1909.
  • Akalın, Durmuş. Kızıldeniz’de Osmanlı-İngiliz Rekabeti ve Cidde Olayları. İstanbul: Kesit Yayınları, 2019.
  • Buzpınar, Ş. Tufan. “Suriye ve Filistin'de Avrupa Nüfuz Mücadelesinde Yeni Bir Unsur: İngiliz Misyonerleri (19. Yüzyıl).” İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10 (2003): 107-120.
  • Dale, Stephen Frederic. Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: The Mappilas of Malabar, 1498–1922. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
  • Freitag, Ulrike. A History of Jeddah: The Gate to Mecca in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • Glubb, John Bagot. The Empire of the Arabs. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1959.
  • Gülsoy, Ufuk. “1856 Haleb ve Nablus Olayları.” Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 9, no. 1 (1994): 279-288.
  • Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996.
  • Hut, Davut. Musul Vilayeti’nin İdarî, İktisadî ve Sosyal Yapısı (1864–1909). Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, 2006.
  • Kocabaşoğlu, Uygur. Majestelerinin Konsolosları: İngiliz Belgeleriyle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda İngiliz Konsolosları. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2005.
  • Kuneralp, Sinan ve M. Atalar. çev. “Osmanlı Yönetimindeki (1831–1911) Hicaz’da Hac ve Kolera.” OTAM 7 (1996): 103-130. https://doi.org/10.1501/OTAM_0000000164.
  • Malik, Hafeez. “The British-Muslim Encounter and the Jidda Massacre of 1858.” The Muslim World 56, no. 4 (1966): 289-303.
  • Metcalf, Barbara D. and Thomas R. Metcalf. A Concise History of Modern India. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Ochsenwald, William. Religion, Society, and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz under Ottoman Control, 1840–1908.Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984.
  • Özkaplan Yurdakul, Nurcan. İngiltere Orta Doğu’ya Nasıl Girdi? İstanbul: Kronik Yayınları, 2018.
  • Süreyya, Mehmed. Sicill-i Osmanî. Edited by Nuri Akbayar. Vol. 3-4. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1996.
  • Toledano, Ehud R. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression: 1840–1890. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.
  • Uygur, Fatih. “Fransız Diplomatik Arşivlerine Göre Suriye Olayları (1860).” Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 16, no. 3 (2018): 181-200. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.465723.
  • Yaldız Hanedar, Elmas, Avni Hanedar, ve Ferdi Çelikay. Effects of Reforms and Supervisory Organizations: Evidence from the Ottoman Empire and the İstanbul Bourse. EHES Working Paper No. 112. European Historical Economics Society, April 2017.
  • Yapp, Malcolm. The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923. London: Longman, 2014.

The 1858 Jeddah Incident in the Light of British Archival Documents: Sovereignty, Diplomacy, and Intervention in the Ottoman Periphery

Year 2025, Issue: 27, 337 - 361
https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1683700

Abstract

The attack on the consulate in Jeddah on June 15, 1858 should be regarded as a crisis with multifaceted consequences for the Ottoman Empire’s post-Tanzimat provincial governance, central authority, and its relations with European powers. Jeddah’s significance as the gateway to Mecca was underscored by its strategic location, cosmopolitan population, and profound symbolic importance. It was not merely a port city but also a key manifestation of Ottoman sovereignty in the Hejaz. These characteristics played a pivotal role in transforming the incident from an ordinary provincial security issue into an international diplomatic crisis. The sequence of events—triggered by the assassination of British and French consular officials—quickly escalated through a series of legal and symbolic disputes, including the ambiguity surrounding the nationality of the merchant vessel Eranee, the contested scope of consular extraterritorial jurisdiction, and the politically charged practice of raising and lowering flags in the port. This chain of developments ultimately culminated in a full-blown diplomatic crisis, resulting in military intervention, the prosecution of perpetrators, and substantial financial compensation demands. Drawing upon a comprehensive body of British archival documents, this study offers a detailed analysis of the incident’s evolution, the diplomatic and bureaucratic responses of the Ottoman administration, and the intervention strategies employed by European powers, particularly Britain. The findings demonstrate not only the structural limitations of Tanzimat reform implementation in the provinces but also the inherent fragility of the Ottoman Empire’s sovereign authority in the face of growing European pressure.

Ethical Statement

I declare that this study is original; that I have acted by the principles and rules of scientific ethics at all stages of the study, including preparation, data collection, analysis, and presentation of information; that I have cited sources for all data and information not obtained within the scope of this study and included these sources in the bibliography; that I have not made any changes in the data used, and that I comply with ethical duties and responsibilities by accepting all the terms and conditions of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). I hereby declare that if a situation contrary to my statement regarding the study is detected, I agree to all moral and legal consequences that may arise.

