Cytokines

Abstract

Cytokines are a broad and loose category of small proteins (~5–20 kDa) that are important in cell signaling. They are released by cells and affect the behavior of other cells, and sometimes the releasing cell itself. There are many types of Cytokines, including chemokines, interferons, interleukins, lymphokines, tumour necrosis factor but generally not hormones or growth factors (despite some terminologic overlap). All those types of cytokines are produced by a broad range of cells, including immune cells like macrophages, B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes and mast cells, as well as endothelial cells, fibroblasts, and various stromal cells; a given cytokine may be produced by more than one type of cell.

Keywords

• cytokines,chemokines,interleukins,types of cytokines

Sitokinler

Öz

Sitokinler, hücre işaretlemesinde önem taşıyan geniş ve gevşek küçük protein kategorileri (~ 5-20 kDa)’dir. Hücreler tarafından serbest bırakılır ve diğer hücrelerin davranışını etkiler ve bazen hücrenin kendisini serbest bırakır. Kemokinler, interferonlar, interlökinler, lenfokinler, tümör nekroz faktörü, ancak genellikle hormonlar veya büyüme faktörleri (bazı terminolojik örtüşmelere rağmen) olmayan pek çok Sitokin türü vardır. Tüm bu tip sitokinler, makrofajlar, B lenfositleri, T lenfositleri ve mast hücreleri gibi bağışıklık hücrelerinin yanı sıra endotel hücreleri, fibroblastlar ve çeşitli stromal hücreler de dahil olmak üzere geniş bir hücre yelpazesi tarafından üretilir; Verilen bir sitokin birden fazla hücre türü tarafından üretilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• stokinler,kemokinler,interlökinler,stokin türleri

References

1. 1. Nororiha IL, Niemir Z. Stein H, Waldher R. Cytokines and growth factors in renal disease: Nephrol Dial Transplant 1995, 10: 775-786.
2. 2. Abul K. Abbas, Andrew H. Lichtman, Jordan S. Pober. Cellular and Molecular Immunology First Edition. HBJ International Edition W.B. Saunders 1991.
3. 3. http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/sanders/Bio347/Lectures/2006/Lecture%2014%202006.htm.
4. 4. Judith A. Owen, Jenni Punt, Sharon A. Stranford. Kuby Immunology, 7th Edition. Macmillan, USA, 2007.
5. 5. https://www.news-medical.net/health/Cytokine-Classification.aspx.
6. 6. Dinarello C. Biologic basis for interleukin-1 in disease. Blood, 1996; 87: 2095-2147.
7. 7. Yi-June L, Cheing Meii L, Man-YingW, Lein-Tuan H, Weikuei C. Interleukin-1 secreting cells in inflamed gingival tissue of adult periodontitis patients, Cytokine, 1999; 11: 626-633.
8. 8. Meagher C, Sharif S, Hussain S, Cameron M, Arreaza G, Delovitch T. Cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of murine type 1 diabetes In: Santamaria P, ed. Cytokines and Chemokines in Autoimmune Disease Austin: RG Landes Co.,2001.

