Evaluation of Serum Magnesium Levels in Unipolar Depression and Bipolar Affective Disorder: A Retrospective Study

Öz

Magnesium is an element that plays an important role in the functioning of the nervous system. The aim of this study was to investigate serum magnesium levels in patients with unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. The records of the patients who applied to the psychiatry outpatient clinic were retrospectively reviewed. Forty-nine patients with depressive disorder and 21 patients with bipolar mood disorders and 50 subjects without any psychiatric disorder that serum magnesium levels were studied previously were involved in the study. Both patients with unipolar depression and bipolar mood disorder had higher serum magnesium levels than the control group. There was no significant difference between unipolar depression and bipolar disorder. High serum magnesium levels in unipolar depression and bipolar mood disorder show that magnesium may be important in the pathophysiology of these diseases, indicating that it may be a potential biomarker.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Depression; bipolar disorder; magnesium; mood disorders

Unipolar Depresyon ve Bipolar Duygu Durum Bozukluğunda Serum Magnezyum Düzeylerinin Değerlendirilmesi: Retrospektif Bir Çalışma

Öz

Magnezyum sinir sisteminin işleyişinde önemli rolü olan bir elementtir. Bu çalışmada unipolar depresyon ve bipolar duygudurum bozukluğu tanısı olan hastalarda serum magnezyum düzeylerinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Psikiyatri polikliniğine başvurusu olan hastaların kayıtları retrospektif olarak taranarak, serum magnezyum düzeyleri bakılmış olan 49 depresif bozukluk ve 21 bipolar duygu durum bozukluğu olan hasta çalışma grubu olarak, herhangi bir psikiyatrik hastalığı bulunmayan 50 kişi ise kontrol grubu olarak toplandı. Hem unipolar depresyonu olan hastalarda hem de bipolar duygu durum bozukluğu olanlarda kontrol grubuna kıyasla daha yüksek serum magnezyum düzeyleri saptandı. Unipolar depresyon ve bipolar duygu durum bozukluğu arasında ise anlamlı farklılık saptanmadı. Unipolar depresyon ve bipolar duygu durum bozukluğunda serum magnezyum düzeylerinin yüksek bulunması, magnezyumun bu hastalıkların patofizyolojisinde önemli olabileceğini göstermekte olup, potansiyel bir biyomarker olabileceğine işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Depresyon
• bipolar bozukluk
• magnezyum
• duygu durum bozukluğu

Kaynakça

1. 1.Widmer J, Henrotte JG, Raffin Y, Mouthon D, Chollet D, Stépanian R, et al. Relationship between blood magnesium and psychomotor retardation in drug-free patients with major depression. European psychiatry. 1998;13(2):90-97.
2. 2. Ryan MF. The role of magnesium in clinical biochemistry: an overview. Annals of clinical biochemistry. 1991;28(1):19-26.
3. 3. Serefko A, Szopa A, Poleszak E. Magnesium and depression. Magnesium research. 2016;29(3):112-119.
4. 4. Szewczyk B, Poleszak E, Sowa-Kucma M, Siwek M, Dudek D, Ryszewska-Pokrasniewicz B, et al. Antidepressant activity of zinc and magnesium in view of the current hypotheses of antidepressant action. Pharmacological Reports. 2008;60(5): 588.
5. 5. DeVinney R, Wang HH. Mg2+ enhances high affinity [3H] 8-hydroxy-2-(di-N-propylamino) tetralin binding and guanine nucleotide modulation of serotonin-1a receptors. Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction. 1995;15(5):757-771.
6. 6. Mark LP, Prost RW, Ulmer JL, Smith MM, Daniels DL, Strottmann JM, et al. Pictorial review of glutamate excitotoxicity: fundamental concepts for neuroimaging. American journal of neuroradiology. 2001;22(10):1813-1824.
7. 7. Mayer ML, Westbrook GL, Guthrie PB. Voltage-dependent block by Mg 2+ of NMDA responses in spinal cord neurones. Nature. 1984;309(5965): 261. 8. Deb N, Lahon D, Chakravarty S. A study of serum magnesium and serum calcium in major depressive disorder. Open Journal of Psychiatry & Allied Sciences. 2016;7(1).
8. 9. Murck H. Ketamine, magnesium and major depression–From pharmacology to pathophysiology and back. Journal of psychiatric research. 2013;47(7): 955-965.

9. 10. King DE, Mainous III AG, Geesey ME, Ellis T. Magnesium intake and serum C-reactive protein levels in children. Magnesium research. 2007;20(1): 32-36.
10. 11. You HJ, Cho SE, Kang SG, Cho SJ, Na KS. Decreased serum magnesium levels in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nordic journal of psychiatry. 2018;72(7): 534-541.
11. 12. Li B, Lv J, Wang W, Zhang D. Dietary magnesium and calcium intake and risk of depression in the general population: A meta-analysis. Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2017;51(3): 219-229.
12. 13. Jacka FN, Overland S, Stewart R, Tell GS, Bjelland I, Mykletun A. Association between magnesium intake and depression and anxiety in community-dwelling adults: the Hordaland Health Study. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry. 2009;43(1): 45-52.
13. 14. Tarleton EK, Littenberg B, MacLean CD, Kennedy AG, Daley C. Role of magnesium supplementation in the treatment of depression: A randomized clinical trial. PLoS One. 2017;12(6): e0180067. 15. Eby GA, Eby KL. Rapid recovery from major depression using magnesium treatment. Medical hypotheses. 2006;67(2): 362-370.
14. 16. Misztak P, Opoka W, Topór-Mądry R. The serum concentration of magnesium as a potential state marker in patients with diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Pol. 2015;49(6): 1277-87.
15. 17. Styczeń K, Siwek M, Sowa-Kućma M, Dudek D, Reczyński W, Szewczyk B, et al. The serum magnesium concentration as a potential state marker in patients with unipolar affective disorder. Psychiatr Pol. 2015;49(6):1265-76.
16. 18. Derom ML, Sayón-Orea C, Martínez-Ortega JM, Martínez-González MA. Magnesium and depression: a systematic review. Nutritional neuroscience. 2013;16(5):191-206.
17. 19. Cubała WJ, Landowski J, Szyszko M, Czarnowski W. Magnesium in drug-naïve patients with a short-duration, first episode of major depressive disorder: impact on psychopathological features. Magnesium research. 2013;26(4): 192-198.
18. 20. Siwek M, Styczeń K, Sowa-Kućma M, Dudek D, Reczyński W, Szewczyk B, et al. The serum concentration of magnesium as a potential state marker in patients with diagnosis of bipolar disorder. Psychiatr Pol. 2015;49(6):1277-87.
19. 21. Imada Y, Yoshıoka SI, Ueda T, Katayama S, Kuno Y, Kawahara R. Relationships between serum magnesium levels and clinical background factors in patients with mood disorders. Psychiatry and clinical neurosciences. 2002;56(5): 509-514. 22. Morris ME. Brain and CSF magnesium concentrations during magnesium deficit in animals and humans: neurological symptoms. Magnesium Research. 1992;5(4): 303-313.
20. 23. Naylor GJ, Fleming LW, Stewart WK, McNamee HB, Le Poidevin D. Plasma magnesium and calcium levels in depressive psychosis. The British Journal of Psychiatry. 1972;120(559):683-684.