References

  • British Foreign Office. Papers Relating to the Outbreak at Jeddah in June 1858. F.O. 424/18. Confidential. Printed for the use of the Foreign Office, December 31, 1859. The National Archives (UK).
  • Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 2. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 8. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 11; Inclosure 2 in No. 11. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 12. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 14. Foreign Office, 424/18, inclosure in No. 18. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 19. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 23. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 26. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 31. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 39. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 40. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure in No. 41 Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 2 in No. 53. Foreign Office, 424/18, inclosure 1 in No. 61. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 63. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 77. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 1 in No. 78; Inclosure 2 in No. 78. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 82; Inclosure 2 in No. 82.
  • Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 2 in No. 88. Foreign Office, F.O. 424/18, No. 96. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 102. Foreign Office, F.O. 424/18, No. 104. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 118. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 1 in No. 120; Inclosure 3 in No. 120; Inclosure 17 in No. 120. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 121. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 2 in No. 138. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 1 in No. 139. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 143. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 1 in No. 148 Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 2 in No. 149; Inclosure 3 in No. 149; Inclosure 4 in No. 149. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 1 in No. 151.
  • Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 158. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 179. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 191. Foreign Office, 424/18, inclosure 2 in No. 193. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 197. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 200. Foreign Office, F.O. 424/18, No. 213. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 231. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 233. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure 3 in No. 249. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 256. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 277. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 334. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 350. Foreign Office, 424/18, Inclosure in No. 356. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 369. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 370. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 374. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 380. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 395. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 431. Foreign Office, 424/18, No. 432.
  • Araştırma Eserleri
  • Aitchison, Charles Umpherston. A Collection of Treaties, Engagements, and Sanads Relating to India and Neighbouring Countries. Vols. I-XI. Calcutta: Government Printing, 1892-1898.
  • Aitchison, Charles Umpherston. Vols. XII-XIII. Calcutta: Government Printing, 1909.
  • Akalın, Durmuş. Kızıldeniz’de Osmanlı-İngiliz Rekabeti ve Cidde Olayları. İstanbul: Kesit Yayınları, 2019.
  • Buzpınar, Ş. Tufan. “Suriye ve Filistin'de Avrupa Nüfuz Mücadelesinde Yeni Bir Unsur: İngiliz Misyonerleri (19. Yüzyıl).” İslam Araştırmaları Dergisi, 10 (2003): 107-120.
  • Dale, Stephen Frederic. Islamic Society on the South Asian Frontier: The Mappilas of Malabar, 1498–1922. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.
  • Freitag, Ulrike. A History of Jeddah: The Gate to Mecca in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020.
  • Glubb, John Bagot. The Empire of the Arabs. London: Hodder and Stoughton, 1959.
  • Gülsoy, Ufuk. “1856 Haleb ve Nablus Olayları.” Tarih İncelemeleri Dergisi 9, no. 1 (1994): 279-288.
  • Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1996.
  • Hut, Davut. Musul Vilayeti’nin İdarî, İktisadî ve Sosyal Yapısı (1864–1909). Doktora Tezi, Marmara Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü, 2006.
  • Kocabaşoğlu, Uygur. Majestelerinin Konsolosları: İngiliz Belgeleriyle Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda İngiliz Konsolosları. İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları, 2005.
  • Kuneralp, Sinan ve M. Atalar. çev. “Osmanlı Yönetimindeki (1831–1911) Hicaz’da Hac ve Kolera.” OTAM 7 (1996): 103-130. https://doi.org/10.1501/OTAM_0000000164.
  • Malik, Hafeez. “The British-Muslim Encounter and the Jidda Massacre of 1858.” The Muslim World 56, no. 4 (1966): 289-303.
  • Metcalf, Barbara D. and Thomas R. Metcalf. A Concise History of Modern India. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
  • Ochsenwald, William. Religion, Society, and the State in Arabia: The Hijaz under Ottoman Control, 1840–1908.Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1984.
  • Özkaplan Yurdakul, Nurcan. İngiltere Orta Doğu’ya Nasıl Girdi? İstanbul: Kronik Yayınları, 2018.
  • Süreyya, Mehmed. Sicill-i Osmanî. Edited by Nuri Akbayar. Vol. 3-4. İstanbul: Tarih Vakfı Yurt Yayınları, 1996.
  • Toledano, Ehud R. The Ottoman Slave Trade and Its Suppression: 1840–1890. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1982.
  • Uygur, Fatih. “Fransız Diplomatik Arşivlerine Göre Suriye Olayları (1860).” Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi 16, no. 3 (2018): 181-200. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.465723.
  • Yaldız Hanedar, Elmas, Avni Hanedar, ve Ferdi Çelikay. Effects of Reforms and Supervisory Organizations: Evidence from the Ottoman Empire and the İstanbul Bourse. EHES Working Paper No. 112. European Historical Economics Society, April 2017.
  • Yapp, Malcolm. The Making of the Modern Near East, 1792–1923. London: Longman, 2014.
There are 26 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Late Modern Ottoman History
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Faruk Taşkın 0000-0002-2872-4575

Publication Date October 5, 2025
Submission Date April 25, 2025
Acceptance Date September 3, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 27

Cite

Chicago Taşkın, Faruk. “1858 Cidde Olayı: İngiliz Arşiv Belgeleri Işığında Osmanlı Taşrasında Egemenlik, Diplomasi Ve Müdahale”. Osmanlı Medeniyeti Araştırmaları Dergisi, no. 27n.d.: 337-61. https://doi.org/10.21021/osmed.1683700.



Indexes

SCOPUS, TÜBİTAK/ULAKBİM TR DİZİN [SBVT]

INDEX COPERNİCUS [ICI], ISAM, SOBIAD and Scilit.



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