9. 9. Willenborg D, Staykova M. Cytokines in the pathogenesis and therapy of autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiplesclerosis In: Santamaria P, ed. Cytokines and Chemokines in Autoimmune Disease Austin: RG Landes Co.,2001.
10. 10. Sergei I. Grivennikov, Florian R. Greten, and Michael Karin. Immunity, Inflammation, and Cancer. Cell. 2010 Mar 19; 140(6): 883–899.
11. 11. Jun-Ming Zhang, MSc, MD1 and Jianxiong An, MSc, MD. Cytokines, Inflammation and Pain. Int Anesthesiol Clin Int Anesthesiol Clin. 2009; 45(2): 27–37.
12. 12. Reem Karmali, Laura A. Paganessi, Robin R. Frank, Sucheta Jagan, Melissa L. Larson, Parameswaran Venugopal, Stephanie A. Gregory, and Kent W. Christopherson. Aggressive disease defined by cytogenetics is associated with cytokine dysregulation in CLL/SLL patients. J Leukoc Biol. 2013; 93(1): 161–170.
13. 13. Nachbaur DM, Herold M, Maneschg A, Huber H. Serum levels of interleukin-6 in multiple myeloma and other hematological disorders: correlation with disease activity and other prognostic parameters. Ann Hematol. 1991 Feb-Mar;62(2-3):54-8.
14. 14. Palladino C, Bruno B, and Boccadoro M. Discovering the Meaning of Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance: Current Knowledge, Future Challenges. Transl Med UniSa. 2014; 8: 12–18.
15. 15. Razelle Kurzrock,2 John Redman, Fernando Cabanillas, Donnah Jones, Jeanne Rothberg, and Moshe Talpaz. Serum Interleukin 6 Levels Are Elevated in Lymphoma Patients and Correlate with Survival in Advanced Hodgkin's Disease and with B Symptoms. Cancer Res. 1993; 53. 2118-2122.
16. 16. Katriina Heikkila¨, Shah Ebrahim, Debbie A Lawlor. A systematic review of the association between circulating concentrations of C reactive protein and cancer. J Epidemiol Community Health 2007; 61:824–832.
17. 17. Bilen E and Balcerska A. Serum soluble interleukin 2 receptor α in human cancer of adults and children: a review. Journal Biomarkers. 2008; 13,(1): 1-26.
18. 18. Tisi E, Lissoni P, Angeli M, Arrigoni C, Corno E, Cassina E, Ballabio D, Benenti C, Barni S, Tancini G. Postoperative increase in soluble interleukin-2 receptor serum levels as predictor for early recurrence in non-small cell lung carcinoma. Cancer. 1992; 15; 69(10):2458-62.
19. 19. Mroczko B, Szmitkowski M. Hematopoietic cytokines as tumor markers. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2004; 42(12):1347-54.
20. 20. Grażyna Ewa Będkowska, Sławomir Ławicki, Ewa Gacuta, Przemysław Pawłowski, and Maciej Szmitkowski. M-CSF in a new biomarker panel with HE4 and CA 125 in the diagnostics of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. J Ovarian Res. 2015; 8: 27.
21. 21. Hamed EO, Ahmed H, Sedeek OB, Mohammed AM, Abd-Alla AA, Abdel Ghaffar HM. Significance of HE4 estimation in comparison with CA 125 in diagnosis of ovarian cancer and assessment of treatment response. Diagn Pathol. 2013; 8:s11. doi: 10.1186/1746-1596-8-11. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref].
22. 22. Moore RG, Miller MC, Steinhoff MM, Skates SJ, Lu KH, Lambert-Messerlian G, et al. Serum HE4 levels are less frequently elevated than CA 125 in women with benign gynecologic disorders. Am. J. Obstet Gynecol. 2012; 206:351.e1–351.e8. doi: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.12.029. [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Cross Ref].
23. 23. Azzam AZ, Hashad DI, Kamel NA. Evaluation of HE4 as an extra biomarker to CA 125 to improve detection of ovarian carcinoma: is it time for a step forward? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013; 288:167–172. doi: 10.1007/s00404-013-2722-2. [PubMed] [Cross Ref].
24. 24. Marcela Esquivel-Velázquez, Pedro Ostoa-Saloma, Margarita Isabel Palacios-Arreola, Karen E. Nava-Castro, Julieta Ivonne Castro, and Jorge Morales-Montor. The Role of Cytokines in Breast Cancer Development and Progression. J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2015 Jan 1; 35(1): 1–16.
25. 25. Behne T. and Sitki Copur M. Biomarkers for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. International Journal of Hepatology 2012, Article ID 859076, 7 pages.
26. 26. Söderberg-Nauclér C, Fish K. N., and Nelson J. A. Interferon-gamma and tumor necrosis factor-alpha specifically induce formation of cytomegalovirus-permissive monocyte-derived macrophages that are refractory to the antiviral activity of these cytokines. J. Clin. Invest. 1997 Dec 15; 100(12): 3154–3163.
27. 27. Timothy S. Olson, Klaus Ley. Chemokines and chemokine receptors in leukocyte trafficking. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 283: R7–R28, 2002.
28. 28. Kathleen Brennan, Jialin Zheng, in Pharm: The Comprehensive Pharmacology Reference, 2007.
29. 29. Szlosarek PW1, Grimshaw MJ, Kulbe H, Wilson JL, Wilbanks GD, Burke F, Balkwill FR. Expression and regulation of tumor necrosis factor alpha in normal and malignant ovarian epithelium. Mol Cancer Ther. 2006 Feb;5(2):382-90.
30. 30. Borish L, Mascali J.J, Dishuck J, Beam WR, Martin R J and Rosenwasser L J. Detection of alveolar macrophage-derived IL-1 beta in asthma. Inhibition with corticosteroids. Immunol November 1, 1992, 149 (9) 3078-3082.
31. 31. Peter J. and Barnes FRS. Corticosteroid resistance in patients with asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology Volume 131, Issue 3, March 2013, Pages 636-645.
32. 32. Snyder D. S. and E R Unanue E. R. Corticosteroids inhibit murine macrophage Ia expression and interleukin 1 production. J Immunol November 1, 1982, 129 (5) 1803-1805.
33. 33. J C Kam, S J Szefler, W Surs, E R Sher and D Y Leung Combination IL-2 and IL-4 reduces glucocorticoid receptor-binding affinity and T cell response to glucocorticoids. J Immunol October 1, 1993, 151 (7) 3460-3466.
34. 34. Pirsch JD, Miller J, Deierhoi MH, Vincenti F. Ronald S. A comparison of tacrolimus (fk506) and cyclosporine for immunosuppression after cadaveric renal transplantation. Transplantation: 15 April 1997 - Volume 63 - Issue 7 - pp 977-983.
35. 35. Goto T, Kino T, Hatanaka M, et al. FK506: historical perspectives. Transplant Proc 1991; 23: 2713.